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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2006. Studying Media Effects on Children and Youth: Improving Methods and Measures: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11706.
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References

Anderson, Craig A., Leonard Berkowitz, Edward Donnerstein, L.Rowell Huesmann, James D.Johnson, Daniel Linz, Neil M.Malamuth, and Ellen Wartella. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(3), 81–110.

Calvert, S.L., L.Alvy, and B.L.Strong. (2006). Children’s websites content analysis scoring system. Children’s Digital Media Center, Georgetown University.

Christakis, Dimitri. (2006). Media as a public health issue. Editorial. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 160, 445–446.

DeLoache, Judy S. (2005, August 7). Mindful of symbols. Scientific American, 3–77.

DeLoache, Judy S., Sophia L.Pirroutsakos, and Davis H.Uttal. (2003). The origins of pictorial competence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 4.

Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. (2006). Food marketing to children and youth: Threat or opportunity? Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2004). Parents, media, and public policy: A Kaiser survey. Available online at <http://www.kff.org/entmedia/entmedia092304nr.cfm>.

L’Engle, Kelly Ladin, Jane D.Brown, and Kristin Kenneavy. (2006). The mass media are an important context for adolescents’ sexual behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 186–192.

National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Oakes, J. Michael. (2006). The effect of media on children: A methodological assessment from a social pathologist. Background paper prepared for Workshop on Media Research Measures and Methods. Board on Children, Youth, and Families, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC. Available at <http://www.bocyf.org/030206.html>.

Rosenbaum, P., and Donald B.Rubin. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70, 41–55.

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Vandewater, Elizabeth, and Sook-Jung Lee. (2006). Measuring children’s media use in the digital age: Issues and challenges. Background paper prepared for Workshop on Media Research Measures and Methods. Board on Children, Youth, and Families, National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC. Available at <http://www.bocyf.org/030206.html>.

Zimmerman, Frederick J., and Dimitri A.Christakis. (2005). Children’s television viewing and cognitive outcomes: A longitudinal analysis of national data. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 619–625.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2006. Studying Media Effects on Children and Youth: Improving Methods and Measures: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11706.
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Page 22
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The presence and intensity of media influences television, radio, music, computers, films, videos, and the Internet are increasingly recognized as an important part of the social ecology of children and youth, and these influences have become more visible and volatile in recent decades. Research that explores the level and effects of media influences calls for measurements of the quantity and character of exposure to a variety of potentially overlapping media sources, an analysis of the content of the media output, and examination of the social context and relationships that are associated with the media experience.

Recognizing the importance of this research, the Board on Children, Youth, and Families, under the auspices of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine, and with the sponsorship of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, held a workshop in March 2006. Its purpose was twofold: to examine the quality of the measures used in studies of the effects of media on children's health and development and to identify gaps in both research and practice. The goal was for a variety of experts to consider steps and strategies that could move this research forward and improve its utility for helping parents, practitioners, and policy makers guide young people in navigating a media-rich environment.

Studying Media Effects on Children and Youth provides a summary of that discussion, supplemented with information from two papers prepared for the workshop. It begins with an examination of the potential impact of media exposure, followed by a description of the basic research questions and the methods currently used to study them. Methodological questions and challenges and theoretical approaches are described; they are discussed from the perspective of other kinds of epidemiological research. This report closes with a discussion of future directions for the field.

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