VISUALIZING CHEMISTRY
The Progress and Promise of Advanced Chemical Imaging
NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by the U.S. Army under Grant W911NF-05-1-0089, the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant DE-FG02-04-ER15624, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under Grant N01-OD-2139 TO 151, and the National Science Foundation under Grant CHE-0439071.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE ON REVEALING CHEMISTRY THROUGH ADVANCED CHEMICAL IMAGING
Chairperson
NANCY B. JACKSON,
Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
Members
PIERRE CHAURAND,
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
JULIA E. FULGHUM,
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
RIGOBERTO HERNANDEZ,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
DANIEL A. HIGGINS,
Kansas State University, Manhattan
ROBERT HWANG,
Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM
KATRIN KNEIPP,
Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
ALAN P. KORETSKY,
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
CAROLYN A. LARABELL,
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
STEPHAN J. STRANICK,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
WATT W. WEBB,
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
PAUL S. WEISS,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
NEAL WOODBURY,
The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe
XIAOLIANG SUNNEY XIE,
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
EDWARD S. YEUNG,
Iowa State University, Ames
National Research Council Staff
KAREN LAI, Research Associate (until December 2005)
TINA M. MASCIANGIOLI, Program Officer
ERICKA M. MCGOWAN, Research Associate
CHRISTOPHER K. MURPHY, Program Officer (until July 2005)
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DAVID C. RASMUSSEN, Project Assistant
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Chairpersons
A. WELFORD CASTLEMAN, JR. (NAS),
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
ELSA REICHMANIS (NAE),
Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ
Members
PAUL T. ANASTAS,
Green Chemistry Institute, Washington, DC
DENISE M. BARNES,
Independent consultant, Snellville, GA
MARK E. DAVIS (NAE),
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
MILES P. DRAKE,
Air Products & Chemical Company, Allentown, PA
CATHERINE C. FENSELAU,
University of Maryland, College Park
GEORGE W. FLYNN (NAS),
Columbia University, New York, NY
MAURICIO FUTRAN (NAE),
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ
ROBERT HWANG,
Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM
JAY V. IHLENFELD,
3M Research & Development, St. Paul, MN
JAMES L. KINSEY (NAS),
Rice University, Houston, TX
MARTHA A. KREBS,
California Energy Commission, Sacramento
WILLIAM A. LESTER, JR.,
University of California, Berkeley
GREGORY O. NELSON,
Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN
GERALD POJE,
Private consultant, Vienna, VA
DONALD PROSNITZ,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
MATTHEW V. TIRRELL (NAE),
University of California, Santa Barbara
National Research Council Staff
TINA M. MASCIANGIOLI, Program Officer
ERICKA M. MCGOWAN, Research Associate
SYBIL A. PAIGE, Administrative Associate
DAVID C. RASMUSSEN, Project Assistant
FEDERICO SAN MARTINI, Program Officer
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Dr. Adam Hitchcock, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Dr. James L. Kinsey, Rice University, Houston, TX
Dr. Anders Nilsson, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Dr. Lukas Novotny, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
Dr. Ralph Nuzzo, University of Illinois, Urbana
Dr. George C. Schatz, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
Dr. James W. Serum, SciTek Ventures, West Chester, PA
Dr. Jerilyn Timlin, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM
Dr. Zhong Lin Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
Dr. Warren S. Warren, Duke University, Durham, NC
Dr. Christine Wehlburg, MITRE Corportation, McLean, VA
Dr. Ralph Weissleder, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
Dr. Daniel P. Weitekamp, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
Dr. Gwyn Williams, Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA
Dr. Nicholas Winograd, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Dr. Wai Tak Yip, University of Oklahoma, Norman
Dr. Ahmed H. Zewail, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the report before its release. The review was overseen by Dr. Stephen R. Leone, University of California, Berkeley appointed by the Division on Earth and Life Studies, who was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authors and the institution.