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G
Glossary
Acceptable Macronutrient A range of intakes (represented as percent of
Distribution Range energy intake) for a particular energy source that
is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease
while providing adequate intakes of essential
nutrients.
Adequate Intake, AI The recommended average daily intake level
based on observed or experimentally determined
approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by
a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people
that are assumed to be adequate--used when an
RDA cannot be determined (IOM, 2004).
basal metabolic rate The rate at which energy is used by the body to
maintain basal metabolism when a person is
awake but inactive and has fasted for 14 to 18
hours. The BMR typically accounts for 60 to 70
percent of daily energy use, but its value depends
on body weight and other factors.
body mass index A key index for relating a person's body weight
to their height. The body mass index is a person's
weight in kilograms (kg) divided by their height
in meters (m) squared and is associated with body
fat and health risk.
493
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494 MINERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL
Chvostek sign Tap over the facial nerve about 2 cm anterior to
the tragus of the ear. Depending on the calcium
level, a graded response will occur: twitching first
at the angle of the mouth, then by the nose, the
eye, and the facial muscles.
delayed type skin Test used as an indicator of the immune system
hypersensitivity function and that shows skin tissue injury due to
phagocytic cell activation and inflammation
induced by cell-mediated immunity. In experi-
mental animal models, the injury is characterized
by a granulomatous response consisting of mac-
rophages, monocytes, and T lymphocytes.
Dietary Reference Quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes that
Intake can be used for planning and assessing diets for
apparently healthy people.
Estimated Average The average daily nutrient intake level estimated
Requirement to meet the requirement of half the healthy indi-
viduals in a particular life stage and gender group
(IOM, 2004).
garrison feeding Food consumption by military personnel who are
under a variety of scenarios that range from
administrative duties to support tasks performed
by personnel to soldiers training for or perform-
ing missions while living on a military base.
generally recognized Status of a food ingredient based on common
as safe knowledge about the safety of the ingredient
through the scientific community that is know-
ledgeable in food toxicology and related disci-
plines specific to the safety and intended use of
the ingredient under consideration.
military dietary Nutritional standards, based on the Food and
reference intake Nutrition Board's Dietary Reference Intakes, and
intended for use by professional personnel in-
volved in menu development, menu evaluation,
nutrition education, nutrition research, and food
research and development.
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APPENDIX G 495
niacin equivalent Because, 60 mg of the amino acid tryptophan is
equivalent to 1 mg of preformed dietary niacin,
niacin equivalents are estimated by adding pre-
formed niacin intake plus 1/60th of tryptophan
intake.
operational feeding Consumption of either full- or restricted-calorie
rations while engaged in military operations or
training.
Profile of Mood States A 65-item, adjective rating subjective scale that
measures moods and was used in the National
Hospice Study and The Study to Understand
Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes, and
Risks of Treatments.
Recommended Dietary The average daily dietary nutrient intake level
Allowance sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of
nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in
a particular life stage and gender group (IOM,
2004).
retinol equivalent The specific biological activity of 1.0 microgram
of all-trans retinol, 6.0 micrograms of b-carotene,
or 12.0 micrograms of other provitamin A caro-
tenoids; it is equivalent to 3.3 international units
of vitamin A activity from retinol (10 from
b-carotene).
Tolerable Upper Intake The highest average daily nutrient intake level
Level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health
effects to almost all individuals in the general
population. As intake increases above the UL, the
potential risk of adverse effects may increase
(IOM, 2004).
Trousseau sign Inflation of a blood pressure cuff above the
systolic pressure causes local ulnar and median
nerve ischemia, resulting in carpal spasm.
VO2max The maximum amount (usually expressed as a
volume, liter) of oxygen that an individual can
consume in a defined period of time (usually 1
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496 MINERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL
minute). It may be expressed per kilogram of
body weight (ml/kg/min). It reflects the upper
limit of aerobic metabolism and limited by the
amount of oxygen that can be delivered into the
working muscle cells. Basically a product of the
maximal cardiac output and maximal arterial-
venous oxygen difference at the capillary-cell
interface.
REFERENCE
IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2004. Dietary Reference Intakes: Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride,
and Sulfate. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
