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Antibody genes, 34 Antitumorigenic defenses, 67 Aplastic anemia, 153 Apoptosis, 48-49, 54, 55, 67, 80, 81, 88, 373 Apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1), 32, 33 Arthroses, 165 Asbestos, 200 Ashkenazi Jews, 85 Ataxia telangiectasia, 35, 36, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 93 ATF3, 56 ATM kinase, 35, 36, 37, 39, 50, 56 Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, 91, 141 Atomic bomb survivors Adult Health Study, 142, 150, 151, 153 age and cancer risks, 72, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 240, 297-298 benign neoplasms, 150, 151-152 bladder cancer, 147, 148, 269, 303-306 bone cancer, 269 breast cancer, 12, 26, 85, 135, 147, 148-149, 170, 177, 180, 243, 269, 303-306 cancer risk assessment, 7-8, 138, 143-154, 239-240, 241-245, 262, 275-276, 285-286, 296-308 cardiovascular disease and stroke, 1, 8, 152, 153, 185 cataracts, 153 children of, 6, 8-9, 114, 118, 129, 130-131, 149, 151 chromosome nondisjunctions, 131 cohort description, 13, 141, 142-143 colon cancer, 147, 148, 149, 151, 269, 303-306 compatibility of data with other cohorts, 267-268 Committee’s analysis of data, 267-268, 296-308 confounding and bias in studies, 141, 146, 152-153, 268, 297 cytogenetic studies, 68 data used in this study, 13, 142, 144 deaths from cancer, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 151 digestive system cancers, 149 dose-response relationships, 6, 13, 24, 45, 68, 72, 137, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145-146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 245 dosimetry, 6, 9, 10, 20, 24, 27, 72, 129, 134, 139, 141, 142-143, 144, 266 doubling dose, 7, 8, 118, 124, 130-131, 252 DREF, 146 esophageal cancer, 147, 148, 149, 215, 269 extrapolation to low dose rates, 146 follow-up, 8, 134, 239-240, 245 gall bladder cancer, 147, 148, 149, 269 genetic risk assessment, 8-9, 91, 92, 114, 115, 118, 131, 252 health end point data, 13, 76-77, 130, 131, 142 healthy survivor effect, 152 incidence of cancer, 13, 130, 142, 144-145, 148-149, 151, 298-307 infant and childhood mortality, 8 leukemia, 68, 72, 142, 143, 144, 153, 172, 240, 244, 245, 269, 307-308 life shortening, 153-154 Life Span Study, 9, 12-13, 26, 141-154, 239-240, 242, 245, 246-250, 267-268, 296-308 limitations of studies, 141, 240 liver cancer, 147, 150, 148, 149, 242, 269, 303-306 lung cancer, 68, 147, 148, 150, 215, 242, 269, 276, 303-306 medical exposure data combined with, 146-147 mental retardation, 1 mortality data, 130, 131, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 151, 152-153, 298-307 multiple myeloma, 151 mutation rates, 6, 114, 129, 130-131 nervous system cancers, 148, 149, 151, 152 neutron RBE, 20, 27, 142, 143, 146 nonneoplastic disease, 13, 143, 152-153 nuclear industry workers compared, 201, 203 oropharyngeal cancers, 148, 149 ovarian cancer, 147, 148, 149, 269, 303-306 pancreatic cancer, 147, 148, 149 prostate cancer, 147, 148, 149, 303-306 respiratory system cancers, 149 salivary gland cancer, 149-150, 269 sex differences, 144, 145, 150, 151, 153 site-specific cancers, 147-151, 303-307 skin cancers, 148, 149, 150-151, 269, 295 solid cancers, 13, 45, 130, 142, 143, 144-147, 149, 245, 297-305 statistical analyses, 143-144 stomach cancer, 147, 148, 149, 150, 173-174, 215, 240, 242, 269, 303-306 suicides, 153 thyroid cancer, 148, 149, 181, 269, 295 transport of risks to other populations, 14, 240, 241-245, 267-268, 275-276 two-stage clonal expansion model applied to, 262 uncertainties in data, 130, 131, 141, 147, 172, 285-286 urinary tract cancer, 148, 149 uterine cancer, 147, 148, 149, 303-306 Atomic Energy Authority (UK), 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 232, 233 Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd., 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 199 Atomic Weapons Establishment (UK), 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197-198, 232, 233 Attributable risk, defined, 373 Autoimmune diseases, 225 Autoimmune hypothyroidism, 151 Autopsy data atomic bomb survivors, 151, 152, 153 noncancer diseases, 151, 152, 153 B Background radiation. See Natural background radiation Bacteria adaptive response, 50 tumor promotion, 241-242 Basal cell carcinoma, 66, 68, 69, 80, 84, 150-151, 167. See also Skin cancer BAX, 56 Bcl2, 49 BEAR report doubling dose method for humans, 96, 123 Becquerel, Henri, 2 BEIR I report doubling dose method for humans, 96, 97, 118, 122, 123 genetic effects estimation, 94 principles of risk estimation, 138 BEIR III report cancer risk models, 138 doubling dose method for humans, 118, 122-124 genetic risk estimates, 94, 94-95 advances in risk estimates since, 115-116, 187 baseline frequencies of genetic diseases, 94-95, 96, 115, 117-118 cancer risk assessment, 138, 174, 187, 246, 265, 275, 282, 283, 291-292, 299 dose-rate reduction factor, 100 n.1, 246 doubling dose calculation, 94-96, 100 n.1, 115, 118, 123, 124, 252 environmental exposure studies, 208, 209-214 extrapolation of animal data to humans, 115 genetic disease risk estimates, 12, 94-95, 96, 115-116, 117-118, 252 multifactorial disease estimates, 95, 96, 115, 117 mutation component, 94, 106, 115 occupational exposure studies, 190 Benign diseases. See also Ankylosing spondylitis cohorts; Thyroid diseases; Tinea capitis cohorts; other specific diseases age at exposure and, 151 in atomic bomb survivors, 150, 151-152 breast disease, 26, 151, 163, 174, 177, 180, 185, 287 in children, 26, 68, 155, 156, 166-170, 174, 176, 177, 180, 181, 182, 183 dose-response relationship, 151 genetic susceptibility, 80 hormonal infertility, 164
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