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Managing Coal Combustion Residues in Mines (2006)

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2006. Managing Coal Combustion Residues in Mines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11592.
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188 MANAGING COAL COMBUSTION RESIDUES IN MINES ARIPPA (Anthracite Region Independent Power Producers Association). 2000. Occurrence and Fate of Selected Trace Elements in Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Byproducts, Volumes I and II. Johnstown, PA: Earthtech, Inc. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 2001. Standard Test Method for Accelerated Weathering of Solid Materials Using a Modified Humidity Cell. Method D5744-96. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM. 2002a. Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete. C618-03. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM. 2002b. Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Re-contouring and Highwall Reclamation. E 2243-02. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM. 2003. Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites. E1689-95. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials. Bain, J.G., D.W. Blowes, W.D. Robertson, E.O. Frind. 2000. Modelling of sulfide oxidation with reactive transport at a mine drainage site. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 41:23-47. Bain, J.G., K.U. Mayer, D.W. Blowes, E.O. Frind, J.W.H. Molson, R. Kahnt, and U. Jenk. 2001. Modelling the closure-related geochemical evolution of groundwater at a former uranium mine. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 52:109-135. Bamber, R.N. 1984. The benthos of a marine fly ash dumping ground. Journal of the Marine Biologi- cal Association U.K. 64:211-226. Banwart, S.A., and M.E. Malmström. 2001. Hydrogeochemical modeling for preliminary assessment of minewater pollution. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 74:73-97. Beaver, F.W., G.H. Groenewold, O.E. Manz, and D.J. Hassett. 1987. The Effects of Fly Ash and Flue-Gas Desulfurization Wastes on Groundwater Quality in a Reclaimed Lignite Strip Mine Disposal Site. Contract Nos. DEACZl-80FC10230. Grand Forks, ND: University of North Dakota Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute. Beck, R.E. (ed.) 1991. Waters and Water Rights (7 vols.). Charlottesville, VA: Michie. Beckert, J., H.J. Einbrodt, and M. Fischer. 1991. Studies of the Health Effects of Natural Gypsum and FGD Gypsum from Coal Power Plants with Reference to the Production of Building Products. VGB Kraftwerkstechnik 71(1):48-51. BHP Billiton. 2004. Placement of coal combustion byproducts (CCB) at New Mexico coal opera- tions. Presentation to the Committee on Mine Placement of Coal Combustion Wastes, in Farmington, NM, December 2004. National Research Council, Washington, DC. Birge, W.J. 1978. Aquatic toxicology of trace elements of coal and fly ash. Pp. 219-240 in J.H. Thorp and J.W. Gibbons (eds.), Energy and Environmental Stress in Aquatic Systems. U.S. DOE Conf. # 771114. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy. Blowes D.W., and R.W. Gillham. 1988. The generation and quality of streamflow on inactive ura- nium tailings near Elliot Lake, Ontario. Journal of Hydrology 97:1-22. Blowes, D.W., C.J. Ptacek, and J. Jurjovec. 2003a. Mill tailings hydrogeology and geochemistry. Pp. 95-116 in: J.L. Jambor, D.W. Blowes, and A.I.M. Ritchie. (eds.), Environmental Aspects of Mine Wastes, Vol. 31. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Mineralogical Association of Canada. Blowes, D.W., C.J. Ptacek, J.L. Jambor, and C.G. Weisener. 2003b. The geochemistry of acid mine drainage. pp. 149-204 in B.S. Lollar (ed.), Environmental Geochemistry, Treatise on Geochem- istry, Vol. 9. Oxford, UK: Elsevier-Pergamon. Booras, G., and N. Holt. 2004. Pulverized coal and IGCC plant cost and performance estimates. In Proceedings of the Gasification Technologies 2004 Conference. Arlington, VA: Gasification Technologies Council. Bragg, L.J., J.K. Oman, S.J. Tewalt, C.J. Oman, N.H. Rega, P.M. Washington, and R.B. Finkelman. 2005. U.S. Geological Survey Coal Quality (Coalqual) Database: Version 2.0. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-134. Available on-line at http://energy.er.usgs.gov/products/data- bases/coalqual/ [April 28, 2005].

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Burning coal in electric utility plants produces, in addition to power, residues that contain constituents which may be harmful to the environment. The management of large volumes of coal combustion residues (CCRs) is a challenge for utilities, because they must either place the CCRs in landfills, surface impoundments, or mines, or find alternative uses for the material. This study focuses on the placement of CCRs in active and abandoned coal mines. The committee believes that placement of CCRs in mines as part of the reclamation process may be a viable option for the disposal of this material as long as the placement is properly planned and carried out in a manner that avoids significant adverse environmental and health impacts. This report discusses a variety of steps that are involved in planning and managing the use of CCRs as minefills, including an integrated process of CCR characterization and site characterization, management and engineering design of placement activities, and design and implementation of monitoring to reduce the risk of contamination moving from the mine site to the ambient environment. Enforceable federal standards are needed for the disposal of CCRs in minefills to ensure that states have adequate, explicit authority and that they implement minimum safeguards.

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