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Food Marketing to Children and Youth: Threat or Opportunity?
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Index
A
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range, 47
Added sugars intake
associated food and nutrient intakes, 64–65
definition, 59n
dental health and, 44
dietary recommendations, 45, 59
infant and toddler diets, 19, 74–75
patterns and trends, 2, 18, 19, 59–60, 61, 62, 375
as percentage of calorie intake, 59–60
recommendations for food and beverage companies, 11, 382
regional variation, 81–82
sources, 65, 66, 68
television commercials and, 184
trends, 61
Adequate intake
actual intakes and, 55–56
definition, 46–47
infant and toddler diets, 73
Adiposity
age factors moderating influence of marketing, 294–295
definition, 231
evidence linking television viewing to, 272, 273–278, 279–292
gender differences moderating influence of marketing on, 298–299
influence of advertising, 9, 278–279, 292–293, 308, 379–380
measurement, 275–276
nonadvertising-related television viewing effects, 284–289, 290–292
as predictive of television viewing time, 273, 280–281
See also Body weight and composition;
Obesity
Advergames, 186, 193–195, 350
Advertising, generally
branded products, 4, 22, 191, 210
branded spokescharacters, 170–171
celebrity endorsements, 175
cereal, 170–171, 175–176
children’s cognitive capacity to recognize and evaluate, 4, 5, 9, 20–21, 30, 231, 295–298, 301, 305, 309, 343, 380
definition, 26, 137
distribution by food category, 164–165
Federal Trade Commission regulation, 5, 29–30, 181, 182–183
goals, 137
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industry self-regulation, 198–201, 210
industry spending, 4, 163–170, 377
intensity, 164–165
leading advertisers, 164
marketing and, 21, 26, 137
most famous advertising images, 171
outdoor, 186–187
rationale for regulating, 29, 32, 341, 344–345, 346–347
vehicles and venues, 4–5, 21, 22–23, 167, 169, 186, 190–191
See also Marketing of food and beverages to youth;
Television advertising
Advertising Council, 209
Age
categories and definitions, 25
as moderator of marketing influence, 294–295, 309
Agriculture production system, 120, 123, 351–352
Alliance for American Advertising, 31, 209
American Association of Diabetes Educators, 209
American Beverage Association, 188, 206–207
American Council for Fitness and Nutrition, 209
American Dietetic Association, 209
American Legacy Foundation, 336, 337
American Marketing Association, 206
Atherosclerosis, 43
Australia, 33, 360
B
Balanced diet. See Healthful and balanced diets and meals
Beliefs, food and beverage
cultural transmission, 117
as diet precursor, 230
evidence of marketing effects on, 254, 258–259
gender differences, 99
health concerns, 99
influence of advertising, 8, 260–261, 307, 379
influence on preferences or behaviors, 117, 271–272
taste related to healthfulness, 95–96
time constraints as obstacle to healthful eating, 104, 150
See also Precursors, dietary
Benchmarks and baselines, 7
Benefits of unregulated marketing, 31, 341
Beverage consumption
bone health and, 44
brand loyalty, 376
calorie density, 63
demographic patterns, 67
infant and toddler diets, 74–75
new product introductions, 146, 156, 158
nutrient availability, 66–67
patterns and trends, 44, 52, 61, 65–68, 146, 375
quantity consumed per occasion, 71
regional variation, 81–82
research needs, 66
settings for, 68
as source of added sugars, 65, 66, 68
See also Fruit juice consumption;
Marketing of food and beverages to youth;
Milk and milk consumption;
Soft drink consumption
Beverage industry, 146.
See also Companies, food and beverage
Billboards, 186–187
Bitter tastes
genetic influence, 93–94
vegetable consumption and, 94, 97
Blogs/blogging, 196
Blood pressure, in metabolic syndrome, 43
Body weight and composition
breakfast consumption and, 69, 375
cultural values, 117–119
gender differences in concerns about, 99, 117–119
normal development, 45–46
overweight classification, 17–18
self esteem and, 118
self-perception of, depression and, 100
trends, 41, 42–43
See also Adiposity;
Obesity
Branded products
advertising goals, 103–104, 120, 136, 210
co-branding, 172, 173, 174
nutrient content of, 22, 120
online marketing, 191
in television commercials, 22
trends, 4, 210
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Brand recognition and preference
advertising goals, 103, 120, 136, 210
advertising effects, 253
behavioral branding, 336
branded spokescharacters, 170–171
children’s capacity for, 30–31, 103, 376
children’s product requests, 102, 103–104, 376
consumer behavior, 137
nonprocessed foods, 136, 137
processed foods, 136–137
top brands, 146
See also Branded products;
Product placement
Breakfast consumption
associated dietary patterns, 69
body composition related to, 375
economic status and, 79, 107
fat content, 58
food choices in, 69
gender differences, 99
infant and toddler diets, 75
mother’s work status and, 106
patterns and trends, 68–69, 163, 375
perceived time constraints and, 104
product innovations, 163
regional variation, 82
Breast milk, 95
British Medical Association, 33, 302, 357
Buzz marketing, 196.
See also Viral marketing
C
Caffeine, 67
Calcium intake
associated food and nutrient intakes, 64–65
bone health and, 44
breakfast consumption, 69
economic status and, 80
infant and toddler diets, 73
obesity risk and, 53
patterns and trends, 2, 18, 19, 50, 54, 55, 56, 82, 375
regional variation, 81
sources, 56, 67
Calorie intake
from away-from-home foods, 19, 71–72, 113, 114, 151, 375
beverage sources, 65–68
calorie density, 63
current concerns, 1, 2, 18, 374
eating locations and, 71–72
economic status and, 79, 107
food sources, 52–53, 61–65
health promotion goals, 40
high-calorie low-nutrient foods and beverages in, 53, 63–64
at home, 105
of infants and toddlers, 19, 73–74, 375
measurement, 50–51, 375
neurobiological regulation, 92
nutrient distribution, 52–61
patterns and trends, 49–50, 52–53, 375
possible adiposity–television viewing linkage, 284
recommendations for food and beverage companies, 11, 382
regional variation, 81
in schools, 71–72, 112
snacks as source of, 69–70
sources, 19, 375
See also Nutrient content
Calories Count campaign, 324
Canada, 32–33, 354, 359–360
Cancer, diet-related risk, 1–2, 18, 43
Candy
availability in schools, 113
calorie intake from, 52
children’s product requests, 103
drug store sales, 151
marketing strategies, 140
new product introductions, 156, 158
purchasing power of children and youth, 155
Carbohydrate intake
dietary recommendations and guidelines, 47
infant and toddler diets, 73
sources, 52–53
taste influence, 94
trends, 19, 53–54, 375
Cardiovascular disorders, 1–2, 18, 39, 43
Carotene intake, regional variation, 81
Catalog promotions, 187
Causal inference validity, 240–242
Celebrity endorsements, 175
Cell phones, 22–23, 179, 196–197
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 322, 325
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Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation v. Public Service Commission, 344–346
Cereals
advertising spending, 170
branded spokescharacters, 170–171
children’s product requests, 102, 103
diet correlations, 69
infant and toddler diets, 74
market size, 170
new product introductions, 156
portion size, 71
premium offers, 175–176
purchasing power of children and youth, 154
regional variation in consumption, 81
Channel One, 188–190
Character merchandising, 377
branded spokescharacters, 170–171
definition, 172
developmental considerations, 172–173
goals, 172
host-selling format, 294
industry self-regulation, 198
to promote healthful products, 173–174, 175, 377
recommendations for, 12, 383
uses of, 4, 175, 377
Child and Adult Care Food Program, 14, 111–112, 121, 122, 328, 386
Child-care settings, 14, 111–112, 328, 386
Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act, 122, 326
Child Nutrition Labeling Program, 328
Child Nutrition Programs, 122, 321, 327
Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 198–201
company compliance with guidelines of, 200
current efforts, 378
effectiveness, 200–201
guidelines, 198–200
organizational structure and function, 198
purpose, 198, 378
recommendations for, 12, 383
Children’s Online Privacy Act, 191, 349
Children’s Television Act, 181, 348
Cholesterol intake
dietary recommendations and guidelines, 58
economic status and, 79
healthy and balanced diet, 45
patterns and trends, 54, 58
sources, 56
Circulatory disorders, 1–2
Club sponsorship, 187
Coalition for Healthy Children, 209
Co-branding, 172, 173, 174
Cognitive functioning
brand recognition, 30–31, 103, 376
children’s capacity to recognize and evaluate advertising, 4, 5, 9, 20–21, 30, 231, 295–298, 301, 305, 309, 343, 380
learning process, 20
media literacy training, 326–327
moderators of marketing influence, 231, 295–298
nutrition knowledge and eating behavior, 100
research needs, 305
See also Beliefs, food and beverage;
Consumer socialization
Commercial speech, 344–345
Committee on Food Marketing and the Diets of Children and Youth, 6
Community-based interventions, recommendations for, 13, 384
Companies, food and beverage
economic significance, 119
educational materials sponsored by, 190, 326
employment, 119
food processing, 120
food supply characteristics, 120, 351, 352
health and wellness advisory groups, 208
healthful product promotion, 10, 146–150, 201–202, 374
health promotion activities, 209, 210–211, 378
incentives for health promotion, 14, 385
mergers and acquisitions, 146
nutrition labeling requirements, 323–324
recommendations for health promotion activities, 10–11, 14, 382, 385
revenues, 4, 144, 146, 156
self-regulation of advertising, 198–201, 206–207, 355
See also Marketing of food and beverages to youth;
Trade associations
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Computer use, 177–178.
See also Internet
Conditioning, 98
Consumer promotion, 137, 167
Consumers, children as
purchasing power, 5, 21–22, 153–155
social and cultural trends, 31
Consumer socialization
children’s product requests, 102–104
definition, 102
media literacy education, 326–327
process, 20
skills, 4
social benefits of marketing, 31
Containers, serving, 102
Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, 50, 51
Convenience, 104, 114, 150, 162–163
Convenience stores, 151
Cookies, Internet, 191
Copper intake, 56
Cost of food
food choices and, 104–105, 269–270
growth, 144n
as obstacle to healthier diets, 107–108
research needs, 108
Cost of obesity-associated medical care, 41
Coupons
event and loyalty marketing, 187
industry spending, 169
wireless, 197
Cross promotion, 172, 348
D
Dairy product consumption
economic status and, 107
as nutrient source, 56
parental, 109
patterns and trends, 61–62, 63
regional variation, 81
strategies for improving youth health, 2
See also Milk and milk consumption
Data sources
access to industry research, 7, 15, 34, 143, 377, 387
beverage consumption, 66
evaluation methodology, 6, 33–34
on marketing practices and trends, 24–25, 33, 34, 133–134
media use patterns, 176
new product introductions, 156
nutrient and food intake information, 50–61
shortcomings, 7
for systematic evidence review, 227, 232–237, 243–247
Demand for healthier food choices, 201, 204
Denmark, 358
Dental health, 39, 40, 44–45
Department of Agriculture, U.S.
education and information programs, 320–321, 322, 323, 326
food assistance programs, 121, 122–123
recommendations for, 14, 15, 386–387
Department of Defense, U.S., 329
Department of Education, U.S., 322, 325, 381
Department of Health and Human Services, U.S.
Children’s Advertising Review Unit and, 200–201
education and information programs, 320, 321, 322, 323
recommendations for, 15, 16, 386–387, 387
Depression, 78, 100
Development, individual
beverage consumption patterns, 66, 67
brand recognition, 103–104
breakfast consumption patterns, 68
character merchandising and, 172–173
cognitive capacity to recognize and evaluate advertising, 4, 5, 9, 20–21, 30, 231, 295–298, 301, 305, 309, 343, 380
definition of health, 19
food preferences, 96, 97, 123–124, 305, 376
normal weight gain, 45–46
obesity risk, 18
research needs, 305
See also Consumer socialization
Diabetes
associated conditions, 41–42
diet-related risk, 1, 18
federal educational interventions to prevent, 322
metabolic syndrome and, 43
trends, 1, 17, 39, 82
Diet. See Eating behavior and dietary intake
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Eating Plan, 48
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Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 47–48, 49, 320
Dietary reference intakes, 46–47
actual intakes and, 55–56
Dietary supplements. See Supplements, dietary
Dieting, 100–101
Digital television, 195–196
Dinner, children’s influence on food choices, 103
Discretionary fat, 59n
Drug stores, 151
E
Eating behavior and dietary intake
accessibility of food and, 108
age factors moderating influence of marketing on, 294
assessment methods, 50–51
biological factors, 92–93
in child-care settings, 111
consumer socialization effects, 102–104
cost factors, 104–105, 107–108
data sources, 50, 230
determinants of, 1, 2–4, 8, 19–20, 123, 373, 376, 379
developmental change, 96–97, 305
dietary recommendations and guidelines, 45, 46–49, 320–321
dieting practices, 100–101
diet precursors and, 261, 270–272
eating occasions per day, 75, 79, 80
ecological perspective in outcome evaluation, 26–28, 91–92, 123
evidence of marketing influence, 261–264
family factors, 105–110
food/beverage type, intake distribution by, 52–53, 61–68, 74–75
gender differences in, 98–99
gender differences moderating influence of marketing on, 298
genetic factors, 93–94
government policy effects, 123
health outcomes, 2, 39–40, 374
individual health concerns and, 99
influence of marketing, 8–9, 265–272, 379
mother’s work status and, 106–107
neighborhood food retail outlets and, 115–116
normal development, 45–46
nutrition knowledge and, 100
parental, 109
patterns and trends, 18, 19, 61–62, 375
peer influence, 110–111
portion size and, 101–102
psychosocial factors, 97–100
quantity consumed per eating occasion, 70–71
regional variation, 81
in restaurants, 113–115
in schools, 112–113
sensory influences, 94–96
settings, 71–72, 105
sociocultural factors, 116–119
strategies for improving youth health, 2, 374
time constraints and, 104, 150
See also Breakfast consumption;
Calorie intake;
Nutrient intake;
Portion sizes;
Precursors, dietary;
Snacks and snacking
Eating disorders, 100
Eat Smart, Play Hard™ Campaign, 321
Ecological perspective, 26–28, 91–92, 123
Ecological validity, 242–243
Educational interventions
effectiveness, 326, 361
federal programs, 320, 321–323, 325–326
in food assistance programs, 121
learning process, 20
media literacy, 326–327
MyPyramid, 48–49, 320–321
nutrition labeling, 323–325
recommendations for schools, 13–14, 385
in schools, 325–327
scope of, 361
See also Social marketing
Electrolytes, 47
Embedded marketing, 141
Emotional appeals, 170
Energy balance
current patterns, 19
definition, 45n
estimated energy requirements, 45
Entertainment industry
celebrity endorsements, 175
children’s, 164
interest in youth market, 23
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recommendations for, 12–13, 384
self-regulation of marketing activities by, 207–208
See also Character merchandising
Estimated average requirements, 46
actual intakes and, 55
Estimated energy requirements, 45, 47
actual intake and, 56
calorie requirement calculations, 56–57
infant and toddler intakes, 73
European Heart Network, 32, 301, 302, 355
European Union, 355–356
Event and loyalty marketing, 4, 169, 187
Evolutionary theory, 93, 94
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, 321
F
Fast food and quick serve restaurants
branded spokescharacters, 171
co-branding campaigns, 174–175
consumer lawsuits against, 341–342
consumer spending, 151
definition, 31n, 151n, 406
industry leaders, 151
in-school sales, 188
number of, 151
nutrition labeling requirements for, 323–324
premium offers, 175–176
promotion of healthful diets in, 204–205
revenues, 151
sociodemographic characteristics, 114–115
See also Restaurants
Fat, dietary intake of
in away-from-home meals, 114
biological influences, 93, 94–95
dietary recommendations and guidelines, 45, 47, 57, 58
economic status and, 79, 80, 107
in family meals, 109
food assistance program meals, 328
gender differences, 98
health and nutrition attitudes as factors in, 99
infant and toddler diets, 73–74
patterns and trends, 2, 19, 53, 54, 58, 62, 375
as percentage of caloric intake, 54
school food choices and, 113
social marketing programs to reduce, 335
sources, 52–53, 56
See also Saturated fats in youth diet;
Trans fats in youth diet
Federal Advisory Committee Act, 7
Federal Communications Commission, 181–182, 348–349
Federal Trade Commission
Internet regulation, 349
recommendations for, 12, 15, 383, 386–387
regulatory role, 342–343
rulemaking in 1970s, 5, 29–30, 342–344
Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study, 62, 73
Fiber intake
breakfast consumption, 69
current concerns, 2, 50, 82
current patterns, 59
dietary recommendations and guidelines, 58–59
infant and toddler diets, 74
mother’s work status and, 106
overall diet quality and, 59
regional variation, 81
Finland, 359
First Amendment rights, 30, 31, 341, 344, 345, 346, 347–348, 349, 350
Five a Day for Better Health, 322, 334–335, 361
Fluoride, 40, 44, 45
Folate/folic acid
current concerns, 50
current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56
regional variation, 81
sources, 56
Food and Drug Administration, 323, 380
Food Guide Pyramid, 48–49, 120
actual intake vs., 62–63
Food insecurity
economic status and, 76–78
obesity patterns and, 78
psychosocial outcomes, 78
Food Products Association, 206
Food Stamp Program, 41, 79, 121, 122, 123, 321
Forbidden foods, 110
France, 357, 358
French fries, 52, 71, 74, 114
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Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program, 122, 123, 328–329
Fruit consumption
accessibility as factor in home consumption, 108, 271
advertising intensity, 165
away-from-home dining and, 115
branding strategies to influence, 136, 137
character merchandising to promote, 173–174
children’s product requests, 103
determinants of, 271
development of food preferences, 22
economic status and, 79, 107
in family meals, 108–109
healthy and balanced diet, 45
infant and toddler diets, 74
neighborhood retail outlets and, 115
nutrition knowledge and, 100
packaging innovations to encourage, 203
parental, 109
patterns and trends, 19, 61–62, 63, 375
price factors, 105, 108
recommendations for government to improve access, 14, 386
regional variation, 81
school food choices and, 113
school programs to promote, 122, 328–329
social marketing programs to promote, 334–335
strategies for improving youth health, 2, 374
Fruit juice consumption
infant and toddler diets, 62, 74
marketing strategies, 140
new product introductions, 156
portion size, 71
quantity consumed per occasion, 63, 71
trends, 63, 65, 66, 67
G
Gender differences
average weight, 41
beverage consumption, 67
body image concerns, 99, 117–119
breakfast consumption, 68
current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56, 57
diabetes risk trends, 39
dieting behaviors, 100–101
eating behaviors, 98–99
food shopping, 150
health and nutrition attitudes, 99
in influence of marketing, 298–299
micronutrient intake, 55, 376
online use, 195
Genetic influence on eating behaviors, 93–94, 109
Geographic variation in nutrient and calorie intakes, 80–82
Germany, 358
Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, 32
Glucose metabolism, in metabolic syndrome, 43
Greece, 358
Grocery Manufacturers Association, 200, 205–206
H
Hamburgers, 71
Head Start, 111, 323, 328
Health, defined, 19
Health, diet-related
associated diseases, 1–2, 18, 43
beverages in, 65
broad conclusions, 9, 374
environmental influences on, 2–4, 6, 19–20
evidence of marketing linkage, 272–278
food insecurity and, 78
influence of marketing on, 8, 10, 278–293, 308, 374, 379–380
research methodology, 230–231
trends, 1, 17, 39, 41, 82
See also Adiposity;
Diabetes;
Obesity
Healthful and balanced diets and meals
agricultural policy and, 351–352
consumer demand, 201, 204
cost, 108
definition, 2, 82, 374
dietary recommendations and guidelines, 45, 46–49, 320–321
federal educational programs, 320, 321–323
marketing of, 29, 143, 146–150, 173–175, 324–325, 362, 378
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multisectoral involvement to promote, 10, 124, 374
new product design for, 10, 156, 201–203, 210–211, 374
opportunities to improve food assistance programs, 122–123
recommendations for food and beverage companies, 10–11, 382
recommendations for media and entertainment industry, 12–13, 384
recommendations for parents and families, 13, 384
recommendations for public policy, 14–15, 385–386
recommendations for restaurants, 11, 382
recommendations for schools, 13–14, 385
recommendations for trade associations, 11–12, 383
research needs, 304
social marketing programs to promote, 334–335, 340, 381
time constraints as obstacles to, 104, 150
youth attitudes toward, 95–96, 99
See also Health promotion
HealthierUS School Challenge, 322, 361
Health insurance, poverty and, 76
Health promotion
broad conclusions, 9, 374
cultural values and, 119
goals, 39–40
industry advisory groups for, 208
international efforts, 32–33, 354–361
multisectoral approach, 124
outcomes of food assistance programs, 40–41
public–private partnerships, 208–209
school programs, 325–332
social marketing campaigns, 334–338, 340, 381
use of marketing techniques for, 29, 143
See also Healthful and balanced diets and meals
Healthy People 2010 initiative, 42
Heart disease, 1–2, 18, 43.
See also Cardiovascular disorders
Height, 41
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 335
High-calorie low-nutrient foods and beverages
associated health risks, 1–2, 18
consumption patterns and trends, 2, 19, 63–65, 375, 377
development of food preferences, 22
influence of television advertising on diet precursors, 8, 307
in-school marketing, 113, 190
marketing strategies, 139–140
marketing trends, 4, 377
new product introductions, 158, 210
as portion of total calorie intake, 53, 63–64
predictors of consumption of, 64
tax policy, 352–354
television commercial content, 22, 184
types of, 63
Host-selling format, 294
Hungary, 358
Hypermarkets, 150n
I
Immersive advertising, 195
Infants and toddlers
brand marketing to, 194
calorie and nutrient intakes, 19, 73–74, 375
definition, 25
dietary imbalances, 19, 376
eating occasions per day, 75
food/beverage type intake, 74–75, 375
food preference formation, 96
population size, 139
taste preferences, 94, 95
Influence of marketing
on adiposity, 9, 379–380
age differences and, 294–295
on beliefs about food and beverages, 8, 254, 256–257, 258–259, 379
children’s cognitive capacity and, 4, 5, 9, 20–21, 30, 231, 295–298, 301, 305, 309, 343, 380
on dietary intake, 8–9, 261–272, 308, 379
on diet precursors, 8, 230, 232, 251–261, 307, 379
on diet-related health, 8, 9, 10, 308, 374, 379–380
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on food and beverage preferences, 8, 21, 22, 253, 256–258, 258, 261, 307, 379
on food and beverage requests, 8, 253–254, 256–257, 307, 379
gender differences and, 298–299
methodology for reviewing evidence of, 227–250
moderator effects, 231, 293–294
products other than food and beverage, 234–235
racial/ethnic differences and, 299
recommendations for research, 303–306
research limitations, 302–303
on short-term eating behavior, 308
socioeconomic status as moderator of, 300
on teen diet, 8–9, 96, 307, 308, 379
Interactive Healthy Eating Index, 49
Interactive product placement, 195–196
International Chamber of Commerce, 355
International research and action, 32–33, 300–302, 354–361
Internet
advertising trends, 4–5, 22–23, 194, 358
children’s exposure to food and beverage advertising, 194
children’s use of, 4–5
cognitive capacity to recognize and evaluate advertising on, 296
embedded commerce, 195–196
interactive product placement, 195
marketing strategies, 186, 190–191
online gaming, 193–195
product placement, 193
regulation, 349–350, 359, 381
use patterns, 177–178
Ireland, 356, 358, 359
Iron intake
current concerns, 2, 50
deficiency patterns, 80
economic status and, 80
infant and toddler diets, 73
mother’s work status and, 106
regional variation, 81
sources, 56
trends, 54, 55
J
Junk food, 31n.
See also High-calorie low-nutrient foods and beverages
K
Kidvid, 30, 343–344
L
Labeling, nutrient
consumer use of, 324
design and content, 323, 324
effectiveness of, 324, 325, 380
federal food assistance programs, 328
goals, 323
health claims, 324
opportunities for improving, 324
to promote healthful diet, 361
recommendations for, 11, 382
regulation, 323, 324, 325, 361
research needs, 378
restaurant requirements, 323–324
shortcomings, 324–325
use of proprietary logos and icons, 202–203, 324–325, 378
Learning process, 20
parental role-modeling, 109
Legume intake, 2, 62
Lipoprotein levels, in metabolic syndrome, 43
Logos and icons, 202–203, 324–325, 378
Low-income families
access to healthful foods and beverages, 124
computer access and use, 177, 178
dental health, 44–45
diet characteristics, 107–108
diet-related health risks, 2
eating occasions per day among, 79, 80
food assistance programs, 40–41, 121–123, 327–328
food insecurity risk, 76–78
health insurance coverage, 76
marketing influence moderated by economic status, 300
neighborhood grocery store characteristics, 115–116
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neighborhood restaurant characteristics, 115
nutrient intake patterns, 76, 79, 80, 376
nutrition education programs, 321
obesity patterns among, 76, 78–79
prevalence, 75, 107
Lunch
fat content, 58
food assistance programs, 122, 326, 327–328
infant and toddler diets, 75
ready-to-eat meals, 163
Luxembourg, 358
M
Magazine advertising, 185–186
Magnesium intake
current concerns, 2, 50, 82
current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56
sources, 56
trends, 54
Marketing of food and beverages to youth, 209–210
assessing effectiveness of, 141–142
audience fragmentation, 165, 186
broad conclusions, 9, 374
children’s exposure to, 4–5, 21, 120–121
components of, 26, 28, 135
consumer promotion, 137, 167
in consumer socialization process, 20
cross promotion, 172, 348
cultural groups as target markets, 140–141
current concerns, 1, 5–6, 373
current promotion of healthful diets in, 10, 201–209, 374
data sources and research base, 6, 7, 23, 24–25, 30, 33, 34, 133–134, 302–303
definition, 25–26, 134–135
diet mediators/precursors, 230
ecological perspective in outcome evaluation of, 26–28, 91–92
economic significance, 119, 153, 156
embedded marketing, 141
emerging trends, 186, 190–198, 210
event sponsorship, 4, 169, 187
healthful products, 146–150, 173–174, 202, 362
for health promotion, 29, 143, 202
historical development, 168–169
industry spending, 4, 146, 163–164, 165–168, 169, 377
international research and action, 5–6, 32–33, 300–302, 354–361
marketing research, 135, 142–143, 190–191, 233, 376–377
parent-targeted advertising and, 169
premium offers, 175–176
public opinion on regulation of, 29
recommendations for food and beverage companies, 10–11, 382
recommendations for practice standards, 11, 12, 383
recommendations for research, 15, 386–387
regulation of, 29–32, 340–341, 342–350, 354–361
research goals, 23–24
research methodology, 24–28
in retail, 150
in schools, 187–190, 377
scope of activities in, 21, 22–23, 26
social benefits of, 31, 341
strategic elements, 135–136
strategic trends in, 4, 21, 146
target markets and market segmentation, 138–141
trade association guidelines, 206
trade promotion, 137–138
youth market characteristics, 138–139
See also Advertising, generally;
Branded products;
Influence of marketing;
New product introductions
Meat and protein consumption
infant and toddler diets, 73
patterns and trends, 52, 53, 61, 62, 63, 351
portion sizes, 71
as source of trans fatty acids, 58
Media
advertising vehicles, 4–5, 21, 22–23, 186, 190–191, 377
character merchandising, 172
children’s exposure to, 4–5, 120–121, 276–277
co-branding campaigns, 174–175
ideals of beauty, 118–119
influence on dietary patterns, 2–4, 376
in-school advertising, 188–190
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literacy, 326–327
marketing trends, 4, 167, 191, 377
measured/unmeasured, 141–142, 167
print, 185–186
product placement, 4, 141, 167–168, 192–195
recommendations for industry, 12–13, 384
self-regulation of youth marketing, 207–208
social marketing use of, 333
use patterns, 176–179
See also Television advertising
Menus, 11, 380, 382
Metabolic syndrome
associated health risks, 43
definition, 43
prevalence, 39, 43
risk factors, 43
trends, 17
Micronutrients, intake of
associated food and nutrient intakes, 64–65
at-risk subgroups, 44, 80, 376
current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56–57
dietary recommendations and guidelines, 47
dietary supplement use, 61
health implications, 44
past public health interventions, 40, 41
trends, 54–55
See also specific micronutrient
Milk and milk consumption
agricultural policy, 351–352
celebrity endorsement advertising, 175
demographic patterns, 67
health outcomes, 44
infant and toddler diets, 74
patterns and trends, 19, 52, 61, 65–66, 67, 68, 375
regional variation, 82
See also Dairy product consumption
Milk Matters Calcium Education Campaign, 322
Mineral supplements, 61
Mobile phones, 179, 196–197
Moderators of marketing influence, 293–294, 308–309
age differences, 294–295
children’s cognitive capacity, 295–298
gender differences, 298–299
racial/ethnic differences, 299
significance of, 300
socioeconomic status, 300
Monitoring progress in marketing
benchmarks and baselines, 7
recommendations for, 15–16, 387
Mortality, 2, 39, 40
Music, product placement in, 193
MyPyramid, 48–49, 320–321, 361
N
National Advertising Review Council, 198
National Children’s Study, 304–305
National Governors Association, 14, 385
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 50, 51
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 322
National Institutes of Health, 322–323
National Parent Teacher Association, 14, 385
National School Lunch Program, 14, 78–79, 112, 121, 122, 326, 327–328, 386
National School Meals Program, 41
National Science Foundation, recommendations for, 15, 386–387
National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, 337
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 50, 51
Neighborhood characteristics
food retail outlets, 115–116
restaurants, 114–115
Netherlands, 358
Neurobiology of eating, 92–93
New product introductions
beverages, 146
branding in product development, 136
children and youth as targets of, 156–158
healthful products, 156
market segmentation in product development, 141
product type distribution, 156, 158
ready-to-eat meals, 163
repackaging of classic products, 161–162
trends, 4, 146, 156–158, 210
Niacin intake, 54–55
Norway, 32–33, 354, 358
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Nutrient content
American food supply, 120
beverages, 65, 66–67
food assistance program meals, 121–123, 328
of home-prepared vs. away-from-home foods, 71–72
neighborhood retail outlets and, 115, 116
processed foods, 120
recommendations for food and beverage companies, 11, 382
recommendations for labeling, 11, 382
regulation of products available in schools, 330–332
See also High-calorie low-nutrient foods and beverages;
Labeling, nutrient
Nutrient intake
assessment methods, 50–51
in child-care settings, 111–112
dietary recommendations and guidelines, 45, 46–49, 320–321
dietary supplement use, 61
dieting behaviors and, 101
economic status and, 76
in family meals, 108–109
fast food consumption and, 114
goals of dietary guidance, 40, 45
health and nutrition attitudes as factors in, 99
infants and toddlers, 73–74
maternal employment and, 106
patterns and trends, 19, 49–50, 52–61, 82–83, 375
regional variation, 81
See also Eating behavior and dietary intake;
Healthful and balanced diets and meals;
specific nutrient
Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, 323–324
O
Obesity
associated health risks, 41–42, 43
at-risk population, 1, 41
cultural values and, 117, 119
definition and classification, 17–18, 39, 41
economic status and, 76, 78–79
federal educational interventions to prevent, 322
food and beverage industry coalitions to address, 209
food insufficiency and, 78
international research and intervention, 32, 33, 301–302
lawsuits against food industry for causing, 341–342
metabolic syndrome risk, 43
mother’s work status and, 106–107
prevalence, 1, 42
public opinion on causality, 29
racial/ethnic risk, 76
risk factors, 17, 18, 22, 53
severe, 18
social costs, 41
strategies for preventing, 18, 24
trends, 1, 5, 9, 17, 18, 39, 41, 42, 49–50, 82, 378
See also Adiposity;
Body weight and composition
Oil, cooking, 58
Older children, defined, 25
Osteomalacia, 44
Osteoporosis, 1–2, 18, 44
Outdoor advertising, 186–187
P
Packaging
consumer response to products labeled “healthy,” 169
industry spending, 169
logos and icons to identify healthy products, 202–203, 324–325, 378
recommendations for, 11, 382
See also Labeling, nutrient
Pagers, 179
Parents and families
accessibility of food in home, 108
child feeding practices, 109–110, 305
family meals, 108–109
influence of children and youth on purchasing, 21–22, 103, 155
influences on eating behaviors of children and youth, 105–110
maternal employment, 106–107
parents as eating behavior role models, 109
parent-targeted marketing, 169, 172
recommendations for health promotion practices, 13, 384
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research needs, 305, 306
in socialization process, 20
Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, 58
Partnership for a Drug-Free America, 337
Pasta, 61
Peer relationship
eating behaviors and, 110–111
food preferences and, 98
Personal digital assistants, 179
Phosphorus intake
current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56
trends, 54
Physical activity
estimated energy requirement calculations, 56–57
health outcomes, 2, 24, 28, 39, 374
health promotion strategy, 40
obesity and, 16, 53, 388
possible adiposity–television viewing linkage, 273, 284, 288, 291
research needs, 303
social marketing programs to promote, 335–336
Pizza, 52, 61, 71
Portion sizes
eating behavior and, 101–102
patterns and trends, 70–71, 101, 102, 376
recommendations for research, 15, 386
snacks, 69, 70
Portugal, 358
Potassium intake
dietary recommendations, 60
patterns, 2, 50, 60, 82
sources, 56
Potatoes, 62, 115
in away-from-home diets, 115
consumption trends, 61, 62
infant and toddler diets, 19, 74, 75, 376
school food choices, 113
Pouring rights, 188, 329–332
Powerful Bones, Powerful Girls™, 322
Precursors, dietary
age factors moderating influence of marketing, 294
behavior and, 261, 270–272
definition, 230
evidence of marketing effects on, 251–261
influence of marketing, 8, 307, 379
See also Beliefs, food and beverage;
Preferences, food and beverage;
Requests, food and beverage
Preferences, food and beverage
biological predispositions, 93
brand recognition and, 376
capacity for change, 95, 97–98
determinants of, 98, 260
developmental factors, 96–97
as diet precursor, 230
effect of food reward systems, 98, 109–110
evidence of marketing effects on, 253, 256–258
food behavior and, 270–271
formation of, 22, 96, 97, 123–124, 376
genetic factors, 93–94
health and nutrition attitudes and, 99
influence of advertising, 8, 21, 22, 258, 260–261, 307, 379
neurobiological basis, 92–93
parental, 109
prenatal factors, 95
psychosocial factors, 97–98
taste factors, 94–96
See also Eating behavior and dietary intake;
Precursors, dietary
Pregnant women, 116
Premium advertising, 175–176
Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance, 20, 24
Print media, 4, 185–186
Privacy, regulation of online exchanges, 349–350
Processed foods
branding, 136–137
economic significance, 144
nutrient content, 120
Produce for Better Health Foundation, 335
Product placement, 4, 141, 167–168, 190, 192–195, 210, 267
ProductScan®, 134, 156
Project LEAN, 335
Protein intake. See Meat and protein consumption
Psychosocial functioning
food insecurity effects, 78
food preferences, 97–98
food reward systems, 98, 109–110
influence on eating behavior, 100
See also Beliefs, food and beverage;
Cognitive functioning
Public opinion
on obesity causes, 29
regulation of advertising, 340
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Public policy
agriculture supports and restrictions, 120, 123, 351–352
current shortcomings, 10, 374
diet behavior and, 123
federal nutrition education programs, 320–325, 361
food assistance programs, 40–41, 121–123, 327–328
goals, 14, 16, 24, 385, 388
international marketing regulation, 354–361
opportunities for improving, 380–381
public–private partnerships for health promotion, 208–209
recommendations for health promotion, 14–15, 385–386
regulation of products available in schools, 330–332
school-based programs for health promotion, 325–329
significance of, in shaping nutritional environment, 319, 361
social marketing initiatives, 332–340
tax law, 352–354
See also Regulation
Public service announcements, 333
Purchasing power of children and youth, 5, 21–22, 153–155
Q
Quick serve restaurants. See Fast food and quick serve restaurants
R
Race/ethnicity
beverage consumption patterns, 67
body satisfaction and, 117–118
breakfast consumption patterns, 68–69
calorie intake data, 52
computer access and use patterns, 177, 178
dental health and, 45
fast food/quick serve restaurant locations and, 115
fat intake patterns, 54, 58
influence of marketing moderated by, 299
marketing trends, 140
media use patterns, 178
neighborhood grocery store characteristics, 115, 116
nutrient intake patterns, 81
obesity and, 76
poverty risk and, 75
regional variation in diet, 81
snacking behaviors, 69
sociocultural diversity and, 117
sodium intake and, 60
target marketing, 139–141
teen spending patterns, 154
television advertising and, 185
Radio, 4, 181
Recommended Dietary Allowances, 46
Recommended energy allowances, 56, 62
Regulation
arguments against, 31, 341, 344, 345
current legal environment, 340–341
Federal Trade Commission actions, 5, 29–30, 343–344
of food and beverage products in schools, 200, 203, 206–207, 330–332, 358
government authority for, 342–343
indications for, 14–15, 381, 386
industry compliance, 182–183
industry self-regulation, 198–201, 203, 206–208, 210, 341, 355
international practice, 354–361
of marketing, 6, 14–15, 29–33, 340–341, 342–350, 354–361, 381, 386
media innovation and, 349–350, 358–359, 381
obesity-related lawsuits against food industry, 341–342
public opinion, 340
rationale, 5, 29, 32, 341, 342, 344–345, 346–347
Requests, food and beverage
for branded products, 376
diet behavior and, 270
as diet precursor, 230
distribution by product type, 102–103
earliest manifestations, 102
evidence of marketing effects on, 253–254, 256–257, 258
influence of advertising, 8, 258, 260–261, 307, 379
See also Precursors, dietary
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Research
dietary assessment methods, 50–51
ecological perspective, 26–28
goals, 23–24
on healthful diet promotion, 304
international efforts, 32–33, 300–302
on labeling to communicate nutritional content, 378
on marketing other than television, 302, 304
on marketing products other than food and beverage, 234–235
marketing research by food and
beverage industry, 135, 142–143, 190–191, 233, 376–377
on marketing to youth, 6, 23, 33–34, 380
measurement issues, 303, 304, 309
methodology, 24–28
proprietary, 7, 15, 34, 143, 377, 387
recommendations for, 15, 303–306, 309, 386–387
shortcomings of, 7, 30, 302–303, 374–375
for social marketing, 334, 339
See also Data sources;
Systematic evidence review
Restaurants
advertising spending, 164
beverage consumption patterns in, 68
brand loyalty, 104
calorie intake from, 71–72, 113, 375
consumption patterns and trends in, 113–115, 151
diet quality in, 114
neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics and, 114–115
nutrition labeling requirements for, 323–324
portion sizes, 71, 102
promotion of healthful diets in, 10, 204–205, 210–211, 374
proximity to schools, 114
recommendations for health promoting practices, 11, 382
regional variation in eating behaviors, 82
sales, 113–114, 151
See also Fast food and quick serve restaurants
Retail outlets
children’s influence on food choices, 103, 155
consumer behavior, 150, 151
consumer use of food labels, 324
food sales, 144
health promotion efforts, 205, 378
in-store product requests, 102–104
marketing strategies, 150
neighborhood characteristics, 115–116
product offerings, 146
recommendations for product displays, 11–12, 383
supermarket revenues, 150
trade promotion in, 137–138
trends, 151
Riboflavin intake
current sources, 56
regional variation, 81
trends, 54–55
Rice, 61
Rickets, 44
S
Sales promotion, 137
Salty taste, 94
Saturated fats in youth diet
associated health risks, 1–2, 43
current concerns, 2, 18
dietary recommendations and guidelines, 57, 58
economic status and, 80
family meal contents, 109
healthy and balanced diet, 45
patterns, 19, 49, 57, 58, 82
sources, 56
School Breakfast Program, 14, 78–79, 112, 121, 122, 326, 328, 386
School Meals Initiative, 322
Schools, 112–113
after-school programs, 14, 111, 386
calorie intake in, 71–72, 112
contracts for food and beverage sales, 188, 329–330
food choices in, 112–113
food programs, 14, 41, 64, 79, 111, 112, 121, 122, 327–328, 386
industry self-regulation of marketing in, 200, 203, 206–207
industry-sponsored educational materials, 190, 326
marketing practices and trends, 187–190, 377
media literacy training in, 326–327
nutrition education interventions, 322, 323, 325–326
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promoting vegetable and fruit consumption in, 328–329
quick serve restaurant locations, 114
recommendations for health promotion practices, 13–14, 14, 385, 386
revenue from “pouring rights” contracts, 329
snack food availability and consumption, 95, 113, 329–331
standards for product marketing in, 14, 188, 330–332, 358, 361–362, 381, 385
SEMs, 190, 326
Sensory system, 92–93, 94–96.
See also Taste
Shopping malls, 155
Single-parent households, 106
Small Step program, 322, 361
Snacks and snacking
calories from, 375
children’s product requests, 102–103
in home, 105
infant and toddler diets, 75
influence of children and youth on purchasing, 155
new product introductions, 158
patterns and trends, 19, 69–70, 375
portion of calorie intake from, 69–70
possible adiposity–television viewing linkage, 284
preference factors, 95
price factors, 105, 269–270
product size, 69, 70
purchasing power of children and youth, 21–22, 154, 155
quantity consumed per eating occasion, 70–71
regional variation, 81
research needs, 305
school food choices, 113, 329–331
short-term influence of advertising, 263, 265
Social and cultural norms
body image, 117–119
children as consumers, 31
ecological perspective in outcome evaluation, 28
food behavior and, 117–119
food preferences and, 98
gender identity, 118
health promotion considerations, 119
influence of, 116–117
socialization process, 20
target markets, 140–141
Socialization. See Consumer socialization
Social marketing
applications, 332
conceptual basis, 332–333
effectiveness, 338–340, 362, 381
health promotion programs, 334–336
marketing mix, 334
outcome assessment, 339
recommendations for health promotion, 13, 384
to reduce tobacco and substance use, 337–338
research for, 334, 339
scope of program, 339
strategies and goals, 333–334, 362
target audiences, 333
Sodium intake
associated health risks, 43
biological influences, 94
current concerns, 2, 18
dietary recommendations, 60
economic status and, 79, 80
healthy and balanced diet, 45
patterns and trends, 19, 49, 55, 60–61, 82, 375
recommendations for food and beverage companies, 11, 382
Soft drink consumption
accessibility as factor in home consumption, 108
advertising intensity, 165
age-related patterns, 66
bone health and, 44
brand loyalty, 104
celebrity endorsement advertising, 175
children’s product requests, 103
demographic patterns, 67
in fast food and quick serve restaurants, 114
gender differences, 98
industry leaders, 146
industry self-regulation, 206–207
infant and toddler diets, 74
marketing expenditures, 146
marketing strategies, 140
nutrient content, 63
parental, 109
patterns and trends, 52, 53, 61, 63–64, 65, 66, 67, 375
portion size, 71
purchasing power of children and youth, 22, 154
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in schools, 113, 188, 206–207
See also Added sugar intake;
Beverage consumption
Special Milk Program, 14, 386
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 41, 79, 121–122, 321
Spending
advertising and marketing, 4, 119, 146, 163–164, 377
away-from-home food, 113–114, 119, 144, 151
beverage marketing, 146
on branded products, 137
consumer trends, 144
cost factors in eating behavior, 104–105
ethnic marketing, 140
federal nutrition education and promotion, 321
food assistance programs, 121
household food expenditures, 144
measured/unmeasured media, 141–142
obesity-associated medical care, 41
online promotions, 186
portion of disposable income spent on food, 119
product placement, 192, 193
purchasing power of children and youth, 5, 21–22, 153–155, 377
retail food sales, 144
in shopping malls, 155
Sponsored educational materials, 190, 326
Sports drinks, 146, 163
Standards
current Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 378
industry self-regulation in advertising, 198–201, 210
nutrient labeling, 324, 325
for products available in schools, 14, 188, 190, 330–332, 361–362, 381, 385
recommendations for marketing practice, 11, 12, 383
for wireless marketing, 196–197
Stealth marketing, 196
Stress, 100
Stroke, diet-related risk, 1–2, 18, 43
Substance use reduction programs, 337
Sugar. See Added sugar intake;
Soft drink consumption
Summer Food Programs, 122
Supplements, dietary, 61
infant and toddler diets, 73
Surgeon General, 323
Sweden, 32–33, 354, 357–358
Sweet taste, 94, 95
Systematic evidence review
advantages, 228
analytic framework, 228–232
British study, 302
causal inference validity rating, 240–242, 243
characteristics of, 227, 306
characteristics of studies used in, 243–247, 306–307
coding of studies in, 33–34, 243
consideration of moderator effects, 293–300, 308–309
criteria for evidence inclusion, 232–237
dimensions of, 237–238
ecological validity rating, 242–243
evaluation of evidence relevance in, 239–240
findings on diet–marketing linkages, 261–272, 307, 308
findings on diet precursor–marketing linkages, 250–261, 307
findings on diet-related health–marketing linkages, 272–293, 307, 308
identification of cause and effect variables for, 238–239
interpretation methodology, 247–250
measure quality rating, 242
presentation of findings, 250
research design types for, 239
T
Target markets, 138–141
Taste
exposure to, and taste preference, 95, 97–98
genetic predisposition, 93–94
neurobiology, 92–93
youth beliefs about healthfulness and, 95–96
Tax policy, 352–354
T-commerce, 195
Teenagers
beliefs about food taste and healthfulness, 95–96
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brand choice, 104
cost considerations in food choices, 104–105
definition, 25
food and beverage purchases, 22
health and nutrition attitudes and beliefs, 95–96, 99
influence of advertising on dietary patterns and outcomes, 8–9, 96, 258, 259, 266–267, 268–272, 279, 307, 308, 379
influence on family food purchases, 103, 155
Internet use, 177
magazine advertising for, 185–186
media use patterns, 178–179
nutritional needs, 46
population size, 139
purchasing power, 154
shopping behavior, 155
time pressures, 104
word-of-mouth marketing, 196
Television advertising
age factors moderating influence of, 294–295
children’s exposure to, 4–5, 176–177, 179–185, 234, 248–249, 272–273, 276, 308
demographic variables in health linkage, 289
entertainment industry self-regulation of youth marketing, 207–208
Federal Communications Commission regulation, 348–349
Federal Trade Commission regulation, 5, 29–30, 181, 342–344
food and beverage commercials, 22, 181, 183–184, 185
gender factors moderating influence of, 298–299
for healthful products, 377
historical development, 180
indications for legislative interventions to promote health, 14–15, 381, 386
industry and restaurant spending, 4, 165–166, 167, 169
influence on dietary intake, 8–9, 265–272, 308, 379
influence on diet precursors, 8, 251–261, 307, 379
influence on diet-related health, 9, 308, 379–380
international research and action, 301–302, 354
length of commercials, 181
nonadvertising-related television viewing
effects, 284–289, 290–292
product appeals, 169–170
product placement, 192–193
racial/ethnic factors moderating influence of, 299
regulation, 6, 14–15, 30, 32–33, 182–183, 343–344, 348–349, 354, 356, 357–358, 359–360, 361, 381, 386
research needs, 15, 386
research shortcomings, 7
short-term eating behavior and, 8, 248, 263, 265, 266–267, 308, 379
socioeconomic factors moderating influence of, 300
systematic evidence review, 233–234
trends, 4, 165–166, 167, 210, 377
See also Advertising, generally
Text messaging, 197
Thiamin intake, 54
Tobacco
advertising regulation, 29
anti-smoking campaigns, 337–338, 353
Tolerable upper intake level, 47
Toy co-branding, 174
Trade associations, 153
current efforts to promote healthful diets, 205–207
recommendations for health promoting practices, 11–12, 14, 383, 385
Trade promotion, 137–138, 166–167
Trans fats in youth diet
associated health risks, 43
current concerns, 18
family meal contents, 109
healthy and balanced diet, 45
patterns and trends, 49, 58, 82
sources, 58
Triglyceride levels, in metabolic syndrome, 43
truth® campaign, 336, 337–338
TV dinners, 162–163
Tweens
definition, 25
Internet use, 177
population size, 139
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U
Underweight persons, 78
United Kingdom, 6, 33, 300–301, 302, 356–357, 359
V
Vegetable consumption
accessibility as factor in home consumption, 108, 271
advertising intensity, 165
away-from-home dining and, 115
branding strategies to influence, 136, 137
children’s product requests, 103
determinants of, 271
development of food preferences, 22
in family meals, 108–109
food preference factors, 97
healthy and balanced diet, 45
infant and toddler diets, 19, 74, 376
neighborhood retail outlets and, 115
nutrition knowledge and, 100
packaging innovations to encourage, 203
parental, 109
patterns and trends, 18, 19, 61–62, 63, 375
price factors, 105, 108
recommendations for government to improve access, 14, 386
regional variation, 81
school food choices and, 113
school programs to promote, 122, 328–329
social marketing programs to promote, 334–335
strategies for improving youth health, 2, 374
VERB™, 322, 335–336, 339
Video games, 193–195, 207, 276
Video news release, 191
Viral marketing, 141, 190, 196, 210
Vitamin A intake
current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56
infant and toddler diets, 73
regional variation, 81
sources, 56
trends, 54
Vitamin B6 intake
current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56
regional variation, 81
trends, 55
Vitamin B12, 54
Vitamin C intake
beverage sources, 67
current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56
dietary supplement use, 61
regional variation, 81
trends, 54–55
Vitamin D, 44, 73
Vitamin E intake
current concerns, 2, 50, 82
current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56
infant and toddler diets, 73
Vitamin supplements, 61
W
Water, bottled, 146
Water intake, 47, 74
We Can!, 322–323, 361
Whole grains intake
advertising intensity, 165
current concerns, 2, 18, 374
healthy and balanced diet, 45
packaging innovations to encourage, 203
patterns, 19, 62, 63, 375
strategies for improving youth health, 2
WIC. See Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children
Wireless communications devices, 179, 196–197
World Health Assembly, 6, 32
World Health Organization, 32, 301, 354, 355
Y
Yogurt, 162
Younger children, defined, 25
Z
Zinc intake
current intake vs. dietary guidelines, 56
current sources, 56
infant and toddler diets, 73
