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I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N
F O R A B E T T E R T O M O R R O W
PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM IN HONOR OF ARNOLD BECKMAN
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
Support for this project was provided with institutional funds.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-10116-6
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth
Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800)624-6242 or (202)334-3313
(in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
II INSTRUMENTATION FOR A BETTER TOMORROW
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating
society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated
to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon
the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a man-
date that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING was established in 1964, under the
charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding
engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, shar-
ing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility of advising the federal gov-
ernment. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs
aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the
superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy
of Engineering.
THE INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE was established in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the
examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts
under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional
charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to ident-
ify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of
the Institute of Medicine.
THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL was organized by the National Academy of
Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the
Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.
Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council
has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and
the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public,
and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by
both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf
are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
INSTRUMENTATION FOR A BETTER TOMORROW III
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BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
BURTON RICHTER, Stanford University, Chair
ANNEILA L. SARGENT, California Institute of Technology, Vice Chair
ELIHU ABRAHAMS, Rutgers University
JONATHAN BAGGER, Johns Hopkins University
RONALD C. DAVIDSON, Princeton University
RAYMOND J. FONCK, University of Wisconsin at Madison
ANDREA M. GHEZ, University of California at Los Angeles
PETER GREEN, University of Texas at Austin
LAURA H. GREENE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
WICK HAXTON, University of Washington
FRANCES HELLMAN, University of California at Berkeley
ERICH P. IPPEN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MARC A. KASTNER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
CHRISTOPHER F. McKEE, University of California at Berkeley
JOSE ONUCHIC, University of California at San Diego
JULIA M. PHILLIPS, Sandia National Laboratories
WILLIAM PHILLIPS, National Institute of Standards and Technology
THOMAS M. THEIS, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
C. MEGAN URRY, Yale University
STAFF
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director
TIMOTHY I. MEYER, Senior Program Officer
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Senior Program Officer
ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Program Officer
NATALIA J. MELCER, Program Officer
BRIAN D. DEWHURST, Senior Program Associate
PAMELA A. LEWIS, Program Associate
DAVID B. LANG, Research Associate
VAN AN, Financial Associate
PHILLIP D. LONG, Senior Program Assistant
IV INSTRUMENTATION FOR A BETTER TOMORROW
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Acknowledgments
T his symposium and these proceedings would not have been possible but for
the inspiration, dedication, and hard work of many people. In particular, the
gracious contributions of time and effort of the staff at the Arnold and Mabel
Beckman Foundation, the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National
Academies, Beckman Coulter, Inc., and the Chemical Heritage Foundation were critical to
making this project a success. The speakers themselves gave generously of their time and
expertise to reflect on the legacy of a great man and to offer their thoughts on where the
future will take us.
Among the many individuals to whom we express our heartfelt thanks and appreciations,
we specially recognize the following: Jacqueline Dorrance and Kathlene Williams of the
Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation; Amber Westberg of the Arnold and Mabel
Beckman Center; James C. Osborne, Pat Ashton, and Sarah Nessl of Beckman Coulter,
Inc.; Charles Casey and A.J. Ribes of the American Chemical Society; Robert Lukens,
David Brock, and Robert Hicks of the Chemical Heritage Foundation; Gerald Gallwas of
the Board of the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation; Barbara Schlein of the
President's Office at the National Academy of Engineering; Sharon Baker of the
Chancellor's Office at the University of California at Irvine; and all of the dedicated staff
at the National Academies' Board on Physics and Astronomy, including Timothy Meyer,
Richard Rowberg, Don Shapero, and Pamela Lewis. Finally, conversations with the staff of
the Institute of Medicine and the Beckman Institute at the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign and with Francis J. DiSalvo, David C. Clarke, Laura Greene, Frances Hellman,
Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Richard Smalley, Paul Ferrara, Harry Gray, Nathan Rosenberg,
and Dragana Brzakovic were invaluable.
INSTRUMENTATION FOR A BETTER TOMORROW V
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers
his report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse
T perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by
the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this
independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist
the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the
report meets institutional standards for objectivity and evidence. The review comments
and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative
process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Scott Fraser, California Institute of Technology
Gerald Gallwas, Beckman Foundation
Barbara Jones, IBM Almaden Research Center
Pierre Wiltzius, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and
suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the author-
ing committee and the institution.
VI INSTRUMENTATION FOR A BETTER TOMORROW
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Contents
Foreword 1
PART I
A Daughter's Remembrances 5
Finding the Sweet Spot of Opportunity 7
PART II
A Lifetime of Experience in the Growth of Modern Instrumentation for
Organic Chemistry 19
Molecular and Systems Biology 26
Compelling Science and Synchrotron X-ray Sources 30
Chemistry at the Nanoscale Frontier 36
Nanoscale Science and Engineering 39
Forensic Science and Technology 43
Clinical Medicine 47
PART III
The Evolving Relationship Between Instrumentation and Research
--A Panel Discussion 53
The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academies 63
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