Appendix C
Summary of Milestones in CARB Mobile-Source Emissions Regulations and Comparison with EPA
TABLE C-1 Heavy-Duty On-Road Vehicles
Model Year |
Requirement |
Result |
EPA |
|
Model Year |
Comparison with California |
|||
1999 |
Carl Moyer Program |
Incentive program to reduce NOx and PM emissions (funded 7,000 projects to date) |
— |
EPA has no comparable program |
2000 |
School bus program |
Incentive program to retrofit or purchase improved buses (3,475 buses improved) |
2004 |
Federal enforcement settlement with Toyota provided funding for retrofit of school buses |
2004 |
Vehicle computer software upgrade |
Required 1993-1999 trucks to modify software to reduce excessive NOx emissions |
— |
EPA has no comparable program |
2004 |
Particulate filters on refuse trucks |
Reduced PM by up to 85% in residential neighborhoods |
— |
EPA has no comparable program |
2005 |
Additional test procedures for certification |
Reduce potential of excessive emissions during real-world driving |
2007 |
Adopted a similar program (2 years later) |
2007 |
First diagnostic system |
Identifies failed emission control parts |
— |
EPA has no comparable program |
TABLE C-2 Small Off-Road and Utility Engines
Model Year |
Requirement |
Result |
EPA |
|
Model Year |
Comparison with California |
|||
1995 |
First small off-road engine emission standards |
Improved engine design reduced emissions 30-70% |
1997 |
EPA adopted similar program (2 years later) |
2000 |
First small off-road engine durability requirement |
Use of catalysts, advanced two-stroke design and increased use of four-stroke engines for handheld equipment. Improved engine technologies for non-handheld equipment |
2001 |
EPA adopted similar program (1 year later) |
2005 |
California aligned with federal standards |
Improved engine design and requirements similar in all 50 states for engines smaller than 50 cc |
2005 |
Initiated at the federal level first and then adopted by CARB |
2006 |
First small off-road engine evaporative emission requirements |
Low fuel permeation fuel tank and fuel lines and use of carbon canister |
— |
Federal standards in development |
2007-2008 |
HC and NOx standards reduced for engines greater than 80 cc in displacement |
Emissions reduced by 33-38% using catalyst |
— |
Federal standards in development |
TABLE C-3 Off-Road Diesel Engines
Model Year |
Requirement |
Result |
EPA |
|
Model Year |
Comparison with California |
|||
1996 |
First emission standards for engines over 175 hp (130 kW) |
Improved engine design technologies |
1996 |
Adopted California requirements from 50-175 hp (37-130 kW) |
1999 |
Carl Moyer Program |
Incentive program to reduce NOx and PM (as noted earlier 7,000 projects to date) |
— |
EPA has no comparable program |
2000 |
Agreement with manufacturers to align California and federal standards |
Similar requirements in all 50 states |
— |
EPA and CARB standards aligned |
TABLE C-4 Recreational Marine Engines
Model Year |
Requirement |
Result |
EPA |
|
Model Year |
Comparison with California |
|||
2001 |
Set Tier 1 outboard marine and personal watercraft engines |
Improved engine technologies reducing HC and NOx emissions by 75% from uncontrolled |
2006 |
EPA adopted similar requirements but will not fully match California until 2006 (5 years later) |
2003 |
Tier 1 standard for inboard and sterndrive marine engines |
Improved engine technologies with minor emission reductions |
— |
EPA has no comparable requirement but notice of advanced rulemaking issued in 2002 |
2004 |
Tier 2 outboard marine and personal watercraft engines |
Improved engine design resulting in 80% HC and NOx emission reductions compared to uncontrolled |
— |
EPA has no comparable requirement |
Model Year |
Requirement |
Result |
EPA |
|
Model Year |
Comparison with California |
|||
2007 |
Tier 2 inboard and stern drive marine engine requirements |
Use of catalysts producing 67% emission reduction compared with uncontrolled |
— |
EPA has no comparable requirements but notice of advanced rulemaking issued in 2002 |
2008 |
Tier 3 outboard and personal watercraft engine requirements |
Increases use of four-stroke engines and use of direct injection two-stroke engines |
— |
EPA has no comparable requirements |
TABLE C-5 Fuels and Vapor Recovery
Model Year |
Requirement |
Result |
EPA |
|
Model Year |
Comparison with California |
|||
1971 |
Fuel volatility limit of 9 RVP during ozone season |
Large evaporative emission reductions |
1989 |
EPA adopted similar program (18 years later) |
— |
— |
— |
1974 |
Federal regulations required large service stations to sell unleaded gasoline nationwide |
1976 |
Stage 1 and Stage 2 vapor recovery required (transfer from cargo to service station and transfer to vehicle respectively) |
Evaporative emission reductions |
1990 |
Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 set similar requirements in non-attainment areas outside of California |
1992 |
Phase 1 of cleaner burning gasoline |
Full phase-out of lead, deposit control additives, RVP of 7.8, and wintertime oxygenates |
1992 |
EPA adopted a partial program at the same time |
Model Year |
Requirement |
Result |
EPA |
|
Model Year |
Comparison with California |
|||
1993 |
Cleaner burning diesel fuel |
Sulfur content limit of 500 ppmw and aromatic hydrocarbon limit of 10% by volume (20% for smaller refiners) |
1993 |
EPA adopted a partial program at the same time |
1996 |
Phase 2 of clean burning gasoline |
Control of 8 major fuel properties: RVP 7.0 cap in ozone season, oxygenates, benzene limits, aromatic limits, olefin limits, sulfur limits, and 50% and 90% distillation limits |
2000 |
EPA adopted a partial program 4 years later |
2001 |
Enhanced Stage 1 vapor recovery (98% capture efficiency) |
VOC emissions reduced |
— |
EPA has no similar requirement but many states have adopted the California requirement |
2003 |
Phase 2 vapor recovery must be compatible with ORVR systems on vehicles |
Improves nozzle design or processor to minimize tank pressure |
— |
EPA has no similar requirement but many states are adopting California requirement |
2006 |
Reduce sulfur in diesel fuel to 15 ppmw |
Enables the use of advanced after-treatment devices to meet 2007 heavy-duty vehicle requirements |
2006 |
EPA adopted 1 year before California but not applied to nonroad sources until 2010, not to stationary sources, and no aromatic hydrocarbon limit |
All tables adapted from CARB, unpublished material, 2005. |