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OCR for page 537
Index
A sensitive but unclassified
information, 36, 105, 474, 476-
Abramovitz, Moses, 1 n.1
479
Academic research
Advanced Placement (AP) and
advanced instruments and facilities,
International Baccalaureate (IB)
7-8, 146, 147, 148
training, 4, 5, 119, 125, 126-
centers, 438-439
127, 135, 514-515
collaboration with federal
Advanced Placement Incentive Program
laboratories, 93-94
(APIP), 6, 127, 130-131, 514
commercialization of inventions,
Advanced research instrumentation and
432, 433, 440-442
facilities (ARIF), 7-8, 145-149,
doctoral employment, 84, 103, 144
405, 509
export controls and, 35
Advanced Research Projects Agency-
federal funding, 46-47, 148, 168,
Energy (ARPA-E), 8, 152-158,
364, 405, 409, 416, 421-422,
509
431, 439, 443
Advanced Technology Program (ATP),
grants, 170
88, 90, 432, 433, 435-437
industry collaboration, 408, 432,
Advisory committees, national, 432,
433, 438-439, 440-442, 466
442-443
international students and scholars,
Aeronautical engineering, 44, 60, 62
176
Aerospace technology, 44
patent issues, 186, 188-190, 440-
Afghanistan war, 485
442
African Americans, 95, 131, 312, 313,
postdoctoral fellowships, 346
315, 316, 328, 341, 343, 344,
reimbursement for administrative
345, 351
costs, 148, 168, 416, 421-422
Agriculture
return on investment, 46-47, 48
higher education, 101, 343, 351
537
OCR for page 538
538 INDEX
B
negative effects of innovation in, 59
productivity, 46, 59
Bangalore, 23
return on R&D investment, 47, 48
Bardhan, Ashok, 211
technological innovations, 42, 44,
Barrett, Craig, 17
59
Basic research
AIDS, 43
in China, 38
Air quality, 58
defined, 68
Alexander, Lamar, 2
DOD, 7, 89, 90, 92, 137, 140, 141,
Alternative Trade Adjustment for
143, 150, 151, 402, 426, 431,
Older Workers Program, 469
484, 486, 487
American Association for the
energy-related, 153
Advancement of Science (AAAS),
export controls, 35
128 n.39, 322
federal funding, 7, 66-67, 89, 90,
American Jobs Act of Wisconsin, 27
92, 93, 136-143, 146-147, 150,
American Indians/Alaskan Natives,
151-152, 397, 398, 402, 403,
328, 341, 344, 345, 351
408, 416, 417, 423, 433
American Intellectual Property Law
high-risk, high-payoff, 8, 149-152,
Association, 188
398, 408, 416, 417, 423, 433,
Anthrax mailings, 66, 481, 483
436, 509
Apple Corporation, 184
industry, 84, 86, 93, 157
Applied research
practical applications in industry,
corporate funding, 32
51, 52, 140
defined, 68
pure, 69
federal funding, 141, 397, 403, 408
qualitative measures, 419
practical applications in industry, 51
security-related, 90, 137, 140, 141,
pure, 69
150, 483, 484, 485, 487, 488,
qualitative measures, 419-420
490
security-related, 141, 150, 485, 486,
recommendations, 7, 136
487, 490
unclassified, 173
US leadership, 68
US leadership, 68
Argonne National Laboratory, 92
use-inspired, 69
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Bayh–Dole Act, 433, 440-442
(APEC), 394-395
Belgium, 100, 310-311
Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, 315,
Bell, Alexander Graham, 35
316, 344, 345
Bell Laboratories, 32, 83, 84, 157, 333
AT&T, 35
Bingaman, Jeff, 2
Atomic Energy Act, 475 n.1
Biodefense research, 488, 493
Australia
Biological sciences, 76, 101, 336, 337,
higher education, 100
338, 343, 351
immigration policy, 178, 179, 384-
Biomedical research, 33 n.38, 90, 139,
385, 393, 394
144, 199, 333, 334, 399, 411,
tax credits for R&D, 195
417, 423, 424
test scores, 132, 308-311
Biotechnology industry, 50, 59, 82, 88,
Austria, AP test scores, 132
198, 222, 333, 453
Automotive engineering, 44, 57-58, 60,
Boehlert, Sherwood, 2
64, 71, 159, 196, 440
Boeing, 184, 491
OCR for page 539
539
INDEX
Brazil, 23, 206 industry, 333, 334, 335, 336, 351,
BRICs, economic competitiveness, 206. 353
See also individual countries information about options, 351
Brin, Sergey, 35 PhDs, 351, 353
Broadband Internet access, 12, 15, promotion of, 326
201-203, 461, 462 prospects, 103, 164, 168, 170, 171-
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL), 203 172, 332-333, 351, 353
Building Engineering and Science salaries, 338, 339
Talent (BEST) committee, 167 student interest in, 98-104, 327-328
Bulgaria, 310-311 trends in employment, 335, 338
Bush, George W., 17, 25, 142, 202, Carnegie, Andrew, 35
475, 476 Case Institute of Technology, 120 n.19
Bush, Vannevar, 66, 112, 398-399 Cellular phones, 71, 462
Business Roundtable, 108, 142 Center for Strategic and International
Business Software Alliance, 463 Studies (CSIS), 108, 213, 214
Center for the Study of Teaching, 116
Chemical industry, 14, 86
C Chile, 311
China
California Teach program, 4, 117-119
advanced instruments and facilities,
Canada
147
broadband access, 462
broadband access, 462
education, 100, 132, 200, 387
degrees in science or engineering,
immigration policy, 178, 384-385,
16, 99, 216, 217
391, 393-394, 395
doctoral production, 387, 388
innovation environment, 37, 200
economic growth, 1, 14, 68, 206,
spending on R&D, 74
209, 222
tax credits for R&D, 195
energy consumption, 221
US R&D in, 86, 195
foreign investment in, 209, 210, 219
working-age population, 212
graduate education, 76, 78, 79, 217,
Cancer, 55, 57, 59
342, 379, 387, 388
Carbon capture and sequestration, 159
highly skilled workers, 24, 32, 73,
Careers in science and technology. See
176, 208
also Employment; Highly skilled
immigration policy, 391, 395
workers; Human capital
incentives for returning students, 82,
development; Researchers and
173, 461
scientists
innovation environment, 23, 38, 78,
academic faculty, 326, 333, 334,
79, 147, 195, 209, 210
336, 353
market share of advanced
aspirations of K–12 students, 312,
technology, 14, 15, 206-207,
314
209, 210, 219, 220, 462-463
disincentives, 328-333
middle-class consumer market, 14,
engineers, 16, 164, 166, 168, 170,
206-207
329, 383
Ningbo Economic & Technical
government, 169, 333, 334, 336,
Development Zone, 195
351, 353, 481, 494-496, 497,
499
OCR for page 540
540 INDEX
outsourcing by US companies to, 1, Communications technologies, 39, 44,
14, 23, 73, 88 53, 60, 63, 140, 201-203, 211
piracy of intellectual property, 456, Computational science infrastructure,
463 433, 442-443
population, 206 Computer sciences. See Mathematics
publication volume and frequency, and computer sciences
77 Computers, 44, 47, 52, 53, 71, 86, 206
R&D policy, 38, 72-73, 74, 195 Congressional Budget Office, 12, 203
research universities, 35, 386 n.24 Consolidated Appropriations Act of
spending on R&D, 74, 208 2005, 10 n.8, 177 n.15
stay rates of students in US, 382 Contests and prizes in science, 76
tax credits for R&D, 195 Continuing education, 9, 172-173,
test scores, 308-311 467-468, 485, 498
US R&D in, 86 for employees of US businesses,
wage structure, 24, 29, 73, 88 172-173, 467, 485, 510
working-age population, 212 researchers and scientists, 172-173
Chinese Science Foundation, 72 tax credits, 9, 172-173, 457, 467-
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 58-59 468, 485, 498, 511
Cisco, 207 Controlled technologies, 34-36
Civilian Technology Corporation, 434- deemed export policy, 10, 35, 105,
435 180-181, 388, 391
Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, 185 Cooperative Economic Development
Climate Change Science Program, 411 Agreements (CEDAs), 442
Clinical medicine, 76 Coordinating Council for Mathematics
Clinton, Bill, 17 and Science Teaching, 324
Cold War, 38, 66, 90, 156, 351, 424, Corporate R&D. See also US
475, 485, 493 businesses
Collaborative research and academic research collaboration,
development agreements 408, 432, 433, 438-439, 440-
(CRADA), 339-340, 439-440 442, 466
College Board, 126, 127 applied research, 32
College education. See Graduate basic research, 84, 86, 93, 157
education in science and consortia, 88, 90, 432, 433, 435-
engineering; Higher education in 437, 466
science and engineering; CRADAs, 439-440
Undergraduate education in doctoral employment, 83, 84
science and mathematics and employment, 193
Colleges and universities. See Academic energy-related, 156, 157
research; Higher education in foreign-owned companies in US, 86,
science and engineering; Public 194
colleges and universities; funding, 48-49, 84, 85, 86-88, 90,
Research universities; individual 137, 215, 410
institutions globalization, 86
Commission on the Future of the government–industry collaboration,
United States Aerospace 106, 116 n.10, 133, 158, 324,
Industry, 442 340, 375, 432, 433-435, 439-
440, 443
OCR for page 541
541
INDEX
laboratory facilities, 92 n.50, 93 Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation
manufacturing sectors, 86 Supplement (DFARS), 181,
offshore, 86, 195 480
patent and licensing issues, 440-442 Defense-related research and
postdoctoral researchers, 144 technologies, 66-67, 90, 105
return on investment, 48-49 n.68, 137, 140, 141, 143, 150,
startup companies, 86 151-152, 399, 407, 409, 484,
survey of, 453 485-488, 490, 491
tax credits, 11-12, 88, 89, 184, 185, Defense Science Board, 487
192-197, 457, 465-466, 511 Denmark, 462
trends, 32, 93, 137, 441 Deutch, John, 140
venture capital investments, 86-88, Developing countries, 59. See also
90, 185, 198, 200, 209, 220, individual countries
434, 448 implementing technology in, 64
Council of Economic Advisers, 12, 203 standard of living, 36
Council on Competitiveness, 108, 109, DeVry Institute of Technology,
143, 177, 187, 193, 213, 424, 450 469
Council on Graduate Schools, 385 Dirac, Paul, 51
CUNY Bernard Baruch College, 469 Disaster mitigation, 63-64
Cyprus, 132, 308-311 Dow, Herbert Henry, 35
Czech Republic Dow Chemical, 35
education, 100, 132, 387 Dubois, Lawrence, 151
immigration policy, 178, 385, 393 Duderstadt, Jim, 162
Duke University, 189
D
E
Data collection and evaluation
graduate education, 346, 351, 354 Early-career awards and funding, 7,
on US research and innovation, 444, 136, 143-145, 146, 149, 150,
445, 452-454 161, 326, 423, 426-431, 508-
DAVINCI, 82 509. See also Presidential Early
Deemed-export controls. See also Career Award for Scientists and
Export controls on technology Engineers
academic research and, 35 Earthquake engineering, 63-64
basic research and, 35 eBay, 207
international students and Economic competitiveness,
researchers, 10, 35, 105, 180- international comparison, 23-25,
181, 388 29, 68, 205, 206-208. See also
national security, 10, 35, 105, 180- US competitiveness in science
181, 388, 391, 474, 479-481 and technology; US economy
policy, 10, 35, 105, 180-181, 388, Economics, 337, 338
391, 392 Economy. See Global economy; US
Defense Advanced Research Projects economy
Agency (DARPA), 33, 39 n.53, Edison, Thomas, 51
150, 151-152, 154, 157, 169,
420. See also US Department of
Defense
OCR for page 542
542 INDEX
Education. See Graduate education in corporate R&D, 156, 157
science and engineering; Higher costs, 37, 154
education in science and development of alternative sources,
engineering; K–12 science and 153, 472
mathematics education; economic issues, 65, 154, 155
Undergraduate education in environmental challenges, 154, 156
science and mathematics funding of research, 153, 154, 457
curriculum design, 66 price shocks, 155
employee continuing education, promising technologies, 158, 159
172-173, 467-468, 485, 498 security issues, 154, 155, 156
public concerns about, 37 supply, 155, 159, 221
Einstein, Albert, 35 Engineering
El Salvador, 14 doctorates awarded, 80, 331
Electricity, 41, 44, 51, 60, 61, 63, 64 employment, 16, 164, 166, 168,
Electron microscope, 145 170, 329, 383
Electronics, 44, 83, 86, 198 funding for research, 90, 93, 137,
Employment. See also Careers in 138, 139, 141, 142
science and technology; Human graduate school enrollments, 330,
capital development 336, 337, 350, 386
corporate R&D, 83, 84, 193 international graduate students, 83,
foreign direct investment in US and, 350, 379, 381, 382, 383, 386
207-208 master’s degrees, 349
globalization, 210-212 minority doctoral degrees, 351
graduate education and, 83, 84, salaries of PhDs, 338
103, 104, 164, 166, 168, 170, undergraduate degrees, 16, 101,
171-172, 328, 332-335, 351 164, 166, 343
information technology and, 47-48, US competitiveness, 76, 80, 83
201 Engineering Research Centers (ERCs),
foreign-born workers, 338, 339, 438
381-382, 383-384, 393 Environment
new jobs, 14 agricultural mechanization and, 59
offshore movement of jobs, 26-30, air quality, 58
88, 91, 209-212, 466-467, 468 automotive emissions, 57-58
PhDs, 83, 84, 103, 144 carbon capture and sequestration,
public concerns, 36 159
returns on R&D investment, 49, 50, chlorofluorocarbons, 58-59
211-212 energy-related issues, 154, 156
tax credits for corporate R&D and, funding for research, 93, 139, 156
194 negative effects of innovations, 42,
Energy. See also US Department of 57-59
Energy soil erosion, 59
ARPA-E research organization, 152- US competitiveness in research, 76
158 water quality, 57
basic research, 153 European Union (EU)
conservation and efficiencies, 63, disciplinary strengths, 76
64-65, 159, 440 doctoral production, 79, 217, 387
OCR for page 543
543
INDEX
economic growth, 213, 222 applied research, 141, 397, 403,
engineering students, 32 408
GDP per capita, 199 balancing allocations, 7, 137, 141,
high-risk research, 425 397, 400-408
highly skilled workforce, 387, 388 basic research, 7, 66-67, 89, 90, 92,
innovation environment, 23, 199 93, 136-143, 146-147, 150, 151-
international students, 384, 385, 152, 397, 398, 402, 403, 408,
393 416, 417, 423, 433
Justice and International Affairs budgets, 398, 399, 406
council, 178, 385, 393 competition for resources, 213, 362,
New and Emerging Science and 365, 375
Technology (NEST) program, competitive merit review, 405, 413,
425 417
patents and patent system, 186, coordination of, 7-8, 148-149, 397,
190, 191 401, 414, 416, 420, 432, 437
publication volume and frequency, cost estimates for recommendations,
74, 77, 78, 215 502-503, 508-511
recruiting talent, 82, 384, 388 deemed export policy and, 105
Researcher’s Mobility Portal, 82 defense-related, 93, 142, 143, 150,
spending on R&D, 72, 74, 208, 151-152, 407, 409, 426
409, 411, 412 by discipline, 90-91, 93, 137, 138,
working-age population, 212, 213 139, 141, 142, 411, 413
Export Administration Act, 10 n.9, early-career awards, 7, 136, 143-
180, 479 145, 146, 149, 150, 161, 326,
Export controls on technology, 10, 34- 423, 426-431, 508-509
36, 105, 180-181, 388, 391, 474, electronic grant application, 417
485 energy-related, 8, 152-158, 159,
457, 509
evaluation of best practices and,
F 405, 416, 417
GDP share of investment, 17, 47,
Faraday, Michael, 51
72, 85, 91, 137, 138, 139, 398,
Federal Communications Commission,
409-410
203, 433, 439
guidelines for investing adequately,
Federal Demonstration Partnership,
408-413
416, 421-422
high-risk research, 8, 149-152, 398,
Federal funding of R&D. See also
408, 416, 417, 423, 433, 436,
individual agencies
509
academic, 46-47, 148, 168, 364,
international comparisons, 16-17,
405, 409, 416, 421-422, 431,
72-73, 74, 137, 205, 208, 215,
439, 443
409-411, 412
advanced research instrumentation
K22 awards, 431
and facilities, 7-8, 145-149, 403,
nanotechnology, 448
509
national/homeland security R&D,
by agency, 402, 403, 406
141, 150, 399, 409, 484, 485,
alternative viewpoints, 138, 153,
486, 488
170
OCR for page 544
544 INDEX
peer review system and, 150, 424 Ford Motor Company, 14
postdoctoral training support, 346, Foreign Exchange Committee, 461
354-356, 431 Foreign Sales Corporation, 466
prizes and awards, 8, 158, 160-161, Foreign students and researchers. See
416, 423, 509 International students and
R01, R23, R29, R37 grant researchers
applications, 429, 431 Forrester Research, 211
rate of return on investment, 46-48, France
49-50, 399, 411 AP test scores, 132
rationale for, 45-46 degrees in science or engineering,
recommendations, 4, 7-8, 110, 136- 16, 99, 100, 165
137, 142-143, 145, 157, 258, doctoral production, 387
400-401, 408, 411-412, 414 economic competitiveness, 206
reimbursement for administrative spending on R&D, 72
costs, 148, 168, 416, 421-422 tax credits for R&D, 195
research centers, 438 US R&D in, 86, 195
restraints on, 89-92 Free Application for Federal Student
size and duration of awards, 416, Aid, 376
417, 418 Free trade, 28, 36, 212
social rates of returns, 49-50, 161, FreedomCAR, 440
399 Freeman, Richard, 217-218
sources, 89-91 Friedman, Thomas, 23-24
tax incentives, 11-12, 88, 89, 184, Frigidaire, 58
185, 192-197, 203, 398, 408, Funding of R&D. See also Corporate
413, 424, 457, 465-466, 511 R&D; Federal funding of R&D
trends, 32-33, 85, 89-92, 93, 137, by investment stage and funder, 425
138, 205, 399, 401, 402, 403,
404, 406, 407, 409, 434, 435
G
and US competitiveness, 86-92, 93,
205, 215, 409-410 Gates, Bill, 17
venture capital, 88, 90, 433-435 Gateway to Education Materials
Federal laboratories. See National (GEM), 128
laboratories Genentech, 184
Fermi, Enrico, 35 General Electric Company, 17, 32,
Fiber optics, 45, 60 120 n.19
Financial Markets Intermediary Georgia, Republic of, 64, 100
Committee, 461 German Academic International
Finland Network (GAIN), 82
degrees in science or engineering, Germany
99, 100, 165 Academic Exchange Service, 82
economy, 1, 205 economic competitiveness, 68, 206
innovation environment, 23, 37, education, 79, 99, 100, 132, 386,
198 387, 388
spending for R&D, 411 immigration policy, 179
tax policies, 197, 198 per capita income, 73
Ford Foundation, 120 n.19 R&D, 72, 86
OCR for page 545
545
INDEX
Gerstner, Louis V., Jr., 17 fellowships, traineeships, and
GI Bill of 1944, 31, 106, 375 stipends for US students, 9, 168-
Glenn, John, 108 172, 326, 341, 346, 350, 352,
Glenn Commission on K–12 education, 354, 485, 510
109 international competition for talent,
Global climate change program, 149 78-83, 342
Global economy international students in US, 83,
competitiveness, 23-25, 29, 205, 102, 104, 163, 216, 217, 328,
206-208 349, 350, 378, 379-382, 383,
emerging markets, 206-208 385, 386
information technology and, 211, for K–12 teachers, 5, 6, 119, 124-
221 126, 304, 350, 504-505
job movement, 26-30, 210-212, 399 master’s degrees, 5, 6, 119, 124-
multinational corporations and, 126, 304, 329, 332, 348-350,
209-210 485, 504-505
technological innovation and, 41 minorities (underrepresented), 102,
n.2, 48 n.13 328, 349, 351
Global Insight, 211 quality of undergraduate education
Global positioning technology, 140 and, 371
Global warming, 59 recommended federal actions, 256,
GM, 14, 219 346, 349-350, 353-354
Goals 2000: Educate America Act, 303 recruitment of students, 76, 103
Goldman Sachs, 206 reforms, 171
Google, 32, 35, 140, 184, 207 research assistanceships, 350, 352,
Gordon, Bart, 2 353
Government Accountability Office, 495 teaching assistanceships, 350, 352
Graduate education in science and trends, 385
engineering US competitiveness, 16, 70, 72, 76,
alternative viewpoint, 170 78-83, 102, 216-217, 342, 350,
apprenticeship model, 78 445
attrition, 102 women, 102, 328, 349, 351, 379
and career prospects, 103, 164, 168, Graduate Record Examination (GRE),
170, 171-172, 332-333, 351, 103-104, 336, 337, 340
353 Graduate Research Fellowship
data collection and evaluation, 346, program, 170, 171
351, 354 Graduate Scholar Awards in Science,
disincentives, 330-331 Technology, Engineering, and
doctoral production, 16, 72, 78-81, Mathematics (GSA-STEM), 168
102, 163, 170, 205, 216, 217, Greece, 132
328, 329, 331, 332, 351, 387, 388 Greenspan, Alan, 17
enrollments, 102, 103-104, 163, Grove, Andrew, 35
164, 170, 217, 328, 330, 336-
337, 342, 350, 385
H
faculty preparation and support, 256
federal funding, 71, 168-172, 346, Hart–Rudman Commission, 25, 66, 142
349-350, 510 Hatch–Waxman law, 190
OCR for page 546
546 INDEX
Health care. See also Medical recommendations, 162, 256-257,
technologies; Public health 358
cost savings from new technologies, revenues by type of institution, 365
54, 57 tax credits for continuing education,
graduate school enrollments, 336- 9, 172-173, 457, 467-468, 485,
337 498, 511
public concerns, 37 tuition fees, 368, 376
Heart disease, 55 US competitiveness, 16, 70, 205,
Heisenberg, Werner, 51 217, 386-387
High, Howard, 17 and US economy, 358-359
High-energy physics, 16, 145, 153 Highly skilled workers. See also
High-risk research, 8, 149-152, 398, Careers in science and
408, 416, 417, 423, 433, 436, technology
509 demand for, 29, 326
High-technology bubble, 29, 164, 198, desirable skills, 30, 88-89
200 foreign-born in US, 16, 216, 339,
Higher education in science and 382, 383
engineering. See also Graduate offshore supply, 91, 210
education in science and recruitment, 175-177
technology; International retraining, 40, 212, 399
students and researchers; Public supply of, 29, 88, 213, 220, 326
colleges and universities; tax credits for continuing education,
Undergraduate education in 9, 172-173, 457, 467-468, 485,
science and mathematics 498, 511
access, 366, 370, 376 US share, 216
alternative viewpoint, 164 visas set aside for, 14
costs per student, 359 wages, 28-29, 88, 210, 218
data collection and evaluation, 346, Highways, 44, 60
351, 354 Hispanic Americans, 95, 131, 312,
enrollments by type of institution, 313, 315, 316, 341, 343, 344,
360, 380 345, 351
faculty, 72, 256, 326, 333, 334, Hong Kong. See China
336, 353 Household appliances, 45, 60, 61
financial barriers, 31 Human capital development. See also
flexible options for part-time and Careers in science and
nonresidential students, 375 technology; Employment
funding trends, 31-32, 357-358, assistance programs for displaced
371, 386 n.23 workers, 457, 468, 469
global capacity, 385-388 continuing education for employees,
income and, 367, 370, 373, 374 172-173, 467-468, 485, 498
international comparisons, 16, 32, critical skills areas, 495, 496
72, 76, 100, 162, 199, 205, 208 defense-related jobs, 67, 106, 168,
postdoctoral training, 346, 354-356 169, 375, 485, 493-499
public vs private, 359, 360, 363, entrepreneurship education, 467
365, 368, 375, 380 H1-B training grants, 469
quality, 366, 386-387
OCR for page 547
547
INDEX
health insurance and pensions, 14, residency after graduation, 10, 395-
467, 470 396, 457
highly skilled immigrants, 10, 177- and scientific workforce, 220, 469-
179, 378, 384-385, 389, 391, 470
393-394, 395-396, 457, 469-470 self-employed workers, 394
national laboratories, 493-494, 495, SEVIS tracking system, 389
497 student visas, 9-10, 33-34, 82-83,
offshore outsourcing restrictions, 104, 163, 164, 173-177, 378,
27-28, 457, 470, 471 385, 388-393, 395
retraining of workers, 40, 212, 457, Technology Alert List, 174, 392
468 travel for scientific meetings, 174
wage supplements and on-the-job Visas Condor anti-terrorist
training, 469 screening, 392
Hungary, 308-311 Visas Mantis clearances, 174, 378,
389, 391, 392
work permits, 175-177, 389, 395,
I 396
working-age population and, 212
IBM, 14, 17, 32, 137, 215, 219
and workloads, 389-390
Iceland, 100, 387
India
IDA Ireland, 196
consumer market, 206
Imaging technologies, 45
economic growth, 2, 206, 209, 222
Immelt, Jeffrey R., 17
energy consumption, 221
Immigration and Nationality Act, 36,
higher education, 16, 24, 79, 379,
175
387, 388
Immigration policy
highly skilled workers, 73, 82, 176,
automatic extension of visas, 175-
208, 220
177
incentives for returning students, 82,
business travel, 394-395
173, 461
change of status, 175
outsourcing by US companies, 2, 23,
deemed export controls, 10, 35,
73, 76, 88
105, 180-181, 388, 391, 392,
population, 206
474
research universities, 35
family reunification program, 178,
stay rates of students in US, 382
393, 394
tax incentives for R&D, 195-196
H1-B visas, 10, 457, 470
wage structure, 15, 24, 29, 73, 88
highly skilled workers, 14
working-age population, 212
intent-to-return-home (214b)
Indonesia, 311
provision, 175, 391
Industry. See also Corporate R&D;
OECD countries, 177-179, 378,
Multinational corporations; US
384-385, 391, 393-396
businesses
points- (skills-) based programs,
careers in S&T, 333, 334, 335, 336,
177-179, 378, 384-385, 391,
351, 353
393-394
Industry–University Cooperative
reciprocity agreements, 175, 378,
Research Centers (I/UCRCs), 438
388, 391
Infant mortality, 56
recommendations, 9-10, 389-393
OCR for page 554
554 RISING ABOVE THE GATHERING STORM
defense R&D, 484 Norway, education, 100, 132, 308-
Faculty Early Career Development 311, 387
Program, 145 Noyce, Robert, 51
graduate education support, 71, Nuclear fusion, 51, 153
168, 170, 171, 349-350, 354 Nuclear technology, 45, 159
innovation surveys, 445, 452-454 Nuclear weapons, 39, 66, 156
major research instrumentation
program, 149
O
Math and Science Partnership, 121
Office of Integrative Activities Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 92
(OIA), 149 Office of Management and Budget,
peer review system, 150 148, 160, 189, 353, 401, 421,
research centers, 438, 439 422, 453
Small Grants for Exploratory Office of Science and Technology
Research (SGER), 150 Policy, 148, 158, 160, 401, 408,
spending on R&D, 7, 33, 89, 140, 445, 447, 450, 452
143, 144, 146, 150, 152, 364, Offshore outsourcing
402, 406, 411, 439, 443 cost-effectiveness, 15, 27-28, 209
Task Force on Transformative disclosure of, 457, 471
Research, 425 and domestic wages, 28-29
undergraduate education support, employment effects in US, 26-30,
165 88, 210-212
National Security Decision Directive and investment climate, 37, 456
189 (NSDD-189), 105, 474, 475- market size, 91
476 protectionist measures, 27-28, 457,
National Space Policy (1989), 440 470, 471
National Venture Capital Association public concerns about, 37
(NVCA), 86-87 reasons for, 3-4, 26-27, 88, 209-210
Netherlands, 100, 308-311, 462 service sector jobs, 28, 91, 209-210,
Network systems, 32 211, 466-467, 468
Networking and Information by US businesses, 1, 14, 23, 26-30,
Technology R&D, 411 73, 88
Neutron spectroscopy, 145 and US competitiveness, 1-2, 14, 88
New Jersey, 121 Opportunity Indiana, 27
New Zealand Organisation for Economic
education, 100, 308-311, 387 Co-operation and Development,
immigration policy, 178, 384-385, 15, 38, 45 n.6, 47, 68, 194, 199,
393 212-213. See also individual
Nigeria, 82 countries
9/11 attacks, 25, 33-36, 66, 82, 163, foreign students, 387
385, 388, 474, 481, 483 Frascati Manual, 453
No Child Left Behind Act, 95, 113, immigration policies, 177-179, 378,
120, 121, 255, 322 384-385, 391, 393-396
North Carolina School of Science and Programme for International
Mathematics (NCSSM), 132-133 Student Assessment, 30-31, 95
Northrop Grumman, 491 spending on R&D, 409, 411, 412
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APPENDIX G
P test scores, 97, 309, 311, 312, 313,
314
Particle detectors and accelerators, 16, undergraduate degrees awarded,
145 101, 343
Partnership for a New Generation of US competitiveness, 76, 80, 83
Vehicles (PNGV), 440 Postdoctoral scholars
Pastore, Pasquale, 195 corporate research, 144
Patents. See also Intellectual property federal funding, 346, 354-356, 431
protection; US Patent and foreign PhDs in US, 387, 389
Trademark Office research appointments, 143-144,
academic research and, 186, 188- 354-356
190, 440-442 training, 346, 354-356, 431
applications by country of visa policies, 389
applicant, 75 President’s Council of Advisors on
definition, 186 n.12 Science and Technology
from federally funded research, 71 (PCAST), 26, 108, 109, 142,
immigrant contributions, 382 208, 217
international comparisons, 16, 72, President’s Information Technology
75, 186, 187-188, 190, 191, 192 Advisory Committee, 442
nanotechnology, 449 Presidential Early Career Award for
trends in critical technologies, 52, Scientists and Engineers
449 (PECASE), 145, 146, 158
US share, 215 Presidential Innovation Award, 8, 158,
Pauli, Wolfgang, 51 509
Pell grants, 366, 369, 371, 373, 376 PricewaterhouseCoopers, 86
Pennsylvania, 121 Product liability and tort reform, 16,
Perry, William, 140 185, 456, 461
Petroleum and petrochemical Productivity of science and technology
technology, 45, 57-58 research
Pharmaceuticals, 47, 48, 54, 86, 186, administrative policies and
190-192, 199 procedures, 415, 416, 421-422
Philippines, test scores, 311 age of investigator and, 143-144,
Physical sciences. See also K–12 science 149, 426-431
and mathematics education environment and culture of research
doctorates awarded, 80, 331, 351 and, 415, 416-418
employment, 335, 383 growth of US economy, 1, 183-184,
funding for research, 90, 93, 137, 205, 206, 459, 460
138, 139, 141, 142, 153 information technology and, 47-48,
graduate school enrollments, 330, 183, 201, 417, 459
386 management and review of
instrumentation innovations, 145 programs, 415, 416, 419-420
international graduate students, tax credits and, 466
379, 382, 383, 386 Program for International Student
minority doctoral degrees, 351 Assessment (PISA), 15, 312
salaries of PhDs, 338 Project Lead the Way (PLTW), 6, 128-
teacher qualifications, 95, 97 129
Project 2061, 128
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R
Protectionist policies, 27-28. See also
Export controls on technology
Race/ethnicity. See African Americans;
Public colleges and universities. See
American Indians/Alaskan
also Graduate education in
Natives; Asian Americans/Pacific
science and engineering; Higher
Islanders; Hispanic Americans;
education in science and
Minorities (underrepresented) in
engineering; Undergraduate
science and technology
education in science and
Radio and television, 44, 60, 71
mathematics
RAND Corporation, 450
community colleges, 346, 347-348,
Raytheon, 491
360, 371, 374, 442
Reagan administration, 105, 475, 485
competition for state resources, 362,
Recombinant-DNA technology, 50
365, 375
Recommendations
enrollments, 358, 359, 360, 361
cost tables, 501-511
expenditures by type, 363
economic policy incentives for
faculty composition and salaries,
innovation, 4, 110-111, 192, 260
370-371, 375
of focus groups, 254-263
financial pressures, 357, 359, 361-
higher education, 4, 9-10, 110, 256-
366
257
international students, 380
K–12 education, 4-7, 110, 112, 119,
quality of education and services,
254-255
357, 358, 362, 370
key challenges, 4
recommended federal actions, 374-
national/homeland security, 262
376
research funding, 4, 7-8, 110, 136-
research funding, 364
137, 142-143, 145, 157, 258,
research institutions, 358
400-401, 408, 411-412, 414
revenue sources, 364, 365
Recycling technologies, 64
state appropriations, 367, 368, 372,
Refrigeration technologies, 44, 58-59,
375
60, 61, 64
student aid, 357-358, 366, 369,
Research & development. See also
370, 371, 372, 374-376
Academic research; Applied
student-faculty ratios, 362, 363, 370
research; Basic research;
transfer and articulation
Corporate R&D; Federal funding
agreements, 371
of R&D; National laboratories;
tuition and fees, 368, 374
Researchers and scientists
Public health
benchmarking, 445-446, 447
competition for education resources,
centers of excellence, 433
362, 365, 375
defense- and security-related, 66-67,
disease trends, 43
90, 105 n.68, 137, 140-141, 143,
globalization and, 221
150, 151-152, 169, 399, 407,
practical applications of research,
409, 484, 485-488, 490, 491
51, 53-57
definitions, 69, 105 n.70
spending for aging population, 213,
digital cyberinfrastructure, 416,
219-220
417, 442-443
Public–private partnerships, R&D,
energy-related, 152-158, 399
106, 116 n.10, 133, 158, 324,
environment and culture for, 415,
340, 375, 432, 433-435, 439-
416-418
440, 443
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INDEX
evaluation of programs, 405, 416, international comparisons, 72, 216
417, 419-420, 436 networking and collaboration
facilities and equipment (advanced), initiatives, 82
7-8, 141, 145-149, 169, 403, 509 NIH principal investigator grants,
GDP share, 84, 85, 91, 205, 208, 33, 426, 431
412 postdoctoral training, 354-356
interdisciplinary institutes, 433 prizes and awards, 158, 160-161,
international collaboration and 341, 417
conferences, 34 productivity, 148, 415-422
international comparisons, 16-17, publication volume and frequency,
74, 137, 208, 412 70, 72, 205, 215
medical innovations, 32 salaries, 144, 338
offshore outsourcing, 210 security clearances, 169
online posting of problems, 417 visa policies, 33-34, 82-83, 104,
peer review system, 150, 185 175-177
postdoctoral appointments, 143- work permits and residence status
144, 354-356 for doctoral recipients, 175-177
pressure for short-term results, 150, Ricardo, David, 28
161, 215, 424 Romania, test scores, 310-311
priority topics, 160, 399 Romer, Paul, 29
productivity enhancement, 415-422 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 112
public investment in, see Federal Russia, economic change, 38
funding of R&D Russian Federation
security concerns, 34-36 economic growth, 206
spending trends, 137, 208, 215, 412 education, 132, 310-311
Research & development tax credits, spending on R&D, 74
11-12, 88, 89, 184, 185, 192- Rutgers University, 469
197, 203, 398, 408, 413, 424,
457, 465-466, 511. See also
S
Research and Experimentation
Tax Credit Samuelson, Robert J., 73
Research and Experimentation Tax Sarbanes–Oxley Act, 456, 461
Credit, 192 Scanning tunneling microscope, 145
Research universities, 35, 72, 184-185, Scholarship America, 376
379, 386 n.24, 438. See also Schrodinger, Erwin, 51
Academic research Schumpeter, Joseph, 458
Researchers and scientists. See also Science and Mathematics Education
Highly skilled workers Task Force, 124
academic positions, 326, 341 Science and technology. See also
assistanceships and traineeships, Technological innovation; US
350, 352 competitiveness in science and
continuing education, 172-173 technology
demand and supply, 29, 164, 168, disillusionment with careers in, 312,
169, 170 314
early-career funding, 7, 136, 143- globalization, 70
145, 146, 149, 150, 161, 326, quantitative policy studies, 414
423, 426-431, 508-509
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Science and Technology Centers South Korea
(STCs), 438 advanced instruments and facilities,
Science Teacher Institute, 6, 125-126 147
Securities and Exchange Commission, broadband and cellular service, 201,
433, 439 462
SEMATECH, 106, 436 degrees in science or engineering,
Semiconductor manufacturing, 15 16, 99, 100, 165, 198, 379
Sensitive but unclassified information, doctoral production, 387, 388
36, 105, 474, 476-479 economic growth, 209, 463
Service sector foreign student enrollments in, 387
international competition, 27-28, graduate education, 76, 78, 79, 217,
453 379, 387, 388
offshore outsourcing of jobs, 28, 91, Incheon Free Economic Zone, 196
209-210, 211, 466-467, 468 innovation environment, 23, 37, 73,
Silicon Valley, 176-177, 461 76, 147, 196, 197, 198
Singapore publication volume and frequency, 77
Biopolis, 199 spending on R&D, 74, 411
economic competitiveness, 68 stay rates of students in US, 382
education, 32, 99, 199, 308-311 tax environment, 196, 197
innovation environment, 23, 37, test scores, 310-311
196, 198, 199 Space Act (1958), 440
publication volume and frequency, Spain, 100, 387
77 Speech recognition, 32
Standards, Productivity, and Sputnik, 16, 39, 67, 73, 106, 151, 169,
Innovation Board, 199 303, 456, 494
tax policies, 196 Standard-of-living improvements, 59-
US R&D in, 86 65, 67, 205, 209, 221-222
Sloan Foundation, 458 Stevenson–Wydler Technology
Slovak Republic, test scores, 310-311 Innovation Act of 1986, 439
Slovenia, test scores, 308-311 STMicroelectronics, 195
Small Business Innovation Research Strayer University, 469
(SBIR) program, 88, 90, 433- Structural design, 63-64
434, 435, 437 Student and Exchange Visitor
Small Business Technology Transfer Information System (SEVIS), 389
(STTR) program, 433, 434 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS),
SMART program, 495, 497 43
Smith, Adam, 458 Summer institutes and seminars, 5,
Social and behavioral sciences, 81, 93, 117-119, 120-124, 125, 126,
101, 137, 139, 141, 330, 331, 133, 135, 304, 318, 485, 498,
343, 351, 379, 383 504-505
Social security, 219-220, 457 Sun Microsystems, 35
Software Sweden
piracy losses, 456, 463, 464 education, 99, 100, 132, 134, 310-
services, 76, 199 311, 387
Solow, Robert, 1 n.1, 45-46, 458 spending for R&D, 411
South Africa, 311 US R&D in, 86
Switzerland, 76, 100, 132
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INDEX
T Teachers. See K–12 science and
mathematics teachers
Taiwan Teaching
degrees in science or engineering, assistanceships, 350, 352
99, 100, 165 inquiry-based approach, 7, 122-123,
economic growth, 209 126
graduate education, 79, 217, 379, learning theory and, 66
388 quality of, 95, 123, 316-322
highly skilled workers, 177 Technological innovation. See also
incentives for returning scholars, Research & development
173 diffusion rate, 71
innovation environment, 23 drivers for, 39, 59, 106, 415, 455-
publication volume and frequency, 456
77 by early-career researchers, 143-
stay rates of students in US, 382 144, 149, 426-431
test scores, 311 and economic growth, 14, 41 n.2,
Taskforce on the Future of American 43, 45-50, 205-206, 208-209,
Innovation, 108 414, 455, 458-459
Tax policies and employment, 29, 49, 50
capital gains, 12, 197, 200 environment for, 2-3, 23, 37, 38,
corporate rates, 12, 197, 200, 220, 78, 79, 147, 195, 199, 209, 210,
466 300, 415, 416-418
cost-effectiveness, 193, 203 extension centers, 443
cost of recommendations, 511 financial regulations and, 460-461
education tax credits for employees, foreign emulation of US model, 37,
9, 172-173, 457, 467-468, 485, 72, 78, 208
498, 511 global enterprise, 209-210
employment effects, 194 human capital and, 457
equipment tax credits and incentives for, 11-12, 182-185, 197-
depreciation reforms, 197, 200, 201
203, 457, 466 intellectual property protection and,
international comparisons, 12, 195- 11, 184, 185, 456-457, 463-465
196, 197-200, 208 negative effects, 42, 57, 59
investment of foundation assets in Nobel Prizes, 145, 157, 427
start-ups, 461, 465-466 outsourcing and, 26, 456, 470-471
joint ventures and, 194, 466 patent trends for critical
qualifying expenditures, 197 technologies, 52
R&D tax credits, 11-12, 88, 89, presidential-level challenge, 472
184, 185, 192-197, 203, 398, prizes and awards, 8, 158, 160-161,
408, 413, 424, 457, 465-466, 416, 423, 509
511 product liability and tort reform
regulations, 194 and, 185, 456, 461
stock option expensing, 461 productivity gains, 47-48, 50-51
tuition tax credits, 341, 366 and quality of life, 45
Teacher Institutes for the 21st Century, regional innovation hot spots, 458,
121 471
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U
research instrumentation, 145-146
surveys of, 445
Undergraduate education in science
tax policy and, 11-12, 457, 465-466
and mathematics
trade policy and, 456, 462-463
admission criteria, 102, 322, 347
20th-century engineering
community colleges, 346, 347-348
achievements, 39, 41-42, 44-45,
degrees awarded, 16, 98, 99-101,
52
198, 216, 217, 329, 343, 345,
US environment, 24, 37, 182-185,
346
455-472
distribution of institutions by sector,
Technology transfer, 10 n.9, 180-181,
359
392, 479
enrollment trends, 163, 164, 165,
Telecommunications, 202, 209, 453,
360
456, 462
incentives, 340-341
Telecommuting, 202
innovative programs, 117-119
Telephones, 60, 63, 71, 207
international comparison, 16, 98,
Teller, Edward, 35
99, 163, 165, 198, 216, 217, 342
Terrorism, 25, 33-36, 37, 66, 82, 163,
internships, 346, 348
220, 385, 388, 474, 477, 481,
introductory/transitional science
483, 485, 491
courses, 102-103, 328, 347-348
Texas, AP Incentive Program, 127,
learning environment, 330-331, 339
130-131, 133
low-income students, 167-168, 305,
Thailand, 99
323, 326, 328, 376
Third International Mathematics and
mentoring, 327, 339-340
Science Study, 306-311
minorities (underrepresented), 99,
Thomson Venture Economics, 86
117, 118, 166-167, 328, 341,
Timken, Henry, 35
343, 344, 345, 346, 348
Timken Company, 35
quality of, 371
Trade, 456
recommended federal actions, 256,
export controls on technology, 10,
345-346, 348
34-36, 105, 180-181, 388, 391,
retention/attrition rates, 16, 98-99,
474, 485
117, 327, 328, 329-330, 336,
free trade policy, 28, 36, 212
371
US deficit in high-technology
scholarships and loans for US
products, 14, 77, 209, 218, 220,
citizens, 6, 9, 165-168, 169, 305,
462-463
323, 326, 340-341, 346, 348,
Trade Adjustment Assistance program,
485, 509
457, 468
student interest in careers, 98-104
Transistor, 44, 83, 157
for teachers, 5, 115-119, 346-347
Transportation
technology component, 375
equipment manufacturing, 86
trends, 343, 345
systems, 60, 62, 63, 156
women, 99, 166, 328, 341, 343,
Treasury Borrowing Committee, 461
344, 345, 346, 348
Trends in International Mathematics
Undergraduate Scholar Awards in
and Science Study, 95, 130-131,
Science, Technology,
132
Engineering, and Mathematics
Tuberculosis (TB), 43
(USA-STEM) program, 165-168
Tunisia, 311
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INDEX
Union College, 120 n.19 US Chamber of Commerce, 142
United Kingdom (UK) US competitiveness in science and
degrees in science or engineering, technology
99, 100, 165 advantages of US model, 70-71
disciplinary strengths, 76 advisory committees, 432, 442-443
doctoral production, 387, 388 aging of population and, 213-214
economic competitiveness, 38, 68, alternative viewpoints, 24, 73
206 applied research, 68
graduate education, 79, 82, 387 baseline scenario, 214-219
Highly Skilled Migrant Programme basic research, 68
(HSMP), 82, 178, 179, 385, 391, benchmarking of US research fields,
393, 394, 396 409, 444, 445-446, 447
Science and Engineering Graduate comparative economics, 14-15
Scheme, 396 corporate R&D and, 83-89, 93,
spending on R&D, 72 194, 440
tax incentives for R&D, 196 critical technologies, 52, 444, 445,
test scores, 308-311 446-447
US R&D in, 86, 196 data collection on research and
workforce shortages, 396 n.43 innovation, 444, 445, 452-454
working-age population, 212 Dell model, 460
University of California disciplinary strengths, 76
California Teach program, 5, 117- doctoral production, 70, 72, 78, 79-
118 81, 83, 84, 205, 216, 217
College Prep program, 127 economic performance, 14-18, 68
University of Maryland Baltimore educational challenges, 94-104
County, 469 environment for discovery and, 182-
University of Minnesota, 120 n.19 185, 455-472
University of Pennsylvania, 6, 125-126 federal laboratory mission and, 71,
University of Tennessee, 120 n.19 92-94
University of Texas at Austin, 117 GDP share of R&D, 84, 85, 91, 205
US businesses. See also Corporate graduate education, 16, 70, 72, 76,
R&D 78-83, 102, 216-217, 342, 350,
adaptation to technological change, 445
172-173 higher education and training, 16,
continuing education for employees, 70, 205, 217, 386-387
172-173, 467, 485, 510 highly skilled workers, 88-89, 178,
doctoral employment, 83, 84 205, 216-219
internal control reports, 461 indicators, 14-17
networking by international information technology and, 15,
researchers, 176-177 201, 202, 205
offshore outsourcing, 1, 14, 23, 26- international students, 325, 386-387
30, 73, 88 internationally coauthored articles,
overseas R&D, 86, 174, 215, 220 75
stock options for employees, 461 K–12 performance, 15-16, 30-31,
summer institutes for teachers, 120- 94-98, 303, 306-311, 322
121 location of R&D and, 194
tax policies, 172-173, 197, 200, 220
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market dynamics and, 185, 456, Navy Young Investigator Program,
459-461 145
market share for technology, 77, Office of Defense Programs, 144
209, 217-219 Quadrennial Defense Review
national security and, 104-105 (QDR), 486-487
offshore outsourcing of jobs and, spending trends for R&D, 407, 487
1-2, 14, 88 workforce demand and supply, 169,
optimistic scenario, 221-222 481, 494-496, 497, 499
patent applications, 75, 215 US Department of Education
perspectives, 17 Graduate Assistance in Areas of
pessimistic scenario, 219-221 National Need program, 170
public investments and, 72, 89-92, US Department of Energy (DOE)
399 Advanced Research Projects
publication volume and frequency, Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), 8,
70, 72, 74, 75, 77-78, 205, 215 152-158, 509
R&D spending, 16-17, 72-73, 74, basic and applied research, 142,
137, 205, 208, 215, 409-411, 153, 156
412 budget for R&D, 411, 484, 488, 489
ranking globally, 205, 206 CRADAs, 440
research institutions, 70, 72 early-researcher grants, 7, 143, 146
scenarios, 214-222 laboratories, 92, 93, 123-124, 147,
software services exports, 76-77 156, 481-482, 493
trade deficit, 14, 77, 209, 218, 220, Office of Science, 89, 123-124, 147,
462-463 153
undergraduate education, 98-102, physical science research, 153
342 research centers, 8, 438
US Department of Agriculture, 89, 146, spending for R&D, 402, 406
402, 406, 475, 489 Task Force on the Future of Science
US Department of Commerce, 34, 146, Programs, 156
180, 402, 445, 479, 480, 489 teacher professional development
US Department of Defense (DOD) program, 123-124
applied research, 486, 487 US Department of Health and Human
assessment of critical technologies, Services, 402, 439, 440, 475, 489
450 US Department of Homeland Security,
basic research, 7, 89, 90, 92, 137, 25, 141, 402, 409, 481
140, 141, 143, 150, 151, 402, US Department of State, 34, 180 n.21,
426, 431, 484, 486, 487 392
budget for R&D, 142, 143, 150, US Department of the Interior, 402
406, 411, 484, 486, 488, 489 US Department of Transportation, 402,
contractors, 490, 491 438, 489
CRADAs, 440 US Department of Veterans Affairs,
Early Career Scientist and Engineer 146, 402
Award, 145, 146 US economy
Fast Track, 434 aging of population and, 212-214,
industry consortia, 436 219-220
National Defense Education Act, alternative viewpoint, 184-185
67, 494-499 capital and, 155
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INDEX
competitiveness indicators, 14 US Senate Committee on Armed
energy issues, 65, 154, 155 Services, 140
foreign direct investment in US, US Steel, 35
207-208, 218, 220 UTeach, 5, 117, 118, 119
GDP trends, 47, 65, 184, 205
high-technology bubble, 29, 164,
V
198, 200
higher education and, 358-359 Visa policies. See Immigration policy
immigrant contributions, 35, 176-
177
W
inflation, 48
information technology and, 183,
Wages
205
domestic, 15, 28-29
labor issues, 28, 155, 211-212
education level and, 29
offshoring and, 28
foreign, 24, 29, 73, 88
oil shocks, 155, 183
highly skilled workers, 28-29, 88,
per capita income, 1 n.1, 73, 184,
210, 218
204, 218
Washington State
productivity growth, 1, 183-184,
Assessment of Student Learning
205, 206, 459, 460
(WASL), 122
public concerns, 36-37
Leadership and Assistance for
R&D investments and, 47-49, 218
Science Education Reform
regional economic development
(LASER), 122
programs, 458, 471
Water
US Environmental Protection Agency
quality, 51, 57
(EPA), 402, 475, 489
supply and distribution, 44, 61
US Food and Drug Administration
Weather prediction technologies, 64,
(FDA), 190, 191
140
US Geological Survey, 64
Westinghouse, George, 51
US Munitions List, 180 n.21, 479 n.9
Wolf, Frank, 142
US Patent and Trademark Office
Womack, Farris, 162
cost of reforms, 510
Women in science and technology
data exclusivity laws, 11, 186, 190-
graduate school, 102, 328, 349,
192, 456
351, 379
first-inventor-to-file system, 11,
influence on innovation, 417
186, 187-188, 192, 455, 464
recruiting and retaining, 389
open review system, 188, 456, 465
undergraduate school, 99, 166, 328,
recommended reforms, 185-186,
341, 343, 344, 346, 348
456-457, 464-465
workforce, 343
research exemptions from
Workforce. See also Employment;
infringement liability, 11, 186,
Highly skilled workers
188-190, 457, 464
aging of population and, 212-214
resource allocation for, 11, 186,
international comparisons, 212
187, 456, 465
shortfalls in investments in, 30-33
US population
structural changes in, 42
aging of, 212-214, 219-220
World Economic Forum, 205
growth projections, 14, 362
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X
World Trade Organization, 206, 463
World War II, 1, 14, 32, 35, 37, 39,
Xerox PARC, 32, 333, 335
66, 68, 70, 83, 106, 204, 205,
212, 378, 386, 455, 462, 485
World Wide Web, 44, 71 Y
WTEC, Inc., 445
Yahoo, 207
Wulf, Wm. A., 182, 458
Representative terms from entire chapter:
benefit freedom
