Index
A
Access to health care, 103–106
future prospects, 107–108, 122–123
insurance costs and, 58
prenatal care, 106
preventive services, 106
quality of care, 106
U.S.-born children of undocumented immigrants, 32
U.S. social services policy, 58
Adolescents
childbearing patterns, 25, 103
obesity trends, 101–102, 111 n101
substance use, 102
Advertising and marketing, 118–119, 127 n7
Age at immigration, language proficiency and, 48
Age structure of Hispanic population, 3, 23
childbearing patterns, 25
future prospects, 7, 14, 60–64, 115–116, 125, 126
poverty patterns, 97–98
socioeconomic implications, 61–64, 125, 126
Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 58
Alcohol use, 103
American Community Survey, 51, 53 n31
Amnesty programs, 30–31
Arizona, 64
Assimilation
distinguishing features of Hispanic experience, 5–6, 57
ethnic/racial identity, 45
health status and, 102, 107, 122
tradition of familism and, 78, 121–122
trends among Hispanic population, 5
See also Social integration
Asthma, 102
B
Birth rate among immigrant populations, 6, 23–24
Bolivians, 27
Bracero Accords, 27–29
Brazil, 20
C
Cancer, 101
Cardiovascular disease, 8, 111 n88
Census practices
concept of race, 40–45
ethnic categories, 4, 21, 37, 38–40, 50, 51, 52 n8
parental birthplace questions, 50, 51
strategies for improving, 50, 51
use of surname as ethnic identifier, 39, 52 n7
Childbearing patterns
economic outcomes and, 124
educational attainment and, 24, 25
Hispanic family characteristics, 24
immigrant vs. native-born, 25
nonmarital, 24–25, 78, 79, 106–107
prenatal care, 106
Civil Rights movement (1960s), 38
Clinton administration, 58
College enrollment and graduation, 7
economic outcomes and, 59, 124
expectations and aspirations, 85, 86
obstacles to, 86–87
tuition assistance, 58
two-year colleges, 87
Country of origin
diversity within Hispanic population, 19–20, 23, 38
educational attainment patterns, 82
employment rate variation, 88
ethnic self-identification and, 37, 117
geographic distribution in U.S., 21–22
household income and, 94
language proficiency and, 46
political orientation and, 69
poverty patterns, 97
undocumented immigrants, 27
U.S. population growth, 26–27
wage rates and, 90
See also specific immigrant group
Criminal justice, 16 n2
Cubans, 70
access to health care, 104
attitudes toward government, 70
childbearing patterns, 79
educational attainment, 82
employment rate, 88
ethnic/racial identity, 41, 44
family characteristics, 24, 78
geographic distribution of immigrant population, 21–22
household income, 94
immigration patterns, 22
infant mortality, 101
intergenerational earnings patterns, 92
language proficiency of immigrants from, 46
poverty patterns, 97
prenatal care, 106
Current Population Survey, 51
D
Depression, 103
Diet and nutrition, 102
Directive 15 (OMB), 38–39, 41, 45
Discrimination
against dark-skinned Mexicans, 109 n47
early U.S. history, 21
teacher bias, 84
Diversity within Hispanic population, 19, 32, 38
economic well-being, 87–88
ethnic identity and, 4, 50, 117
family structure and functioning, 78
political orientation, 68–69
recent patterns, 26–27
Divorce trends, 78–79
Dominicans, 65
educational attainment, 24
employment patterns, 90
employment rate, 109 n43
ethnic/racial identity, 41, 44
family structure and functioning, 78
household income, 94
immigration patterns, 27
language preferences and proficiency, 49
welfare participation, 95
E
Economic status
age patterns, 97–98
distribution patterns, 58–59
diversity within Hispanic population, 87–88
educational attainment and, 8–9, 107, 123, 124–125
family structure and, 8, 94, 95, 124
generational change, 91–93
home ownership, 68, 98, 99, 107
household income, 93–96
motivation of undocumented immigrants, 27
obstacles to advancement, 124–125
poverty rates, 96–98
wealthy Hispanics, 98–99
See also Employment;
Wages
Educational attainment
and childbearing patterns, 24, 25
college enrollment and graduation, 7, 14, 59, 86–87, 124
consequences of underinvestment in young Hispanic population, 3–4, 8–9, 14, 15–16, 126–127
cultural value, 86
employment and economic outcomes, 5–6, 8–9, 14, 59, 60, 61, 89–90, 93, 107, 123–124, 125
foreign-born vs. U.S. born Hispanics, 5, 46, 81–82
future challenges, 3–4, 14, 64, 68, 116, 123, 124, 126–127
General Equivalency Diploma, 86
guidance counseling and, 85, 86
health factors, 103
high school performance/graduation, 7, 14, 85–86
language proficiency and, 48, 123
mathematics instruction, 86–87
middle school performance, 84–85
patterns and trends, 7, 14, 46, 80–82, 107, 123–124
political participation and, 71
preschool home environment and, 82–84, 123
primary school performance, 84
strategies for improving, 123, 125
See also School system
Employment
access to health care and, 58, 104
educational attainment and, 8, 14, 60, 89–90, 93, 123–124
future challenges, 14, 59–60, 125
immigrant vs. second generation, 5–6, 67
implications of aging patterns, 61–64
job market trends, 6, 59, 66–67
language proficiency and, 8, 46, 89–90
public perception of low-wage Hispanic workers, 32
See also Undocumented workers;
Wages
Ethnic identity. See Identity
F
Family structure and functioning
assimilation effects, 78, 121–122
diversity within Hispanic population, 78
economic status and, 8, 94, 95, 124
future prospects, 78, 79–80, 106–107, 122
income pooling, 95
preschool literacy, 82–84
Spanish language use at home, 46, 48
U.S.-born children of undocumented immigrants, 32
See also Childbearing patterns
Filipino immigrants, 39
Future prospects, 15–16, 125–127
age profile of U.S. population, 14, 61–64
consequences of underinvestment in young Hispanic population, 3–4, 8–9, 14, 15–16
cost of education gap, 8–9, 14
demographic patterns, 6, 7, 13, 115
determinants of Hispanic experience, 57, 125–126
family structure and functioning, 8, 78, 79–80, 106–107, 122
health care access and delivery, 8, 107–108, 120, 122–123
home ownership, 68
intermarriage outcomes, 80
language preferences and proficiency, 49–50
meaning of Hispanic identity, 37, 38, 45, 117–119
political effectiveness, 72, 73, 121
predictability, 116–117
residential segregation, 67–68
sources of Hispanic population growth, 6, 25, 115
strategies for increasing English proficiency, 7–8, 118
G
Generational differences
attitudes toward language, 48–49
ethnic/racial identity, 44–45
language preference and proficiency, 47–48
See also Immigrants;
Second generation Hispanics;
Third and later generations
Geographic distribution
by country of origin, 21–22
home ownership patterns, 68, 99
implications for health care, 122
implications for social integration, 67–68, 120–121
residential segregation patterns, 65–66, 67–68
roots of Hispanic culture in Americas, 20–21
trends, 3, 6, 19, 57, 64–65, 120
undocumented immigrants, 31
Georgia, 64
Guyana, 20
H
Haitians, 44
Hart-Celler Act. See Immigration and Nationality Act (1965)
Head Start, 84
Health care
future challenges, 8, 120, 122–123
Hispanic physicians, 105
primary care providers, 105–106
U.S. social services policy, 58
See also Access to health care;
Health status;
Insurance, health
Health status, 15
birth outcomes, 101
determinants of, 99–100
mortality, 100–101
patterns and trends, 8, 100–103, 107, 122
See also Access to health care;
Health care
Hispanics, defined, 4
Hispanics and the Future of America, 14–15
Historical context
Cuban presence in U.S., 22
Hispanic immigration, 15
immigration law and policy, 27–32
Mexican presence in U.S., 21–22
Puerto Rican presence in mainland U.S., 22
race relations in Latin America, 41, 52 n10, 120
racial and ethnic identity categories, 38–40, 52 n1
roots of Hispanic culture in Americas, 20–22
Home ownership
Household income, 5, 93–96, 107
Hypertension, 101
I
Identity, 15
census categories, 4, 21, 37, 38–44, 50, 51, 52 n7–8
diversity within Hispanic populations and, 4, 50, 117
economic assimilation and self-identification, 92–93
future prospects, 37, 38, 45, 50, 117–119
intermarriage issues, 80, 117–118
media advertising and marketing, 118–119
racial identification, 4, 40–45, 50, 117
terminology, 4, 16 n2, 20, 37, 40, 52 n1–3
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (1996), 30, 31
Immigration/Immigrants
access to health care, 103–104, 122–123
childbearing patterns, 25
demographic trends, 6, 19, 23–24, 25–27, 61
distinguishing features of Hispanic experience, 5–6, 15, 23, 32, 45–46, 57
earnings patterns, 90–91
educational attainment patterns, 7, 81–82
geographic distribution in U.S., 21–22
Hispanic population growth without, 25–26
language preference and proficiency patterns, 46, 47–48
political participation patterns, 71
U.S. policy, 57–58
See also Undocumented immigrants;
specific immigrant group
Immigration and Nationality Act (1965) (Hart-Celler Act), 29
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986), 30–31
Infant mortality/morbidity, 101
Insurance, health
patterns and trends, 58, 103–106
U.S.-born children of undocumented immigrants, 32
Inter-Agency Committee on Mexican American Affairs, 39
Intermarriage
assimilation process, 5
identity issues, 13, 80, 117–118
International comparisons, population size, 20
Ixrael, 113
J
Jamaicans, 44
L
Language
assimilation process, 5, 7, 118
barriers to health care, 105, 106
characteristics of fluent speakers, 48
distinguishing element of Hispanic immigrant experience, 45–46
diversity within Hispanic population, 19
employment outcomes, 8, 46, 89–90, 123
ethnic self-identification and, 38, 118
generational attitudes, 48–49
non-Spanish speaking Latin Americans, 20
preschool literacy, 82–83, 123
residential segregation and, 66
Spanglish, 49
Spanish language use at home, 46, 48
strategies for increasing English proficiency, 7–8, 118
trends among Hispanic population, 5, 46, 48, 49–50, 118
Law, immigration
demand for immigrant workers and, 27, 31–32
effectiveness, 30–32
historical and conceptual evolution, 27–32
Lomas Garza, Carmen, 1
M
Media advertising and marketing, 118–119, 127 n7
Mental health, 103
Mexicans
access to health care, 104
census classification, 21, 39–40
childbearing patterns, 24, 25, 79
educational performance and attainment, 82
employment trends and patterns, 66–67, 88, 90–92
ethnic/racial identity, 44
family characteristics, 24, 78–79, 122
geographic distribution, 21–22, 64, 65
health status, 100
household income, 94
infant mortality, 101
language proficiency, 46, 48, 49–50
obesity risk, 101–102
poverty patterns, 97
prenatal care, 106
size of U.S. population, 20, 21, 23
undocumented, 27–30
Mexican War, 21
Military, 16 n2
Mortality, 100–101
N
Native Americans, 15
Naturalization, immigration law and rate of, 31
New York, 64–65
North Carolina, 64
O
Obesity, 8, 101–102, 111 n101, 122
Office of Management and Budget, 38–39, 41, 45
P
Panamanians, 65
Paraguayans, 65
Pell grants, 58
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996), 58, 111 n96
Political participation, 121
diversity of Hispanic interests, 68–69
educational issues, 69–70
Hispanic politicians, 71
strategies for increasing Hispanic effectiveness, 71–72, 73, 121
voting patterns and trends, 70–71, 121
Political refugees
from Central America, 26–27
from Cuba, 22
Population patterns and trends, 3, 7, 13, 19, 115
birth rate among immigrant populations, 6, 23–24, 25, 115
countries of origin, 19–20, 23, 26–27
Cuban presence in U.S., 22
immigration, 6, 19, 23–24, 25–27, 61
international comparisons, 20
Mexican presence in U.S., 20, 21–22
Puerto Rican presence in mainland U.S., 22
size of U.S. Hispanic population, 3, 6, 13, 19, 20, 22–23, 33 n1, 115
undocumented aliens, 27, 31, 33 n14
without immigration, 25–26
See also Age structure of Hispanic population;
Geographic distribution
Poverty rates, 96–98
Public Law 94-311, 38
Public perception and understanding
of low-wage Hispanic workers, 32
teacher bias, 84
trust in government, 70
Public services, access to, 31, 32
health insurance, 104–105, 122–123
Social Security, 98
U.S. policy, 57–58
See also Access to health care;
School system;
Welfare
Puerto Ricans, 21
access to health care, 104
census classification, 39
childbearing patterns, 24, 25, 79
educational attainment, 82
employment rate, 88, 90, 109 n43
English language proficiency, 46
ethnic/racial identity, 44
family characteristics, 24, 78–79, 122
geographic distribution of immigrant population, 21–22, 64–65
health status, 100
household income, 94
infant mortality, 101
intergenerational earnings patterns, 92
population patterns and trends, 22
prenatal care, 106
welfare participation, 95–96
R
Race relations
in Latin America, 41, 52 n10, 120
segregation patterns, 65–66
Racial identity, 40–45, 50, 117.
See also Identity
Religion, 16 n2
Rodriguez, Freddy, 75
S
Sanchez, Juan, cover
School system, 15
Hispanic educators, 84
Hispanic political orientation, 69–70
teacher bias, 84
U.S. social services policy, 58
See also Educational attainment
Second generation Hispanics
birth outcomes, 101
childbearing patterns, 25
economic status, 91–93, 94, 124
educational attainment patterns, 81–82
ethnic/racial identity, 38, 44–45
future challenges, 116
health status, 122
intermarriage among, 80
political participation patterns, 71
population patterns and trends, 3, 6, 23, 25, 60–61, 115
September 11 terrorist attacks, 32
Service industries, 66–67
Smoking, 101
Social impact of Hispanic population trends
age profile of U.S. population and, 14, 60–61, 115–116, 125, 126
consequences of underinvestment in young Hispanic population, 3–4, 8–9, 14, 15–16, 125, 126–127
future prospects, 3–4, 6, 13, 115–117, 125–127
political participation and, 121
Social integration
future challenges, 3–4, 6, 14, 121
geographic distribution of Hispanic population and, 67–68, 120–121
Hispanic identity and, 50
intermarriage and, 80
language proficiency and, 7, 46
political participation, 68–72
public perceptions as obstacles to, 32
residential segregation and, 65–66, 67–68
U.S.-born children of undocumented immigrants, 32
See also Assimilation;
Race relations
Social Security participation, 98, 110 n75
Spain, 20–22
Spanglish, 49
Spanish-American War, 21
State Children’s Health Insurance Program, 8, 104, 122–123
Stock market investment, 98–99
Substance use, 103
Suicidal behavior/ideation, 103
Supplemental Security Income, 98, 110 n75
Surinam, 20
T
Tax policy, 70
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, 58
Terminology of ethnic identity, 4, 16 n2, 20, 37, 40, 52 n1–3, 119
concept of race, 40–45
Third and later generations
demographic trends, 115
earnings patterns, 91–93
ethnic self-identification, 92–93, 107, 117–118
language preference and proficiency, 47–48, 49
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 21
Tufiño, Nitza, 35
U
Undocumented immigrants
access to health care, 103–104
access to public services, 31
amnesty programs, 30–31
countries of origin, 27
economic and political context, 27, 31–32
employment. See Undocumented workers
estimated number, 27, 31, 33 n14
immigration law and policy, 27–32, 126
method of entry, 31
naturalization patterns, 31
recent patterns, 30
social stresses for, 32
U.S.-born children of, 32
Undocumented workers
estimated number, 5
sanctions on employers of, 30, 31–32
See also Undocumented immigrants
Urban population
educational experiences, 85
home ownership, 99
labor market trends, 67
segregation patterns, 65–66, 67–68
V
Valdez, Julio, 11
Valdez, Patssi, 55
Vargas, Kathy, 17
W
Wages
distribution patterns, 58–59
educational attainment and, 8–9, 14, 59, 90
generational change, 90–93
immigrant experience, 5
influences of immigrant labor, 59
minimum wage, 59
national origin and, 90
patterns and trends, 5, 59, 90
See also Economic status;
Employment;
Household income
Welfare
trends, 95–96
U.S. policy, 58
Women
childbearing patterns. See Childbearing patterns