Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 351
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
Index
A
AddHealth survey, 9, 191, 194
Adipsin gene, 264
Adolescents
datasets, 190, 191
pregnancy, 28
smoking, 71
Adoption studies, 29, 121, 254
ADRA1, ADRA2 genes, 305
ADRB1, ADRB2 genes, 305
Adrenergic receptors, 137
Adrenocorticotropin, 143, 298, 299
Affymetrix, 124
African Americans, 39.
See also Race/ethnicity
health disparities, 98, 102-103
multiple jeopardy hypothesis, 103
obesity, 241, 244, 251, 252, 253, 267
stress, 76
TV programming, 252
Agouti signaling proteins, 73, 257, 258
AGTR1 gene, 305
Alcohol use and alcoholism, 15, 33, 37, 78, 79, 140, 145, 167, 172
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, 206-207, 208
α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone, 257, 258
Alzheimer’s disease, 46, 61, 77-78, 185, 214
American Association of Medical Colleges, 195
American Association of Universities, 195
Americans with Disabilities Act, 207
Anger and hostility, 57, 298
Animal research
autoimmune disease, 132, 142-144
biomedical research, 133-134
cancer, 149
causality in, 132, 137
chickens, 144
context, pleitropy, and lifetime fitness, 137-139
criteria for suitable models, 149-150
deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), 134
definitions from, 136-139
early life experience, 139-140, 145
eating behavior, 135
ecological context, 133, 150
epidemiological research, 330
ethological approach, 134, 150
experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, 143-144
future issues, 149-150
gene-social environment interactions, 76, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139-150
OCR for page 352
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
generalizability to humans, 133-134, 135-136
genetics, 73, 136, 142-144
house sparrows, 133
immune function, 134, 136-137, 138-139, 141, 143-144
knockout models, 142, 149, 330
limitations, 135-136
mediating variables, 137
modeling known interactions and diseases in humans, 133-134
moderating variables, 137
Morris water maze, 135
nicotine addiction, 70, 79
nonhuman primates, 133, 140, 141, 142, 145-146
nontraditional animal models, 134
obesity, 73, 267
physiology, 136-137
psychosocial traits, 133, 135-136, 144
rationale, 132-133
recommendations, 7, 150
rodent models, 133, 135, 138, 140, 141-142, 144, 145-146, 147, 149
role, 132-136
side-blotch lizards, 138-139
social affiliation and support, 141, 142
social isolation, 133, 138, 141-142
social status, 133, 144-146
social stressors, 145, 146-147
stress responsivity, 135, 137, 142-144, 145, 146-148
temperament, 140-141
Antioxidant regulatory element, 51
Apolipoprotein E protein polymorphisms, 61, 76, 214
Appetite, 257, 258, 267, 268
Arginine vasopressin, 118, 146
Arthritis, 143
Ashkenazi Jews, 38, 100, 101, 149
Asthma, 137
Ataxia telangiectasia, 149
Atherosclerosis, 118, 119, 147, 298, 302
Atopic dermatitis, 144
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 80
Autoimmune disease, 137, 142-144
B
Bardet-Biedel syndrome, 73, 255
Bayesian belief networks, 65
Behavioral factors.
See also Eating behaviors;
Health risk behaviors;
Physical inactivity;
Tobacco use
context for interaction studies, 22, 125
CVD, 57, 58, 70, 73
obesity, 245-251
peer and family influences, 71
and psychological response and physiological processes, 116-122
β2-AR, β3-AR genes, 137, 257, 264, 305
β-Endorphins, 301
β-Thalassemia, 54-55, 101, 284
Binge Eating Disorder, 261
Biochemical System Theory, 123
Biochemical systems and processes.
See also Metabonomics;
Proteomics
affiliative behavior and, 36, 145
genomic information embedded in, 114-116
modeling, 123
psychological response to social factors and, 21, 116-122
stress and, 117-122
Bioinformatics, 51
Biologic interaction, 311, 317, 322
Biology, hierarchical view, 123
Biomedical model, 281-282
Biomedical research, 15, 18, 133-134
Biomolecular Interaction Network Database, 124
Biopsychosocial model, 282, 283, 297
Birth defects, 47
Blood lead levels, 27
Bloom syndrome, 101
BMP6 gene, 288
Body Mass Index (BMI), 69, 72, 73, 238, 250, 252, 253-257, 263.
See also
Obesity
Bowlby, John, 34
Breast cancer, 35, 38, 46, 59, 73, 101, 141, 149, 174
C
C-reactive protein, 76, 171-172, 191
Cadmium, 114
Canavan’s syndrome, 101
Cancer
animal research, 149
biomarkers, 115
depression and, 80
OCR for page 353
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
gene-environment interaction, 113
genetic susceptibility, 38 n.1, 45, 56, 149
obesity and, 72
physical activity interventions, 73
smoking and, 70, 310
social environment and, 35, 38-39
stress and, 140, 146, 148
survival, 72
temperament, 140
treatment side effects, 73
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
behavioral factors, 57, 58, 70, 73
depression and, 57, 78, 80-81, 82
gene-environment interactions, 57-58, 75-76, 113, 137
genetic susceptibility, 45, 56, 57-58, 76
immune function and, 137
life-course perspective, 57
moderators of risk, 76, 81
obesity and, 72
personality and, 77-78
sex/gender and, 92, 96
sickle cell disease, 304-305
social environment and, 31, 35, 57, 78, 119
stress and, 57, 78, 117, 118, 119, 298, 304-305
Catecholamines, 117, 119, 121, 137, 298, 301, 304
Caucasians.
See also Race/ethnicity
A1AT deficiency, 208
insulin resistance, 251
obesity, 155, 261
stress, 76
thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency, 59
Causality
in animal research, 132, 137
in epidemiological approaches, 311, 312, 316, 319, 330-332
CGAP Genetic Annotation Initiative SNP Database, 64
Child development. See Child health and development
Child Feeding Questionnaire, 244
Child health and development
abused children, 208-209
adopted children, 29
depression, 147
eating behavior, 243-244, 247, 248
environmental influences, 268
gene-environment interactions, 53, 113, 268, 271-272
integrative study of, 121-122
and life-course patterns of health, 39, 139-140
obesity and overweight, 240-241, 244-245, 247, 248, 252, 261, 267
SES and, 27, 29, 39
stress and, 117, 118, 120-122, 139, 144, 147, 300
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 59
Cholecystokinin A receptor, 73
Cholesterol, 57, 75-76, 78, 119, 263, 302
Clinical and Translational Science Award, 195
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, 213
Cluster analysis, 112
Cocaine- and amphetamine-stimulated transcript peptide (CART), 258
Colon cancer, 73, 101
Communities
involvement in research protocols, 214-215
SES/health associations, 18, 26, 30, 31, 241
social capital, 36-37
Comparative sequence analysis, 51
Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects, 195
Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease, 293, 294
Coping Strategies Questionnaire, 295
Coronary artery disease, 77, 101, 305
Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 251
Coronary heart disease, 39, 61, 92, 98, 298, 304
Corticosterone, 142, 143, 146
Corticotropin releasing factor-like proteins, 79
Corticotropin releasing hormone, 117, 146, 298
Cortisol, 72, 117, 118, 137, 147, 287-288, 299, 300, 301, 303
CpG array-based technology, 114
Crohn’s disease, 101
CRP gene, 171-172
CYP11B2 gene, 305
OCR for page 354
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
Cystic fibrosis, 101, 209, 219
Cytochrome P450 enzymes, 59
Cytochrome P450 genes, 59
Cytokines, proinflammatory, 299, 302
D
Data and databases.
See also individual databases
biological specimens, 192
collection and analysis for this report, 223-231
commercial databases, 124
creating new datasets, 9, 192-193
gene expression, 124
guidance on data collection, 192
guide to measures of key concepts, 191-192
informed consent, 191
infrastructure for transdisciplinary research, 19, 187-194, 220
merging and integrating, 112
metabolic pathways, 124
pooling samples, 174
privacy and confidentiality issues, 191
proteomic, 112, 124
recommendation, 9-10, 194
replication of, 193-194
review of existing datasets, 188-192
security, 211-212, 220-221
sharing, 112, 188, 191, 212, 215-216
SNP databases, 64, 110
for systems modeling, 124
transcriptomic, 112, 124
use agreements, 211
Data Quality Act, 212
Database of Interacting Proteins, 124
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 31
Depression
and cancer, 80
children, 147
and CVD, 57, 78, 80-81, 82
gene-environment interactions, 18, 80-82, 328-330
heritability, 81
personality and, 78
sickle cell disease and, 292, 298
and smoking, 71
social environment and, 18, 31, 32, 35, 147
social supports and, 147
stress and, 81-82, 298, 301, 302, 313-314, 328-330
Developmental behavioral genetics, 271-272.
See also Child health and development
Dexamethasone, 143
Diabetes, 27, 72, 80, 98, 101, 113, 236, 263
Diethylstilbestrol, 114
DNA
damage and repair, 50
methylation, 113-114, 139
microarray technology, 111-112
sequencing technologies, 49-50
Dopamine
DRD2 gene, 73, 172, 264-265
DRD4 gene, 80
and eating behavior, 249
and nicotine addiction, 71
transporter, 73
Drug abuse, 39
Duke University, 290
Duncan Socioeconomic Index, 31, 32
Durkheim, Emile, 34
E
Earnings, 28
Eating behaviors (unhealthy)
access to energy-dense foods and, 240, 241, 242, 246, 250-251, 252, 269
animal research, 135
appetite and, 257, 258, 267, 268
and child health and development, 243-244, 247, 248
disinhibition trait, 246, 261, 267
epidemiology, 72
external cues and, 244, 246
fast-food consumption, 72, 241, 242, 250-251, 270-271
food advertising and, 252
gene-environment interaction, 72-73, 259-260
genetic influences, 72-73, 243, 257-262, 264-265, 267-268
health consequences, 72;
see also Obesity
heritability, 259-260, 267
hypothalamic response and, 135, 247
and mortality, 15
OCR for page 355
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
parent-child feeding dynamics and, 239, 243-245, 269, 271
portion size and, 247, 251, 269
reinforcing value of food and, 70, 75, 76, 172, 248-249, 264-265, 267
research opportunities, 267-268
restrictive feeding practices, 244-245, 271
satiation impairment and, 246-248, 267
satiety impairment and, 70, 73, 75, 135, 244, 248
self-regulation of intake, 244
smoking and, 172
social facilitation of, 72, 239, 242-243, 259
socioeconomic status and, 242
stress and, 301
style of eating, 135, 249-250
taste preferences and, 70, 75, 135, 172, 250, 257, 259, 268, 269
television viewing and, 252
time-extension mechanism and, 243
traits associated with obesity, 245-251
Eating Inventory, 261
EcoCyc, 124
Ecological model of health determinants, 18-19
EDN1 gene, 305
EDNRA gene, 305
Education and training of researchers conferences, 182
evaluation of programs, 184
fellowships, 182, 183-184, 185, 190, 233
K-12, 181-182, 183
private support, 187, 190
professional development, 184-186
recommendation, 9, 187, 233
short course approach, 185
social sciences, 183
T90 grant, 183-184
undergraduate, 185-186
Education quality, 27
Educational attainment
and health, 27-28, 39, 103
and smoking, 70
Edwards classification, 31
Embedded information. See Genomic information;
Metabonomics;
Proteomics
Emotional support, 34
Endothelin-1 gene, 76
Endotoxins, 118
Energy-dense foods, 240, 241, 242, 246, 250-251, 252, 269
Energy expenditure regulation and, 257
Engel, George, 281
Enkephalin, 301
Environmental Genome Project, 49, 64
Environmental genomics, 203
Epidemiologic approaches to interactions additive and superadditive models, 7, 8, 162, 163-164, 165-166, 168, 170, 173, 220, 313, 314, 315, 328, 334, 336
animal models, 330
biologic interaction, 311, 317, 322
biological plausibility restriction, 175, 177
Bonferroni correction, 174-175
case-control designs, 163, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 177, 329, 334, 335
case-only design, 49, 170, 177, 331-332
causal effect (causal contrast), 318, 319-322, 328, 330
causal model, 315-318
causal pies heuristic (causal pathways), 316-317, 319-320, 323, 331
causality in, 311, 312, 316, 319, 330-332
cohort designs, 163, 168, 169, 192-193, 329, 331-332, 334, 335
confidence intervals, 334-335
confidentiality issues, 171
confounding and bias, 62, 63, 65, 71, 168-169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 257, 319, 324, 330, 333, 335
counterfactual (potential outcomes) model, 8, 316-328, 330-335, 336
definitions of interactions, 7, 161-168, 176, 220, 312-316, 317
designs of studies, 57-58, 166-173, 176-177, 331-332
exposures, 171-172, 174-175, 311, 316, 319, 323-324
false positive test results, 175-176
family-based designs, 47, 49, 170-171, 332
framework for assessing interaction, 312-316
gene-environment interactions, 47, 49, 163, 166-173, 174, 311-312, 318, 329, 330-336
OCR for page 356
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
genetic context, 52, 62, 330-332, 333
genomic control methods, 169, 170
Henle-Koch principles, 310
human laboratory (intervention) research, 172
independent effect, 162, 165, 312
individual-level, 164-165
infectious disease models, 310
mathematical modeling, 327-330
measurement of environmental factors, 204, 333
measurement of interaction, 161-162
Mendelian randomization, 171-172
modeling innovations, 65
molecular techniques, 46
multiple comparisons, 175-176, 177, 334-335
multiplicative (log linear) or
supermultiplicative model, 7, 8, 162, 163-164, 168, 170, 173, 312-313, 332, 334, 336
for nonbinary outcome variables, 172-173
permutation testing, 174, 175
population stratification, 62, 63, 65, 71, 168-169, 170, 171, 172, 257, 335
power of, 8, 65, 166, 171, 172, 333-334
practical applications, 164, 328-330
preventive effects in, 328
primacy of genetic effect, 331
protective effects in, 168
psychologic interactions, 317, 328
recommendations, 7-8, 177
reproducibility of results, 48, 63, 175, 177, 193-194, 204, 257
risk factor framework, 162, 310-311, 335-336
sample size and power, 8, 65, 166, 169, 171, 172, 173-174, 177, 192, 193, 333-334
statistical methods and issues, 8, 161-164, 173-175, 177, 311, 312-313, 332
sufficient-component cause model, 8, 164-166
synergy (interaction) assessment, 165, 311, 315, 319, 322-330, 332-333
temporality, 170
uncertainties in, 71, 332-335
validation, 174
Epigenetic phenomena, 53, 64, 112, 113-114, 139
Epinephrine, 117, 118, 147, 286, 298, 301, 302, 304
ERCC2 gene, 50-51
Erythrocyte adhesion, 302-303
Ethical, legal, and social issues
civil liberties issues, 208-209
communicating research results, 203-205
community involvement in research protocols, 214-215
data security, 211-212, 220-221
disclosure of research results to participants, 212-213
discrimination and stigmatization, 202, 205, 207, 209-210
environmental regulation, 206-207
genetic association studies, 51
genetic screening, 209
health care issues, 202, 207
informed consent, 215, 216
insurance coverage, 202, 207
intellectual property rights, 203
intervention policies, 205-210, 220
lay oversight of protocols, 214-215
“moral hazard,” 206
new hypotheses arising from research, 214
privacy and confidentiality concerns, 171, 208, 211-212, 215-216
protection of research participants, 211
race/ethnicity as a proxy, 209
recommendations, 11-13, 210, 215-216
Eugenics movement, 205
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, 143-144
F
Familial aggregation studies, 47, 49, 170-171, 332
Familial dysautonomia, 101
Familial hypercholesterolemia, 45, 60-62, 203
Familial Mediterranean Fever, 101
Family Research Consortium III, 187, 190
Fast-food consumption, 72, 241, 242, 250-251, 270-271
Fetal
exposure to stressors, 139
hemoglobin, 284, 285, 289
nutrition, 39, 73, 113, 267
OCR for page 357
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
G
Gaucher disease, 101
Gel electrophoresis, 115
Gender. See Sex/gender
Gene-environment interactions
animal models, 76, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139-150
and biological characteristics, 64, 76
biological plausibility, 175, 177
cancer, 113
correlation model, 270-271
counterfactual model, 8, 316-328, 330-335, 336
CVD, 57-58, 75-76, 113, 137
depression and, 18, 80-82, 328-330
developmental consequences, 53, 113, 268, 271-272
eating behaviors and obesity, 72-73, 243, 257-262, 264-265, 267-268
epidemiologic approaches, 47, 49, 163, 166-173, 174, 311-312, 318, 329, 330-336
gene expression mechanisms and, 52-53, 113, 122
intermediate phenotypes as measures of, 74-82, 173
life-course perspective, 39, 47, 113-114
models of, 166-168
moderating, 76, 251, 262, 263-266, 269-270
molecular mechanisms, 116-122
for nonbinary outcome variables, 172-173
in obesity, 76, 113, 236, 237-238, 251, 260, 262-272
personality and, 35, 37, 78-79
physical inactivity, 74
and proteomics, 122
psychosocial work environment and health and, 37-38
racial/ethnic disparities in health, 99-101, 102, 104-105
research challenges and opportunities, 39, 40, 64, 266-272
responsivity to environmental factors, 50-52, 56, 139
social isolation, 36, 121, 141-142
statistical modeling, 65
study design and analysis, 57-58, 166-173, 176-177, 331-332
systems approach to modeling health, 123-126, 139
temperament and, 35, 37-38, 79, 140-141, 328
tobacco use, 50-51, 70-71
“toxic environments,” 269-270
Gene expression
databases, 124
defined, 287
developmental control of, 53, 54-55
DNA methylation and, 114
environmental influences, 52, 116-117, 122, 137
epigenetic phenomena, 53, 64, 112, 113-114, 139
fetal nutrition and, 73
and gene-environment interactions, 52-53, 113, 122
genetic variation in, 6, 110-114, 122
and globin, 54-55
heritability of, 111
in immune response, 288
life-course perspective, 5-6
mechanisms, 52-56
pharmacogenetics research, 60
post-transcriptional control, 53
serial analysis of, 111
sickle cell disease, 53-56, 284, 287
social environment and, 142
stress and, 118, 139, 142, 148, 287-288, 303, 305
transcriptomics technologies, 111-112
Gene-gene interactions, 46, 51-52, 56, 62, 236, 257
Gene Logic, 124
Gene Ontology Project, 112
Gene products, classification, 112
Genetic association studies.
See also Gene-environment interactions;
Gene-gene interactions
Bayesian networks, 288
BMI and fat mass, 255-257
DNA sequencing technologies, 49-50
eating behaviors, 261-262
ethical issues, 51
genome-wide approach, 111, 174
HaloChip assay, 111
population stratification in, 62, 63, 76, 168-169
OCR for page 358
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
race/ethnicity, 99
reproducibility, 177
sickle cell disease, 288, 299
SNP profiling, 49-50, 51-52, 58, 110
transcriptomic studies, 112
Genetic imprinting, 112, 113
Genetic linkage analysis
databases, 112
eating behaviors, 261-262
goal and principle, 47-48
sibling pair method, 48
statistical power, 48
whole-genome, 288
Genetic susceptibility.
See also Gene-environment interactions;
Gene-gene interactions
adverse drug reactions, 58-60
allelic heterogeneity, 45-46
aspects of health influenced by, 56-60
biases in studies, 49
cancer, 38 n.1, 45, 56, 149
clinical variability in diseases, 53-56
common disease, common variant hypothesis, 204
CVD, 45, 56, 57-58, 76
diabetes, 56
differential risk, 51
etiologic heterogeneity, 46
founder mutations, 60-61, 100
genetic association studies, 49-52, 255-257, 261;
see also Genotype and genotyping
hierarchy of causes, 311-312, 331
life-course perspective, 57, 254
linkage analysis, 47-48, 255, 261
linkage disequilibrium phenomenon, 62, 80, 175
locus heterogeneity, 46
mental illness, 56
molecular epidemiology techniques, 46
multifactorial models, 46, 48, 60, 65
nicotine addiction, 58, 71
obesity, 20, 72-73, 236, 248, 249, 253-262, 264-266
OMIM statistics, 45
overeating, 72-73, 243, 257, 259-262
pathway-driven study design, 50
penetrance of mutations, 45, 149, 312
polygenic models, 44-45, 46, 47, 60, 219
population-based measures, 47, 49, 63, 71
population distribution of variations, 60-62, 63
research approaches, 44-48
single-gene disorders, 44, 45-46, 47, 48, 53-56, 63-64, 73, 203-204, 219, 255, 257, 260
SNPs, 49-50, 51-52
therapeutic response to drugs, 56
to “toxic environments,” 241
Genome Science Education Program, 183
Genomic information
in biochemical systems, 114-116
comparative genomic hybridization assays, 112
epigenetic phenomena, 112, 113-114
and gene expression, 6, 110-114, 122
metabonomic technologies, 116
in proteomes, 111, 115
social and ethical implications, 203
transcriptomics, 111-112
Genotype and genotyping
array-based, 49, 52-53
interactions with environmental factors, 113-114
pharmacogenetic research, 59-60
moderator in gene-environment interaction, 269-270
multiplexing arrays, 49
SNP initiatives, 64
Geographic Information Systems, 269
German National Center for Environment and Health, 124
Glucocorticoids, 117, 118, 121, 137, 139, 145, 146, 298, 301
Glutamate, 303
GR gene, 299
Growth hormone, 301
GSTM1 gene, 51
GSTP1 gene, 51
GSTT1 gene, 51
Guyton, Arthur, 123
H
Health determinants
life course perspective, 5-6, 21, 22, 25-26, 219, 282
systems approach to modeling, 5-6, 17-19, 123-126
OCR for page 359
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Privacy Rule, 211
Health literacy, 28
Health outcomes. See Mortality;
Survival and functional recovery;
individual diseases
Health risk behaviors.
See also Eating behaviors;
Physical inactivity;
Tobacco use
definitions, 69-70
intermediate phenotypes, 70
outcome pathways, 68, 69
personality and, 70, 75, 77-79
social and cultural environment and, 30, 37, 71, 237-238
temperament and, 70, 75, 79-80
Hemochromatosis, 101
Hemoglobin gene expression, 53, 54-55
HER2 gene, 59
Heritability
of BMI and fat mass, 253-255
defined, 46-47.
See also Genetic susceptibility
of depression, 81
of eating behaviors, 259-260, 267
of gene expression, 111
narrow sense vs. broad sense, 253
High school dropouts, 28
High/Scope Perry Preschool Project, 28
Hispanics, 103.
See also Race/ethnicity
Histone acetylation, 114
HIV infection, 35, 77, 91-92
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) system, 268-269
Human DNA Polymorphism Discovery Program, 49
Human Genome Project, 3, 15, 64, 90, 109, 110, 123, 203
Human Obesity Gene Map, 255, 256
Hypertension, 27, 37, 94, 98, 102, 298, 299, 304
Hypospadias, 92
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) reactivity, 35, 81, 117, 118, 121, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 247, 297, 298-300, 301, 302, 303, 304
Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, 301
I
Immune function
animal research, 134, 136-137, 138-141, 143-144
and CVD, 137
gene expression, 288
genetic determinants, 136
natural vs. specific immunity, 301, 302
obesity and, 72
sex/gender and, 93, 94
sickle cell disease and, 283, 287, 300-302
smoking and, 70
social environment and, 35, 134, 136-137, 138-139
stress and, 21, 117, 118, 119-120, 139-141, 145, 146-147, 148, 288, 297, 298-299, 300-302
Impulsive aggression, 18
Inclusion body myopathy, 101
Income
absolute vs. relative, 30
health associations, 29-31
measurement, 28-29
psychological and behavioral associations, 30
race/ethnicity and, 103
societal distribution, 31
tests of associations, 29-30
and weight gain, 241
Incyte, 124
Indians, Asian, 263
Infants
breastfeeding vs. bottle feeding and, 243-244
mortality, 27
secure attachments, 34
sucking rates and obesity risk, 249, 268
weight gain, 267
Inflammatory bowel disease, 101
Informational support, 34
Informax, 124
Informed consent, 215, 216
Infrastructure for transdisciplinary research
academic institutional structure and policies and, 10-11, 19, 181, 194-198
data, 19, 187-194, 220
education and training of researchers, 8-9, 19, 181-186, 193, 220
OCR for page 360
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
federal and industry research structures vs. academic, 197
IDR recommendations applied to, 10, 20, 186, 232-235
incentives and rewards, 10-11, 20, 193, 194-198, 220
MacArthur Network Model, 188-189
NIH support, 181, 182, 186-187, 194-198
P30 Core Grant and, 187
peer review, 10, 20, 195, 198-200
private support, 187, 188-189, 190
R01 Research Project Grant and, 186-187
recommendations, 8-11, 187, 199-200
support mechanisms, 186-187, 272
Institute for Public Health Genetics, 184
Institutional Review Boards, 210-211
Instrumental support, 34
Insulin-like growth factor, 74
Insulin resistance, 70, 72, 251
Interactions.
See also Gene-environment interactions;
Gene-gene interactions
definitions of, 7, 161-168, 176, 220, 312-316, 317
framework for assessing, 312-316
measurement of, 161-162
Interdisciplinary research (IDR)
academic institutional structure, 235
academic institutions’ policies, 233-234
defined, 3, 19
educators, 233
evaluation of programs, 235
funding organizations, 234
journal editors, 234
key conditions for effective programs, 194
MacArthur Network Model, 188-189
postdoctoral scholars, 190, 233
professional societies, 234
recommendations for facilitating, 10, 20, 186, 232-235
researchers and faculty members, 233
students, 232-233
team leaders, 234
Interferon γ, 301
INTERHEART Study, 78
Interleukin-1α, 143
Interleukin II, 288
Interleukin-6, 302
Intermediate phenotypes
and biological characteristics, 76
defined, 74-75
emotional/motivational states as, 80-82
measuring, 75-76
for obesity, 70, 73, 75, 78, 237
personality as, 75, 76, 77-79
for sickle cell disease, 288, 297
temperament as, 75, 76, 79-80
for tobacco use, 70, 75, 76
International HapMap Consortium, 64
International HapMap Project, 64, 190
Inuit of Greenland, 75-76
J
Job stress
and CVD, 57
effort-reward imbalance model, 37
job demand-control model, 37
K
Karolinska Institute Human Gene Bi-Allelic Sequences Database, 64
Kleinfelter Syndrome, 94
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, 112, 124
L
Laminin, 286
Leptin and leptin receptors, 73, 94, 134, 135
Life-course patterns of health
animal models, 139-140, 145
Barker hypothesis, 39
CVD, 57
determinants, 5-6, 21, 22, 25-26, 219, 282
early life experience, 39, 139-140
in gene-environment interactions, 39, 47, 113-114
in gene expression, 5-6
genetic susceptibility to disease, 57, 254
obesity, 74, 253, 266-267
physical inactivity and, 74
poverty, 4-5, 39
race/ethnicity and, 102-103
sex/gender and, 94
social-environment associations, 25-26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 39, 138
OCR for page 361
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
stress and, 118, 145, 300
in study design and analysis, 21, 22
Lipid metabolism, 119
Lung cancer, 50-51, 310
Lutheran blood group anitgens, 286
M
MacArthur Foundation, 187, 188
MacArthur Network Model, 188-189
Machine learning algorithms, 65, 112
Major histocompatibility complex, 138
Mass spectrometry, 116
Maternal
attachment, 36
education, 27
exposure to endocrine disrupting agents, 92
obesity, 267
separation, 35, 118, 121, 139
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass, 115
MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor) gene, 257, 258, 261
Media campaigns, 71
Mediation and mediating variables
in animal research, 137
in models of interactions, 167
of social environment, 147-148
of stress reactivity, 139, 147-148, 304
Melanoma, 38
Melatonin, 301
Metabolic Control Theory, 123
Metabolic syndrome, 236
Metabolism
gut flora and, 116
sex/gender and, 93-94
social stressors and, 145, 298
Metabonomics, 6, 112, 116, 124
Microarray Gene Expression Data Society, 112
Midlife health, 27
Migration, and genome selection, 109-110, 263
Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment Guidelines, 112
Mitochondrial upcoupling proteins, 257
Modeling strategies
recommendations, 5-7
Moderation and moderating variables
animal research, 137
CVD risk, 76, 81
in gene-environment interactions, 76, 251, 262, 263-266, 269-270
of obesity, 76, 251, 262, 263-266
social environment, 262, 263
in stress response, 76, 285, 287-289, 290, 300
Monamine oxidase A deficiency, 208-209
Mortality
eating behavior and, 15
infant, 27
obesity and, 72
race/ethnicity, 98, 104
SES and, 27, 29, 104
smoking and, 70
social and behavioral factors and, 15, 27, 35
Moving to Opportunity study, 31
mRNA transcripts, 111-112, 118, 124, 146, 149, 287
Multidisciplinary research, defined, 3-4, 19
Multivariate statistical analysis, 137
Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences, 124
Myelosuppression, 59
Myocardial infarction, 35, 39, 70, 76, 78, 81, 82, 119
N
National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges, 195
National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 213
National Cancer Institute
Breast and Prostate Cancer and Hormone-Related Cohort Consortium, 174
SNP database, 64
National Center for Biotechnology Information, dbSNP database, 64, 110
National Health Interview Surveys, 29
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Programs in Genomic Applications, 49
National Human Genome Research Institute, 15-16, 50
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 49
National Institute of General Medical Sciences, 16
OCR for page 362
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 97-98, 236
Certificates of Confidentiality, 211
Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, 15-16
and transdisciplinary research, 181, 182, 186-187, 194-198
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 241
Supplement, 9, 190, 194
National Opinion Research Center Study, 31
National Research Service Act, 182
National Science Foundation, 181, 182
Native Americans, research protocols, 214-215
NEO-Personality Inventory, 77
Neophobia, 140
Network models, 65, 112
Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health, 188-189
Network theory, 204
Neurocognitive functioning, 283, 287, 293, 294-295, 297, 303
Neuroeconomics, 36
Neuroendocrine regulation, 35
Neuropeptide-Y, 257, 258
NGFI-A transcription factor, 139
Nickel, 114
Nicotine
addiction, 70, 79
and cardiovascular function, 70
cognitive and autonomic effects, 75
patch, 82
reward value, 70, 75, 76, 79
tolerance and deprivation, 70, 75
withdrawal and relapse, 79
Niemann-Pick disease, 101
NMB (Neuromedian-β) gene, 262
Norepinephrine, 147, 298, 301, 304
North Carolina Sickle Cell Center, 290
NOS1, NOS2, NOS3 genes, 305
NR3C1 gene, 137
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 116
O
Obesity.
See also Eating behaviors;
Physical inactivity
animal research, 73, 267
behavioral traits associated with, 245-251
BMI and fat mass, 69, 72, 73, 238, 253-255
breastfeeding vs. bottle feeding and, 243-244
children, 240-241, 244-245, 247, 248, 252, 261, 267
conceptual model of interactions, 237-238
critical growth periods for, 266-267
energy expenditure regulation and, 257
epidemiology, 72, 236
gene-environment interactions, 76, 113, 236, 237-238, 251, 260, 262-272
genetic influences, 20, 72-73, 236, 248, 249, 253-262, 264-266
health consequences, 72, 236
hypothalamic response and, 247
intermediate phenotypes, 70, 73, 75, 78, 237
life-course perspective, 74, 253, 266-267
macroenvironmental influences, 240-242, 268, 269-270
maternal, 267
microenvironmental influences, 242-245
moderating variables, 76, 251, 262, 263-266
personality and, 78
physical inactivity and, 74, 240, 251-253
race/ethnicity and, 155, 241, 244, 251, 252, 253, 261, 267
research opportunities, 266-272
restrictive feeding practices and, 244-245, 271
social environmental factors and, 20, 27, 72, 236-237, 238-245, 253-255, 263-266
socioeconomic status and, 239, 241-242, 264
“toxic environments,” 237, 239, 240-241, 251, 269-270
and underreporting of intakes, 247
Occupational status, 28
child health and, 39
and health, 31
measures of, 31-32
and weight gain, 241
Office of Management and Budget, 97
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) statistics, 45
Osteoarthritis, 72
Ovarian cancer, 149
Oxytocin, 36, 145
OCR for page 363
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
P
Pain, 286-287, 289, 295-297, 299, 302
Pair bonding, 36
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 29, 31
Parasitic infections, 137
Parent-child feeding dynamics, 239, 243-245, 269, 271
Path analysis, 123
Pattern recognition methods, 65, 112, 116
Peptidoglycan polysaccharide, 143
Persian Jews, 100, 101
Personality
and alcohol consumption, 78
“Big Five” model, 77-78
and CVD, 77-78
defined, 77
and depression, 78, 298
gene-environment interaction, 35, 37, 78-79
genetic factors, 78
and health risk behaviors, 70, 75, 77-79
as intermediate phenotype, 75, 76, 77-79
and obesity, 78
race/ethnicity and, 80
sex/gender and, 80
and social-environmental influences, 144-145
and stress response, 145, 298
and tobacco use, 78
Pew Charitable Trust, 182
Pharmacogenetics, 56, 58-60, 203
Phenylketonuria, 45, 167, 318
Physical activity
defined, 69
protective effects, 71, 73, 119
recommended, 69, 73
Physical inactivity
animal studies, 74
epidemiology, 73-74
gene-environment interactions, 74
genetic influences, 74
health consequences, 15, 73-74
life-course perspective, 74
nonexercise activity thermogenesis, 252-253, 268
and obesity, 74, 240, 251-253
research opportunities, 268
social/cultural environment and, 27, 72, 74, 240, 241, 242
television, video recorders and computers and, 240, 251-252
Pima Indians, 263-266
Pituitary function, 70
Polycystic kidney disease, 46
Population genetics, 60-62
Pound of Prevention Study, 251
Poverty.
See also Income;
Socioeconomic status/health associations
definitions, 30
gender and, 92-93
health associations, 25
life-course perspective, 4-5, 39
persistent vs. transient, 39
PPARγ gene, 257
Prader-Willi syndrome, 73, 255
Preschool education, 28
Privacy and confidentiality concerns, 171, 208, 211-212, 215-216
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides, 257, 258
Prolactin, 301
Promoter Database of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 124
Prostate cancer, 174
Proteomics, 6, 60, 112, 114, 115, 122, 124
Psoriasis, 77
Psychological/psychiatric disorders and behaviors.
See also Depression
occupational status and, 31
personality and temperament and, 77
pharmacogenetics research, 59
SES of communities and, 18
social connectedness and, 35
Psychoneuroimmunology, 35
Psychosocial traits
animal models, 133, 135-136, 144
Psychosocial work environment/health associations.
See also Job stress
biases in, 37-38
gene-environment interactions, 37-38
evidence of, 25, 37-38
measures of, 31, 32, 37
occupational status and, 31, 32
reciprocal relationships, 37
Q
Quebec Family study, 262
Quebec Overfeeding Study, 269
OCR for page 364
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
R
Race/ethnicity
and ancestral origin, 98, 99
confounding issues, 98
context for research, 96-98, 99, 125-126, 219
definition, 97
gene-environment interactions, 99-101, 102, 104-105
and genetic variation, 38n.1, 61, 97, 99-104
health disparities and, 90-91, 98-104
life-course perspective, 102-103
and mortality, 98, 104
and personality, 80
and SES, 27, 103-104
SNP markers of phenotypic variation, 99-101
and social stressors, 39, 76
Racism and discrimination, 39
Random forest methods, 65
Renal function, 70, 305
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, 299, 304
Reproductive dysfunction, 138, 118
Research. See Epidemiologic approach;
Infrastructure;
Interdisciplinary research;
Transdisciplinary interactions research
Rett syndrome, 113
Rheumatic diseases, 144
Risk behaviors. See Health risk behaviors;
specific behaviors
Risk prevention programs, 82
Rosetta, 124
S
Satiation, 246-248, 267
Satiety, 70, 73, 75, 135, 244, 248
Scale-free networks, 65
Science Education Partnership Awards, 182-183
Sedentary lifestyle. See Physical inactivity
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 59
SELP gene, 288
Sephardi Jews, 100, 101
Serotonin
central nervous system responsivity, 18
pathways, 71
stress response, 298, 303
transporter (5HTTLPR) gene, 59, 76, 78, 80, 81-82, 145, 146, 147, 261, 305, 328-330
Sex/gender
animal research, 93
and body weight and fat stores, 93-94
context for interactions research, 94, 125-126, 219
and CVD, 92, 96
definitions, 91
and delivery of health care, 92
and energy metabolism, 93-94
and health, 90, 91-96
and heritability of food intake, 259
and immune response, 93, 94
independent dimensions in humans, 95
and life-course patterns of health, 94
and personality, 80
and poverty, 92-93
and social environment, 92-93
and stress, 93
synergistic effects of biology and gender relations, 91-92
variants, 95, 96
Sexual dimorphism, 94
Shotgun proteomic analysis, 115
Sickle cell disease
α-thalassemia, 285, 288, 289-290
ancestral origin and, 100
β-thalassemia, 54-55, 101, 284, 291, 292, 295, 296
cardiovascular and renal response, 286, 287, 304-305
clinical manifestations, 56, 286-287
definitions, 284
epistatic or modifier genes, 285, 287-289, 290, 300
erythrocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, 285, 286, 302-303
etiology, 283-284
and family functioning, 293
fetal hemoglobin, 284, 285, 289
gene expression, 45, 53-56, 284, 287
HPA activation and, 298-300
hydroxyurea treatment, 289
and immune response, 283, 287, 300-302
individual differences in severity, 282-283, 287-289
OCR for page 365
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
intermediate phenotype, 288, 297
maternal adjustment, 291-292
and neurocognitive functioning, 283, 287, 293, 294-295, 297, 303
pain, 286-287, 289, 295-297, 299, 302
pathogenesis, 284
pathophysiology, 55-56, 283, 285-286
psychological adjustment to, 287, 290-294, 295
resistance to malarial infection, 61, 100
severity, 54-55, 284-285, 286, 287, 289, 295
stress and, 20, 283, 287-288, 292, 297-305
and stroke, 286, 287, 288-289, 294, 305
sympathetic nervous system activation and, 298, 302
trait, 53-54, 284
Sickness behavior, 301
Silicon Genetics, 124
Simian immunodeficiency virus, 141
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 49-50, 51-52, 58, 62, 64, 99-101, 110, 168-169
SLC6A3 gene, 264-265
Sleep patterns, 301
Social and cultural environment.
See also Psychosocial work environment;
Social networks;
Social support;
Socioeconomic status
animal research, 36, 139-147
aspects of health influenced, 38-39, 57, 78
and biological processes, 36, 116-122
and cancer, 35, 38-39
context for interactions research, 5, 6-7, 21, 25-26, 125
cumulative effects, 39
and CVD, 31, 35, 57, 78, 119
defining, 21, 25-26, 238-239
and depression, 18, 31, 32, 35, 147
dynamic trajectories, 39
early life experience, 139-140
evidence of health associations, 26-38
and gene expression, 142
generational effects, 39
genetic selection of, 113-114
and health risk behaviors, 30, 37, 71, 237-238
and immune response, 35, 134, 136-137, 138-139
life-course, multilevel perspective, 25-26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 39, 138
macroenvironmental variables, 240-242, 268, 269-270
measures of, 204, 268-271
mediators of effects of, 147-148
microenvironmental variables, 242-245
moderating effects, 262, 263
and mortality, 15, 27, 35
natural policy experiments, 27-28
and obesity, 20, 27, 72, 236-237, 238-245, 253-255, 263-266
and personality, 144-145
population density, 138
research opportunities, 39, 268-269
and sedentary lifestyle, 27, 72, 74, 240, 241, 242
sex/gender and, 92-93
shared vs. unshared, 253-255, 267, 269
stressful, 20, 25, 30-31, 32, 39, 57, 78, 117-122, 138-139, 145, 146-147, 300, 312-313, 146-147
and temperament, 140-141
“toxic environments,” 237, 239, 240- 241, 251, 269-270
variables affecting health, 26, 240-245
Social attachment, 79
Social capital, 36-37
Social control, 37
Social isolation, 36, 121, 133, 138, 141-142
Social mobility, 32
Social networks/social supports and health
animal research, 141, 142, 147
bidirectional relationships, 35, 147
biological basis, 36
causality, 35-36
community-level, 36-37
confounding bias, 35
definitions and types, 34
and depression, 147
evidence of health effects, 25, 34-37
and health outcomes, 39
and immune function, 35
and incidence of disease, 39
measures of, 34-35
naturally occurring vs. strangers, 36
negative, 35
status and, 32, 302
temperament or personality and, 35
Social status.
See also Occupational status;
Socioeconomic status
animal research, 133, 144-146
personality and, 144
OCR for page 366
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
Social support. See Social networks
Socioeconomic status/health associations.
See also Social status
and cancer, 38-39
causal pathways, 27, 30, 32
causation, 27, 29, 32
and child health and development, 27, 29, 39
community-level, 18, 26, 30, 31, 241
confounding bias, 27
and eating behavior, 242
economic reserves, 31
education-related, 15, 25, 27-28
flow of resources, 31
income-related, 28-31
inherited ability and, 29
measures of, 26-27
moderating effects of, 76, 104, 264
and mortality, 27, 29, 104
and obesity, 239, 241-242, 264
occupational status-related, 31-33
psychological disorders and behaviors, 18, 30
and psychosocial stress, 30-31, 76
race/ethnicity and, 27, 103-104
relative deprivations, 30-31
research network, 188-189
reverse causation, 27, 29, 31-32
tests of, 29-30
variations in associations, 38-39
wealth, 31, 103-104
Spotfire, 124
Stanilas Family Study, 261
Statistical methods.
See also Epidemiologic approaches to interactions
Bonferroni correction, 174-175
confidence intervals, 334-335
gene expression profiles, 112
inferring causality, 137
Structural Equation Modeling, 123
Stress
acute, 148, 302
and alcoholism, 140, 145, 172
allostatic load, 118
animal research, 118, 120, 135, 137, 142-144, 145, 146-148
and autoimmune disease, 142-144
behavioral response, 139, 140
biochemical systems and processes, 117-122
and cancer, 140, 146, 148
and child development, 117, 118, 120-122, 139, 144, 147, 300
chronic, 118, 139-140, 148, 298, 300, 302, 303, 304
and CVD, 57, 78, 117, 118, 119, 298, 302, 304-305
defined, 117, 147-148, 297
deleterious coping behaviors, 32, 39
and depression, 81-82, 298, 301, 302, 313-314, 328-330
early life experiences, 145, 300
and eating behavior, 301
epigenetic programming, 139
and gene expression, 118, 139, 142, 148, 287-288, 303, 305
generational effects, 139
genetic differences in responsivity, 20, 142-144
health-promoting effects, 147-148
HPA axis activation, 297, 298-300, 301, 302, 303, 304
and immune function, 21, 117, 118, 119-120, 139-141, 145, 146-147, 148, 288, 297, 298-299, 300-302
as intermediate phenotype, 297
job-related, 25
life-course perspective, 118, 145, 300
and longevity, 118
magnitude of, 148
mediating variables, 139, 147-148, 304
moderators of, 76, 285, 287-289, 290, 300
nonsocial factors, 120
obesity and, 72
oxytocin and, 36, 145
and pain response, 301, 302
personality and, 145, 298
physiological responses, 72, 76, 81-82, 117-122, 147-148, 287-288
psychological response to, 21, 116-122, 302
race/ethnicity and, 39, 76
research opportunities, 39
SES and, 30-31, 76
sex/gender and, 93
and sickle cell disease, 20, 283, 287-288, 292, 297-305
social situations, 20, 25, 30-31, 32, 39, 57, 78, 117-122, 138-139, 145, 146-147, 300, 312-313
OCR for page 367
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
sympathetic nervous system activation, 297, 298, 301, 302
temperament and, 120, 140-141
Stroke, 35, 39, 82, 98, 119, 135, 286, 287, 288-289, 294, 305
Structural Equation Modeling, 123
Study design and analysis.
See also Epidemiologic approaches to interactions
life-course perspective, 21, 22
Suicide, 18, 81
Survival and functional recovery
cancer, 72, 73
obesity and, 72
personality and, 79
social environment and, 38, 39
Sympathetic nervous system reactivity, 35, 81, 118, 119, 144, 297, 298, 301, 302
Systems approach to interactions modeling, 123-124
biobehavioral model, 304
challenges in development and practice, 124-125
databases and systems analysis software, 124
gene-environment interactions, 123-126, 139
health determinants, 5-6, 17-19, 123-126
life-course perspective, 282
recommendations, 125-126
Systems biology, 123
System theory, 123
T
Tay-Sachs disease, 45, 101, 219
Television viewing
advertising, 252
and eating behavior, 252
and physical inactivity, 240, 251-252
Temperament
and ADHD, 80
animal research, 140-141
assessment, 79
and cancer, 140
defined, 77
gene-social environment interactions, 35, 37-38, 79, 140-141, 328
and health risk behaviors, 70, 75, 79-80
and immune function, 120
as intermediate phenotype, 75, 76, 79-80
and social and cultural environment, 140-141
and stress response, 120, 140-141
and tobacco use, 77, 79, 80
traits, 79
Temperament and Character Inventory, 79
Testicular cancer, 96
TGFBR2, TGFBR3 genes, 288
Thiocyanate, 70
Thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency, 59
Thiopurines, 59
$1,000 Genome Project, 50
Thyroid function, 70
TNFα gene, 76
Tobacco use
advertising and, 79
bupropion treatment, 172
cessation, 82, 172
and CVD, 57, 58, 70
definition of smoking, 69
depression and, 71
epidemiology, 70
gene-environment interactions, 50-51, 70-71
genetic susceptibility to nicotine addiction, 58, 70, 71
health consequences, 15, 57, 58, 70
intermediate phenotypes, 70, 75, 76
life-course perspective, 74
and lung cancer, 70, 310
nicotine addiction, 69, 70
personality and, 78
risk factors for initiation, 71
smoking persistence, 69
social and cultural environment and, 27, 30, 31, 32, 37, 70-71, 79
and social policy, 207
temperament and, 77, 79, 80
Transcription Factors Database, 124
Transcriptomics, 6, 111-112, 124
Transdisciplinary interactions research.
See also Epidemiologic approaches to interactions;
Infrastructure for transdisciplinary research
barriers to, 19-20
behavioral and psychological variables, 4, 5, 125
biological signatures, 126
OCR for page 368
Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate
defined, 4, 19, 220
diversity of groups and settings, 126, 220
funding, 272
genetic factors, 4, 125
hiring, promotion, and tenure policies and, 195-196
life-course perspective, 4-5, 94, 125
minority subjects in, 97-98
physiological measures and pathways, 4, 22, 125
race/ethnicity context, 4, 96-98, 125-126
recommendations, 3-5, 125-126
sex/gender context, 4, 94, 125-126, 219
social variables, 4, 21, 25-26, 125
systems modeling approach, 3, 5-6, 123-124, 126
team approach, 186-187, 195-196
Trust, 36
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, 147
Tumor suppressor gene, 149
Turner’s syndrome, 91, 95
Twin studies, 47, 71, 81, 254, 255, 258, 264, 266-267, 269-270, 299
U
UCP1, UCP2, UCP3 genes, 257
Ulcerative colitis, 77, 101
University of Washington, Seattle, 184
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 211
V
Vasopressin 1a receptor gene transfer, 142
W
What Is There, 124
Wisconsin Longitudinal Survey, 32
Work environment. See Psychosocial work environment
World Health Organization, 69, 72
Wright, Sewall, 123
X
Xenobiotics, 114
XRCCI gene, 50-51
Representative terms from entire chapter:
cell disease
