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Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?
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Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?
Index
A
Academic partnerships, 39-41, 56, 135, 241, 259-260, 266, 269, 289, 311, 416
Accountability, 140, 145-146, 205, 206, 217, 252, 262, 372
ACNielsen Fresh Foods Homescan data, 207-208
Action for Healthy Kids, 237, 286, 288
Action plans for prevention
community, 238
country and regional initiatives, 354-356
public health approach, 128
state, 136-137, 141
ACT!vate Omaha, 243
Active Living by Design, 98, 175, 240
Active Living Leadership, 240
Ad Council, 124, 192, 195
Administration for Children and Families, 396
Adolescents. See Childhood and adolescent obesity;
Children and youth
Adults.
See also Parents and caregivers
diabetes, 26
obesity risk and prevalence, 24, 25, 83, 112
Advergames, 196
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, 86
Advertising and marketing
advergames, 196
bans and restrictions, 257, 304
branding, 175-176, 190, 196
Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 219, 374, 418
communication venues, 190-197, 413
consumer promotion, 173
definitions of terms, 173
and eating behavior, 193
evaluation of health promotion initiatives, 192, 193, 209, 210, 211, 215
expenditures, 172, 174
federal monitoring and support, 168, 195-197, 214, 216, 418
food industry, 172, 174, 188, 190, 191, 193-197, 206
guideline development, 116, 117, 168, 193-197, 214-215, 216, 219, 405, 413, 418
health promotion, 191-193, 251
in-store merchandising and promotion activities, 184, 191
integrated marketing, 172, 193, 196, 380
Internet, 190, 196
prevention of obesity through, 55, 123-124;
see also Public education
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promotion of products, 170, 173, 384, 386
public-private partnerships, 192
public service advertising, 124, 183, 191, 192, 385
recommendations, 115, 116, 168, 169, 196, 214
research data, 13, 55, 66-67, 207-208, 219, 304, 397, 418, 419
in schools, 290, 304
self-regulation by industry, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 216, 413
spokescharacters, 170, 175, 191, 192, 193, 195, 209, 215
standards development, 169, 170
strategies, venues, and vehicles, 190-193
targeting children, 62, 180, 190, 197, 402, 413
television commercials, 174, 190-191, 208
tracking, 208
trade associations and groups relevant to, 194-195
unmeasured media, 208, 388-389
viral marketing, 190
vulnerability of children to, 197, 397
workshop, 196-197
Advocacy and advocacy groups, 51, 97, 194, 202, 247, 249, 250, 251
Aetna Foundation, 203, 237
African Americans.
See also Diverse populations;
High-risk populations;
Race/ethnicity
diabetes, 79
interventions for, 93, 95-96, 97, 128, 202, 236-237, 298-299, 332, 333, 337, 400
obesity trends, 74, 76, 77, 79, 83
socioeconomic status, 82, 83
surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98
Afterschool Alliance, 299
Age
and brand recognition, 175
and child obesity trends, 24, 25, 76
and diabetes, 79-80
and effectiveness of family-based programs, 334
and physical activity rates, 357
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 396
Agricultural policies, 112, 123, 476
Alaska, 26, 74, 94-95, 202, 399
All Kids Count program, 252
Alliance for a Healthier Generation, 45-46, 202-203, 240, 288
America on the Move®, 202, 204, 238
American Academy of Family Physicians, 249, 331
American Academy of Pediatrics, 27, 51, 122, 249, 329, 392-393, 399
American Advertising Federation, 194
American Association of Advertising Agencies, 194
American Beverage Association, 45, 203
American Cancer Society, 51, 237
American Community Survey, 131
American Diabetes Association, 27
American Dietetic Association, 331
American Heart Association, 45, 49, 51, 202, 237, 260, 288, 294
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations, 177, 179
American Indians/Alaska Natives.
See also Diverse populations;
High-risk populations;
Race/ethnicity
access to health care, 84
community mapping, 266
diabetes, 79-80, 89-90, 94, 266
interventions for, 89-90, 94-95, 119, 122, 123, 128, 202, 238, 245, 246, 290, 332-333, 399
obesity trends, 74, 77-78
surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98, 262, 263
American Marketing Association, 195
American Public Health Association, 237
American School Health Association, 305
Arizona, 26, 122, 265, 282, 305
Arkansas, 140, 142, 185, 282, 283, 287, 303, 304, 335
Asians/Pacific Islanders.
See also Diverse populations;
High-risk populations;
Race/ethnicity
obesity trends, 74, 77, 78-79, 85
programs targeting, 128
surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98, 144
Assessment, defined, 372.
See also Evaluation of programs and policies
Association of National Advertisers, 194, 195
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Association of State and Territorial Directors of Health Promotion and Public Health Education, 237
B
Back to Sleep campaign, 336-337
Be Smart - Be Fit - Be Yourself program, 238
Behavioral branding, 175, 373
Behavioral research, 154-155
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 24, 26, 112, 128, 129, 132-133, 262, 342, 358, 390-391, 397
Beverages. See Food and beverage industries;
Foods and beverages;
School foods and beverages
Bexar County (Texas) Community Health Collaborative, 241-242, 243
Bike, Walk, and Wheel Week, 245
Black Entertainment Television (BET) Foundation, 202
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts, 250
Body mass index
collective efficacy of communities and, 234-235
comorbidities, 144
defined, 373-374
distribution trends, 76, 77-78, 234-235
ethnicity and, 77-79, 83, 85
obesity definition, 17 n.1, 374
as outcome measure, 128, 210, 211, 212, 250, 253
report card, 66
school screening, 138, 140, 283, 287, 303-304
socioeconomic status and, 83
surveys, 50, 77, 130-131, 390-391
Body weight
healthy, 17 n.2, 379
management programs, 94, 251
survey data, 130-131, 143, 390-393
Border Health Strategic Initiative, 241
Boy Scouts, 284
Boys and Girls Clubs of America, 202, 236, 284
Branding and brand recognition, 175-176, 184, 189-190, 196, 197-199, 212, 216, 290, 373
Breastfeeding, 338, 390-393
Built environment.
See also Community-based strategies;
Local communities
cultural considerations, 244, 245, 246
designing for physical activity, 229, 230-231, 244-246
and eating behavior, 247-249
evaluation of interventions, 64-65, 400
examples of changes, 243-249
food access, 93, 244, 247-249, 266
funding for research and changes, 231, 245, 246
implementation actions for, 230-231, 244
land use and zoning policies, 112, 140, 153, 233, 244, 248, 257, 380
mixed-use concepts, 300
outcome measures, 261
parks, playgrounds, and recreational facilities, 242, 244, 245, 257, 264
recommendations, 115, 239-240
research needs, 115, 116
safety considerations, 62, 64-65, 230, 233-234, 244, 246, 298
school siting, 112
smart growth initiatives, 140, 244, 245, 263
spatial mapping technologies, 248, 265-266, 270, 419
surveillance and monitoring, 261, 263
transportation issues, 244, 247
walking and biking opportunities, 112, 139, 140, 244, 245, 246, 254, 255, 261, 264, 298
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 262
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 174n.4
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 131, 261
C
California
Adolescent Nutrition and Fitness Program, 51
BMI screening in schools, 304
Center for Public Health Advocacy, 51, 263
Department of Education, 263
Department of Health Services, 54, 153, 250
enhancements to built environment, 245
Fit WIC program, 122, 239, 333
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5 a Day Campaign, 51
food policy council, 248
GEMS pilot program, 299
Governor’s Summit for a Healthy California, 137
Health Interview Survey, 262
integration of programs, 141-142
Latino Childhood Obesity Prevention Initiative, 93-94
Marin County SRTS program, 54
Nutrition Network for Healthy, Active Families, 250
population diversity, 80-81
Safe Routes to School, 246, 298
school food standards, 282, 293, 304
Sonoma County Family Activity and Nutrition Task Force, 242
surveillance and monitoring, 143, 153
Teen Eating, Exercise, and Nutrition Survey (CalTEENS), 50, 51
worksite farmer’s markets, 250
The California Endowment, 22, 201, 239-240
California Medical Association (CMA) Foundation, 250
Calories.
See also Energy
defined, 374
discretionary, 181, 199, 376-377
intakes from restaurant food, 187-188
reducing intakes, 202
Camp Fire USA Alaska Council, 202
Canada, 264, 354
Cancer, 76
Cardiovascular disease, 76, 77, 79, 95, 96
Carol M. White Physical Education Program Grants, 296-297, 401
Carolina Population Center, 390-391
CATCH Kids Club, 298
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 91, 331
academic partnerships, 266
BMI charts, 77 n.1
capacity-building activities, 9-10, 56-57, 127-128, 150, 153, 157, 216, 237, 396, 405
Division of Adolescent and School Health, 287
evaluation guidelines, 42, 44, 154, 257, 259
grants program, 120, 148, 305, 311, 397
health promotion activities, 192, 287, 397
Healthy Days Measures, 265
nutrition and physical activity programs, 41, 55, 66, 119, 120, 121, 124-125, 126, 127-128, 144, 246, 291, 297, 303, 305, 312, 315, 396, 397, 398, 404
Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, 300
Prevention Research Centers, 41, 135, 397
REACH initiative, 95, 97, 98, 241, 257
recommended role, 14, 157, 219, 291, 361, 418
research activities, 397
School Health Index, 265, 285, 303, 396
surveillance and monitoring activities, 24, 66, 112, 130-131, 132, 142-143, 144, 154, 262, 285, 312, 390-393, 397-398, 405
VERB campaign, 12, 55, 124-125, 126, 130, 158, 175, 397
Wellness Policy Tool, 286
Champion for Healthy Kids™ grants program, 201
Chartbook on the Health and Well-Being of Children, 399
Cherokee Choices, 95, 98
Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health, 332
Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 122, 403
Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, 119, 284-286, 290, 328, 405
Child Nutrition Labeling Program, 402
Childhood and adolescent obesity.
See also Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity
and adult obesity risk, 83
adverse childhood experiences and, 86
at-risk population, 17, 77 n.1, 78
causes of epidemic, 62, 175, 243-244
comorbid health risks, 76, 77, 79-80
defined, 17 n.1
health care costs, 25-26, 83
integrated care delivery, 203
risk factors, 84
trends, 24-26, 77-79, 84
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Children and youth.
See also Infants
ad targeting of, 62, 190, 197, 402, 413
balanced diet, 373
BMI distributions, 234-235
brand awareness and loyalty, 175, 190, 198
caloric intakes from away-from-home foods, 187-188
critical development periods, 86
diabetes, 79
energy balance, 181, 280, 377
energy expenditure, 64, 377
healthy weight, 17 n.2, 379
in poverty, 83
vulnerability to advertising, 197, 397
Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 219, 374, 418
Coalitions
community, 39-41, 191, 229, 230, 232, 238, 241-243
defined, 48 n.7, 374.
See also individual coalitions
Cochrane Database, 23, 337
Collaboration, defined, 48 n.7, 372-375
Collective efficacy and, 89, 100, 234-235, 267, 375
Colorado, 127, 245
Communities of Excellence in Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Prevention (CX3) database, 153
Community-based strategies.
See also Built environment;
Local communities;
School programs and policies
academic partnerships, 39-41, 56, 135, 241, 259-260, 266, 269, 416
advocacy, 97, 247, 249
barriers to implementation, 87-88
capacity-building, 9, 39-41, 56, 100, 128, 228, 240, 269, 416
coalition building, 39-41, 191, 229, 230, 232, 238, 241-243
collective efficacy and, 89, 100, 234-235, 267, 375
corporate-sponsored, 141, 201-203, 204, 238, 240, 258, 416
culturally competent approaches, 9, 88 n.5, 89-90, 92-98, 100, 124, 128, 157, 233, 234, 236-237, 238, 253, 258, 260, 267, 269, 416
data collection and analysis, 261-264, 270, 419
demonstration projects, 93-94, 95, 239-240
design of interventions, 97-98
determinants of progress, 252-253
disseminating and using evaluation results, 11, 14, 267-268, 270, 419, 421, 422
evaluation approaches, 9-10, 96-99, 229, 232, 234, 236, 237, 241-242, 247, 269, 416
examples of promising practices, 235-252
faith-based organizations, 90, 96, 229, 237
food-access-related, 90, 93, 139, 140, 230, 247-249, 257, 289
food policy councils, 247-248
foundation partnerships, 94, 201-203, 229, 239-241
framework for evaluation, 61, 253-254, 255-256
funding, 115, 117, 153, 201, 231, 238, 239-241, 245, 246, 247, 258-259, 269, 297, 416
gardens and markets, 93, 247, 248, 250-251, 254, 256
by health providers and organizations, 229, 231, 237, 241, 249-252
healthy communities movement, 241
for high-risk populations, 87-97, 239-240
implementation actions for, 114-115, 230, 413-414, 416, 419, 422
indicators of progress, 257, 265
leadership and collaboration, 9, 39-40, 230-232, 233, 240, 241, 257, 251-252, 254, 255-256, 268-269, 423-424
legislation, 139, 140, 246
mapping initiatives, 242, 264, 266, 298
measuring risk and protective factors, 267
natural experiments, 155, 266-267, 270, 382, 419
needs and next steps, 13-14, 254, 257-268, 360-361
nutrition-related, 94, 95, 139, 237, 238, 240, 258, 289, 290
outcome and performance measures, 236, 241, 253, 254-256, 260, 261
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participatory research, 57, 89, 99, 234, 241, 248, 258
physical activity opportunities, 90-91, 94, 95, 129, 139, 140, 204, 237, 258, 296, 297
program-level tools, 248-249
public-private partnerships, 94, 128, 231, 237-238, 240, 247, 258-259, 266, 413
recommendations, 9-10, 114-115, 229, 230, 268-270, 413-414
resources and commitment, 9, 233, 254, 255-256, 258-259
safety focus, 93, 233-234
school-related, 289, 290, 298
stakeholders, 232, 241
sites for, 236-237, 260
surveillance and monitoring, 10, 90, 144, 261-264, 269-270, 419
system-level tools, 242, 248-249, 375
task force/coordinating committee, 139
taxes on energy-dense foods, 139, 140
tools for self-assessing and planning, 13- 14, 242, 248-249, 258, 264-265, 268, 270, 419
wellness initiatives, 96, 176, 201, 239, 250, 260, 268
workplace opportunities, 176, 229, 238, 250-251
by youth organizations, 236, 248, 375
Community Tool Box, 264
Connecticut, 202, 248
Consortium to Lower Obesity in Chicago Children, 243
Consumer information, 119.
See also Nutrition education;
Nutrition labeling
Cooperative extension services, 238
Coordinated Approach To Child Health (CATCH) program, 135, 296, 298
Coordinated School Health program, 397
Coordination of activities
defined, 48 n.7, 375
of federal prevention activities, 117, 129, 134-135, 148-150, 156, 402
of funding for programs, 148-150
incentives and rewards for, 159
recommendations and implementations actions, 156
of research activities, 134-135, 148, 149
of state prevention activities, 140-142
of surveillance and monitoring, 132, 144
Council of Better Business Bureaus, 194, 195, 197, 214
Council of State Governments, 136
Cultural competence, 88, 376
Culturally appropriate strategies.
See also Diverse populations;
Race/ethnicity;
built environment and, 244, 245, 246
community-based, 9, 88 n.5, 89-90, 92-98, 100, 124, 128, 157, 233, 234, 236-237, 238, 253, 258, 260, 267, 269, 416
constituency-based, 233
defined, 376
evaluation of programs, 9, 36, 37, 70, 96-99, 157, 258, 414-417
participatory research, 98, 234
D
Dance Dance Revolution®, 189, 297
Data.
See also Research, obesity-related;
Surveillance and monitoring
collection and analysis, 36, 49, 57-58, 66, 98-99, 142, 238, 261-264, 270, 312, 419
fitness, 263
proprietary, 207-208, 216, 385, 418
Delaware, 293
Demonstration projects, 93-94, 95, 239-240
Diabetes, type 2
in adults, 26
age and, 79-80
in children, 79
in ethnic minority groups, 76, 79-80, 89-90, 94, 95, 266
integrated care delivery, 203
prevalence, 76
prevention studies and programs, 89-90, 94, 95, 128, 192, 203, 241
Diet
balanced, 373
socioeconomic status and, 82
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 118-119, 121-122, 130, 131, 183, 197, 198, 199, 206, 344, 376, 339, 404
Dietary intake
consumer estimates of, 357
evaluation of, 289
measuring, 62, 63-64, 314
parental work experience and children’s intakes, 329
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state initiatives, 136
surveys, 143, 158, 390-393
Dietary interventions
community-based, 238
home-based, 260, 329, 333, 336, 337
Dietary Reference Intakes, 197
District of Columbia, 26, 81
Diverse populations.
See also Community-based strategies;
Culturally appropriate strategies;
High-risk populations;
Low-income populations;
Race/ethnicity;
individual ethnic groups
evaluation of interventions for, 96-99
geographic variation, 80-81
health disparities and health outcomes, 85-87
health effects of obesity, 79-80
immigration and acculturation issues, 80-81, 83-85
implementation of recommendations, 414-421
interventions and policy levers for high-risk subgroups, 87-96, 129
recommendations for, 9-10, 70, 100, 414-421
sociodemographic profiles, 80-81
socioeconomic status, 81-83
surveillance and monitoring, 10, 98-99, 417-421
transferability of interventions, 65
DoD Fresh Program, 123, 290, 405
E
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, 95
Eat Smart, Grow Strong™ Campaign, 199, 335
Eat Smart. Play Hard. campaign, 334-335, 344, 403
Eating behavior
advertising and, 193
breakfast, 84, 337
built environment and, 247-249
home environment and, 337
promoting healthy food choices, 122, 181, 339, 340
public perceptions of, 355
research initiatives, 240
socioeconomic status and, 82
TV viewing during meals and, 85
Eating disorders, 42
Economic costs of obesity, 25-26
Education. See Public education
Electronic media.
See also Television;
Videogames
home environment, 337, 357
screen time, 302, 380, 386
Electronic Retailing Self-Regulation Program, 194, 197
Employers and worksite interventions, 204, 238, 338
Energy
balance, 181, 280, 377
density of foods, 377
expenditure, 64, 377
intake, 63-64, 377
measurement of, 63-64
Entertainment industry. See Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries;
Media and entertainment industry;
Television
Environment.
See also Built environment;
Community-based strategies;
Home environment;
School
defined, 377
obesogenic, 382
Environmental justice, 377
Ethnic groups. See Culturally appropriate strategies;
Diverse populations;
Race/ethnicity;
individual ethnic groups
Evaluation of programs and policies.
See also Framework for evaluation;
Research, obesity-related;
individual sectors
accountability and transparency, 140, 145-146, 205, 206, 217, 372
adverse or unanticipated impacts, 42, 54
audiences for, 3, 35-36
automobile and highway safety model, 65
availability, 396-405
barriers to, 27-28
baseline measures, 39
BMI distribution as measure of change, 50
capacity building, 9-10, 12-13, 56, 62, 70, 153-154, 157, 212-214, 218, 258-260, 311-312, 317, 415-419
case studies, 59
causation issues, 62, 63
changing negative perceptions about, 4-5, 27-28, 56-61
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technical assistance, 142, 153, 154, 286
tools for, 13-14, 49-50, 64, 66, 146, 242, 248-249, 258, 264-265, 268, 270, 286, 293, 419
training for, 41, 154, 259
translating and transferring findings, 4, 62, 65-66, 68
types, 33-34, 36, 37
Evaluative research, 378, 381
Exercise. See Physical activity
F
Faith-based organizations, 90, 96, 229, 237
Family-based interventions. See Home environment;
Parents and caregivers
Farm Bill, 123
Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program, 403
Farmers’ markets, 139, 140, 403
Fast food, 187, 378.
See also Restaurant industry and restaurants
Fat, dietary, discretionary, 377
Federal Communications Commission, 156, 216, 401, 412
Federal government.
See also Public health programs;
individual departments and agencies
accountability, 145-146
advertising oversight, 168, 195-197, 214, 216
capacity-building activities, 9-10, 56-57, 113, 117, 126-129, 146, 150-151, 153, 157, 237, 396, 402, 405
context for congressional action, 112-113
coordination of activities, 117, 129, 134-135, 148-150, 155, 156, 402
determinants of success, 145, 146
evaluation of programs, 9-10, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124-126, 128, 130, 131, 145-146, 153-154, 155-156, 157, 216, 396-405
funding and expenditures for programs, 117, 120-126, 127, 131, 132-133, 146, 148, 155, 397
implementation of recommendations, 9-10, 114, 157, 158
industry collaboration with, 124, 213-214, 305
interagency collaboration, 114, 119, 123, 128, 134-135, 149, 150, 290, 404-405
leadership activities, 9, 117-120, 134, 145, 146, 152, 291, 311, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405
nutrition and physical activity programs, 51, 54, 112, 118-119, 121-122, 127-128, 129, 131, 238
obesity prevention goals, 119
policymaking and regulatory activities, 118, 119, 121, 123, 146, 401, 402
programs for obesity prevention, 127-129, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402-403, 404, 405
public health mission, 113, 117
recommendations for, 9, 10, 114, 117-118, 121, 123, 126-127, 130, 152, 216
research activities, 109, 133-135, 145, 216, 396, 397, 400, 403-404
responsibilities, 109, 110, 113, 117, 153
stakeholder workshop, 118
surveillance and monitoring activities, 24, 66, 98, 112, 128, 129, 130-133, 142-143, 144, 145, 154, 155, 158, 262, 285, 390-393, 397-398, 399, 400, 401, 405
task force, 12, 119-120, 134-135, 137, 139, 148, 152, 156, 400
technical assistance from, 109, 127, 128, 153, 213
Federal Highway Administration, 131, 245, 261
Federal Interagency Working Group on Overweight and Obesity, 134, 155, 404
Federal Trade Commission, 116, 117, 118, 130, 156, 168, 170, 195-197, 215, 216, 402, 405, 412
50 Schools in 50 States Initiative, 401
Filipinos, 79
Fit City Madison, 243
Fit, Healthy, and Ready to Learn, 286
Fit WIC, 122, 239, 331, 333, 403
Fitness
award programs, 302
community-based strategies, 236, 258
data collection and analysis, 263
surveys, 313
testing/evaluating, 49-50, 300-301, 304
Fitnessgram®/Activitygram®, 49-50, 66, 301
5 a Day and Fresh from Florida, 289-290
Florida Interagency Food and Nutrition Agency, 141
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Focus groups, 57, 236, 378
Food and beverage industries.
See also Advertising and marketing;
Foods and beverages;
Restaurant industry and restaurants;
School food and beverages
advertising and marketing practices, 172, 174, 188, 190, 191, 193-197, 206
AHA recommendations to, 177, 179
branding/branded products, 175, 184, 190, 197-199, 290
consumer information and education, 197-201, 209, 210, 213, 335
corporate foundations, 201-202
corporate social reporting, 204-205
economic characteristics, 172, 174, 179-180
evaluation of changes, 182, 184, 187, 205-207, 208-210, 212
examples of innovations, 45, 182-184
federal regulation, 188, 201
indicators of progress, 206-207, 212-213
Internet marketing, 190
litigation, 188
motivation for change, 185, 213, 220, 422
phases of response to obesity epidemic, 177
product cross-promotions, 191
product development and reformulation, 168, 169, 177-186
public-private partnerships, 183, 191, 198, 199, 418
recommendations to, 168, 169, 177, 179, 418
restrictions on school sales, 291
retailers, 169, 170, 179-180, 184, 191, 199, 200, 205, 213, 219
sales to young consumers, 179-181, 207, 290
targeted marketing of foods, 180
Food and Drug Administration, 177
nutrition labeling regulation, 115, 117-118, 198, 201, 216, 398
nutrition standards, 197
obesity prevention activities, 260, 398-399
Obesity Working Group, 200, 201, 398
recommendations for, 216, 219, 418
Food and Nutrition Service, 121
Food assistance. See Nutrition assistance programs
Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, 404
Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, 403
Food insecurity, 82, 131
Food Marketing to Children report recommendations, 167, 169-170, 196, 207, 216
Food policy councils, 247-248
Food security, 90
Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program (FSNEP), 121, 129, 132, 344, 403
Food Stamp Program (FSP), 12, 90, 120, 122, 142, 250, 359, 402
Food Trust of Philadelphia, 247
Foods and beverages.
See also Advertising and marketing;
School foods and beverages
access and opportunity issues, 62, 90, 93, 121, 139, 140, 230, 244, 247-249, 251, 257, 266, 289
added sugars, 182, 198
away-from-home foods, 177, 186, 187-188, 200, 372;
see also Restaurant industry and restaurants
brand recognition and loyalty, 175
built environment, 93, 244, 247-249, 266
community-based interventions, 90, 93, 139, 140, 230, 237, 247-249, 250-251, 257, 289
consumption drivers, 178-179, 184-186, 188
consumption trends, 84, 175, 187-188, 390-391
convenience products, 180, 187
costs, 178
demand for healthier foods, 183-185, 188
fat content, 182, 188, 198
fruits and vegetables, 93, 175, 181, 183, 184, 188, 189, 191, 193, 198, 208, 237, 390-391
gardens and markets, 93, 247, 248, 250-251, 254, 256
grocery store selection and placement of, 169, 170, 184
at home, 260, 329, 333, 336, 337
“house” or value brands, 184
labels and nutrition information, 115, 117-118, 168, 178, 187, 190, 197-199, 200, 201, 206, 213, 216, 382, 399, 402
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marketing research data, 207-208
meal planning tools, 199
organic and natural foods, 183
packaging and presentation, 168, 169, 175, 178, 184, 186-187, 206
policy and political considerations, 121, 123, 188, 201
portion/serving sizes, 45, 178, 184, 187, 199, 201, 203, 383
promotion of healthful foods, 175, 183, 189, 197-201
rating, 169, 200
reduced-calorie products, 182, 198
snack foods, 181, 186-187, 191, 213
sodas and fruit drinks, 84, 139, 140, 180-181, 203
sodium content, 182, 198, 201
taste/flavor, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184-185, 186
taxes on energy-dense foods, 139, 140
vitamin and mineral content, 182
Foundations.
See also individual foundations
community partnerships, 94, 201-203, 229, 239-241
corporate, 201-202
funding from, 201-203
Framework for evaluation
application to interventions, 60-61, 208-212, 252-254, 255-256
of capacity building, 150-152
CDC guidelines, 42, 44
communities, 61, 253-254, 255-256
components, 43, 44-55
criteria for judging design, quality, or changes, 7, 37-38, 182
crosscutting factors, 5-7, 42, 43, 44, 55
government progress assessment, 148-152
industry progress assessment, 208-212
outcomes, 5, 34, 43, 44, 50-55
questions to guide policies and interventions, 4, 18, 56-61
scope and maturity of program and, 61
strategies and actions, 5, 46-50, 60-61, 209, 210-211
Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP), 120, 123, 290-291, 344, 403
Fruit and Vegetables Galore, 290
Fruits and Veggies—More Matters!™, 175, 198
Funding for programs
assessing progress in, 121, 127
community-based interventions, 115, 117, 153, 201, 231, 239-241, 245, 246, 247, 258-259, 269, 297, 416
cooperative agreements, 121, 124
coordination of, 148-150
discretionary or competitive project grants, 120
entitlements, 120
evaluation of adequacy of, 5, 42, 45-46, 60-61, 121, 127, 146, 148-150, 209-211, 240, 241, 266-267
for evaluation studies, 8, 26-27, 28, 38, 41, 42, 62, 64, 69, 119, 125, 214, 219, 247, 258-259, 266, 269, 387, 416
federal, 117, 120-126, 127, 131, 132-133, 146, 148, 155, 397
of food and nutrition programs, 120
formula and block grants, 120, 399
industry, 201-203, 209, 210, 211, 240, 305, 421-422
need-based formula grants, 121
physical activity, 296-297, 401
from private foundations, 201-203
for research, 158, 250
school-related programs, 116, 143-144, 203, 283-284, 286-287, 290, 291, 296-297, 305, 313-314
surveillance and monitoring, 131, 132-133, 142, 262
G
Games for Health, 189
Garden Mosaic Project, 93
Gender and obesity trends, 24, 76, 78, 83
Geographic information systems, 248, 265-266, 270, 378, 419
Georgia, 21-22, 92, 136, 201, 240, 245, 260, 294
Georgia FitKid Project, 298
Girl Scouts, 236, 284
Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS), 236-237, 299, 337
Girls on the Run, 204, 238
GirlSports, 236
Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, 204, 205
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Office of Minority Health, 400-401
Office of Public Health and Science, 405
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 134
Office of the Surgeon General, 27, 401
Ohio, 123
Oklahoma, 282, 328
Oregon, 127, 248
Outcomes
advertising and marketing changes, 215
behavioral, 53, 54, 97, 210, 211, 212, 254-256, 286, 373
BMI, 128, 210, 211, 212, 250, 253
capacity-building measures, 150-152
categories, 50-55
cognitive, 52-53, 210, 211, 254-256, 286, 374
community programs and policies, 236, 241, 253, 254-256, 260, 261
data systems for tracking, 131
defined, 27 n.5, 34, 382
dietary, 286
environmental, 52, 210, 211, 212, 254-256, 306-308, 377
evaluation, 36, 37, 39, 50-55, 123, 210, 211, 254-256, 383
health, 53, 55, 82, 85-86, 149, 150, 151, 210, 211, 212, 253, 379
individual-level, 54, 306-308, 311
institutional, 51, 52, 148-150, 212, 254-256, 286, 380
intermediate, 8, 28, 97, 253, 306
long-term, 8, 306
negative impacts, 54, 303, 339
population-level, 54, 65, 306-308
short-term, 8, 28, 97, 253
social, 52-53, 210, 211, 254-256, 386
structural and systemic, 51, 52, 64-65, 140-150, 151, 210, 211, 254-256, 286, 306-308, 386, 387
Outputs, defined, 90 n.7, 383
P
Pacific Islanders. See Asians/Pacific Islanders
Parent Teacher Association, 328
Parents’ Action for Children, 327
Parents and caregivers
as advocates, 327, 328, 339
and BMI screening for children, 303
checklist for, 342
eating behavior, 333
educational materials for, 204, 238
meal planning tools, 199
media campaigns targeting, 191
mobilizing, 335
monitoring lifestyle changes, 10, 100, 157, 181, 269-270, 419
participation in interventions, 93-94, 203, 298-299, 327-328, 339
perception of weight as health issue, 122, 249, 330-331
physical activity patterns of, 392-393
physician counseling of, 331
promoting healthy food choices, 122, 181, 339, 340
promoting physical activity, 298-299, 340
resources and support, 327-328, 334, 339, 342, 396
role modeling, 123-124, 125, 192, 330, 332-333, 335, 336, 339
toolkit for obesity prevention, 396
worksite health promotion, 204, 238, 339
Parents as Teachers National Center, 327
Parks, playgrounds, and recreational facilities, 242, 244, 245, 257, 264
Partnership for a Healthy West Virginia, 49, 50, 245
PATH Foundation, 245
Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS), 130, 132, 133, 392-393, 398
PE4Life, 204
PedNet Coalition, 245
Pennsylvania, 127, 142, 286, 288, 293, 304, 315
Fresh Food Financing Initiative, 247
Physical activity.
See also Inactivity;
Sedentary behaviors;
Walking and biking opportunities
active living, 98, 175, 240, 372
after-school programs, 297, 298-299, 337
age and, 357
barriers to increasing, 296
behavioral curricula, 302
branded equipment, 189-190, 216, 418
built environment and, 62, 91, 112, 229, 230-231, 244-246, 300
classroom curricula, 91-92, 296, 302
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community-based, 90-91, 94, 95, 129, 139, 140, 204, 237, 258, 296, 297, 299
competitive sports, 297
dance classes, 236-237, 297, 299, 337
defined, 383
documentation of programs, 297
effectiveness of interventions, 125, 126
evaluation of programs and policies, 49-50, 54, 64, 92, 124-125, 126, 189, 208-209, 211-212, 293-302
examples of innovative programs, 91-92, 94, 95-96, 124-125, 202
family promotion of, 236-237, 260, 298-299, 336, 337, 340, 341
fitness evaluation, 300-301
funding for programs, 296-297, 401
home environment and, 236-237, 260, 299, 336, 337, 341
indicators of program success, 128-129
industry-sponsored efforts, 168, 191, 192, 204, 208-209, 211-212, 297, 418
legislation, 138
in low-income communities, 90-92, 202
measurement of, 64, 313-314
media promotion, 191, 192
PE classes and recess, 91, 92, 138, 282-283, 286, 294-296, 300, 305
public-private partnerships, 204
race/ethnicity and, 55, 91-92, 93-94
recommendations, 91, 168
research activities, 135, 296
safety considerations, 62, 64-65, 91, 138, 230, 233-234, 244, 246
school-based interventions, 48, 49-50, 51, 54, 91-92, 93-94, 95, 112, 129, 138, 204, 234, 237, 246, 281, 292-302, 309, 313
social environment and, 62
socioeconomic status and, 82
standards, 140, 294
state initiatives, 136, 294-296, 300
surveillance and monitoring, 50, 130, 158, 294, 296, 297, 299-301, 313, 390-393
videogames, 189, 297
Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC), 92
Physical Activity Policy Research Network, 135
Physical education, 91, 92, 138, 282-283, 286, 294-296, 300, 305
Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, 300
Physical environment. See Built environment
Physical fitness. See Fitness
Physicians for Healthy Communities, 250
Pilot programs, 38, 41, 116, 122, 123, 142, 198, 239, 245, 298, 313, 331
Pima Indians, 89-90
Planet Health, 54-55, 135
Play Across Boston, 244
Policymaking and regulation
advertising industry, 116, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 216, 413
agricultural policies, 121, 123
definition, 33 n.2, 383
evaluation of, 49-50, 59, 61, 66, 146, 305
evidence-based, 65-66
federal activities, 118, 119, 121, 123, 146, 401, 402
food industry, 188, 201
media campaign to support, 123-124
monitoring compliance with, 130
nutrition education, 118
parental role, 328
reforms and revisions, 111-112, 121-122
research network, 135
surveying changes in, 131, 144, 154, 263, 264, 306, 309
tools and toolkits for, 136, 286
Portion sizes, 45, 383
Poverty
guidelines, 82 n.4, 383-384
and health, 81-82
rates, 82
thresholds, 384
Pre-Assessment of Community-Based Obesity Prevention Interventions Project, 56-57
Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System, 132
Presidential Champions program, 301
President’s Challenge, 301 401
President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, 297, 313, 401
Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity
age-related trends, 24, 25, 76
BMI distribution, 76, 77
defined, 384
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gender differences, 24, 76, 78
international dimension, 353
racial/ethnic disparities, 24, 74, 76, 77-79, 83, 85
regional differences, 77
socioeconomic status and, 24, 26, 76, 77
surveillance and monitoring, 143
tipping point in epidemic, 176, 352
trends, 24-25, 77-78, 112-113
Prevention of childhood/adolescent obesity.
See also Action plan for prevention;
Interventions;
Progress in preventing obesity;
individual sectors and programs
barriers to, 249
best practices, 8, 34-35, 373
collaboration among sectors, 50
comprehensive approach, 20, 75
contexts for, 75-87, 112-113
cross-cutting approaches, 141-142
definitions, 384
evidence-based approach, 8
federal commitment to, 396-405
global dimension, 353, 354-356
goals, 29, 119
individual-level approach, 29
intermediate goals, 29
leadership, 9, 45-46
next steps, 11-15, 358-362
population-level approach, 29
portfolio approach to planning, 35
promising practices, 8, 27, 34, 37, 129, 384
resource allocation, 8, 9, 45-46
sectors where actions can be taken, 44-45;
see also Government;
Industry
social environment and, 353-358
sociocultural considerations, 55
stakeholders, 1, 17, 32
systems approach, 28, 46, 62, 387
targeted to high-risk populations, 387
task force, 119-120
underinvestment in, 1
Prevention Research Centers, 41, 135, 397
Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grants, 397
Produce for Better Health (PBH) Foundation, 191, 198, 237-238, 289
Produce Marketing Association, 258
Program, defined, 33 n.3
Program Assessment Rating Tool, 146
Programs.
See also Interventions;
individual programs
defined, 384
sustainability, 386-387
Progress in preventing obesity
determinants of, 144-146, 205-207, 252-253, 306-309, 337-338
examples of, 92-96
indicators of, 33-34, 42, 45-46, 64, 66, 67, 68, 93-94, 99, 128-129, 206-207, 213-214, 257, 265, 302, 380
issues in assessing, 1-2, 26-28
measurement challenges, 207-208
needs and next steps, 11-15, 152-155, 212-217, 254, 257-268, 351-361
symposia on, 21-22, 92-93, 171, 198, 236, 237, 240, 260, 281-282, 286, 289, 294, 296, 311
Protective factors, 385
Public education.
See also Nutrition education
evaluation and monitoring component, 61
industry-sponsored, 55, 123-124, 199-201
media campaigns, 115, 123-124
nutrition and physical activity programs, 199
Public health programs.
See also Health-care services and providers;
Prevention of childhood/adolescent obesity
agricultural policies and, 121
capacity building, 126
community preventive services, 237
defined, 120, 385
evaluation of, 120
funding and resource allocation, 120-121
health screening, 237
horizontal integration, 140-141
mission, 113, 117
prevention programs, 90, 237
social norm changes through, 239
surveillance and monitoring, 130-133
training of staff, 150, 151, 259
vertical integration, 389
Public Law 109-108, 118
Public relations campaigns, 123-124, 385
Public service announcements, 124, 183, 191, 192, 385
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Q
Quality of life, 385
Quick-serve restaurants, 385
R
Race/ethnicity.
See also African Americans;
American Indians/Alaska Natives;
Asians/Pacific Islanders;
Diverse populations;
Hispanics/Latinos
acculturation issues, 84-85
and BMI, 77-79, 83, 85
defined, 385
and diabetes, 76, 79-80, 89-90, 94, 95, 266
faith-based interventions, 237
and health, 76, 85-86
industry-sponsored programs, 201-203
interventions targeted to, 92-101, 124-125, 126, 201-203, 400
and physical activity, 55, 90-92, 93-94
prevalence of obesity, 24, 74, 76, 77-79, 83-85
surveillance and monitoring needs, 98-99
U.S. population diversity, 80
Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health ( REACH) 2010, 95, 97, 98, 241, 257
Recommendations. See individual sectors
Regional Community Health Grants Program, 203
Regional differences in prevalence of obesity, 77
Regulation. See Policymaking and regulation
Research, obesity-related.
See also Evaluation of programs and policies
behavioral, 154-155, 240
on built environment, 115, 116, 135
clinical practice approach, 238
collaborative, 135
community-based, 57, 89, 98, 99, 155, 234
cost-effectiveness analyses, 154
cultural considerations, 98
data sources, 55, 66-67, 207-208, 397
dietary contributions, 135
disseminating results, 10-11, 68, 135, 158
evaluation of adequacy of, 8, 46, 67-68, 150
evaluative, 150, 154-155, 378, 381
federal activities, 109, 133-135, 396, 397, 400, 403-404
focus groups, 57, 236, 378
funding, 158, 250
high-risk populations, 240
home environment, 343
industry initiatives, 214-217
leadership and coordination, 134-135, 148, 149
marketing research data, 207-208
natural experiments, 155, 266-267, 270, 382, 419
needs and next steps, 115, 116, 133, 154-155
networks, 135
participatory, 57, 89, 99, 234, 241, 248, 257, 258
physical activity, 135, 296
population-based, 134, 240
prevention-related, 98, 99, 135
quasi-experimental, 267
randomized controlled trials, 385
recommendations, 158
state and local government activities, 135
Strategic Plan, 134-135
translational, 134-135
Restaurant industry and restaurants
advertising and marketing, 175, 188, 192
bans and restrictions on location, number, and density, 248
branding, 175
children’s menus, 200
demand for healthier foods, 185-186
energy density of foods, 187, 188
evaluation of programs, 205, 213, 418
full-serve restaurants, 177, 185, 187, 188, 200, 213, 216
healthier food options, 168, 177, 185-186, 187, 188, 200, 213
incentive/awards programs for, 185
marketing risk and opportunities, 188
nutrition information, 139, 140, 169, 178, 187, 199, 200-201, 206, 216
portion sizes, 187
presentation of foods. 186, 187-188
quick-serve restaurants, 177, 185, 187-188, 200, 205, 213, 248
recommendations, 168, 169, 200
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Rhode Island, 305
Risk factors, defined, 386
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), 1, 19, 45, 56, 183, 191, 201, 203, 229, 237, 240, 247, 281, 288, 385
Role modeling, 123-124, 125, 192, 252, 330, 332-333, 335, 336, 339
S
Safe Routes to School Program, 51, 54, 120, 138, 234, 246, 298, 401
Safety
in built environment, 62, 64-65, 230, 233-234, 244, 246, 298
community focus, 93, 233-234
defined, 386
schools as community centers, 299, 300
Salsa Sabor y Salud, 202
School Breakfast Program, 119, 122, 285, 290, 386, 403
School foods and beverages
access to healthy foods, 48, 49
advertising, 281, 290, 291, 304
after-school programs, 298
agricultural commodity programs and, 112
cafeteria offerings, 45
challenges for food service managers, 289
competitive foods, 118, 119, 140, 146, 242-243, 282, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 375, 397
evaluation of innovations, 289, 290-293
examples of improvements, 45, 48, 288-293
farm-to-school and garden programs, 290, 293
federal meal programs, 12, 90, 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 131, 146, 281, 285, 288, 290, 292, 382, 386
fresh fruits and vegetables, 123, 248, 289, 290, 298, 302
funding of meals, 123
for fundraisers, 290, 291
garden programs, 248
government accountability for, 146
industry initiatives, 291
meal times, 315
nutrition education programs, 48, 54, 93-94, 124, 129, 146, 280, 282, 283, 302
nutrition guidelines, 203
nutritional quality and standards, 119, 131, 138, 140, 281, 282, 286, 288, 291
pilot programs, 281
portion sizes, 291
recommendations, 116, 291
restricting sales of, 203, 242-243, 288, 291
revenue issues, 289
standards setting, 138, 140, 288
surveys, 285, 288-289, 291-293, 302, 312-313, 392-393
tools for promoting healthy choices, 290
vending machine, 138, 140, 155, 288, 290, 292, 293, 304, 315, 328, 392-393
School Health Index, 265, 285, 292, 300, 301, 305, 309, 314, 396
School Health Policy and Programs Study (SHPPS), 12, 132, 133, 142, 154, 158, 285, 291-292, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 313, 392-393, 398
School Health Profiles (SHP), 131, 132, 133, 142, 262, 285, 288-289, 292, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 313, 392-393, 398
School Meals Initiative for Healthy Children, 386
School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, 131, 285, 292, 312, 392-393, 404
School programs and policies.
See also School foods and beverages
academic partnerships, 289, 311-312
active transport, 51, 54, 120, 138, 234, 245, 246, 254, 255, 297-298, 309, 401
after-school and extracurricular programs, 91, 95, 146, 236, 297, 298-299, 306-307, 309
behavioral curricula, 302
BMI screening, 138, 140, 287, 283, 303-304
body weight and height screening, 143
built environment and, 112
capacity building, 10, 307-308, 311-312, 317, 416-417
classroom curricula, 91-92, 124, 138, 296, 297, 300
community access to school buildings, 146, 299, 300, 306, 308
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community involvement, 289, 290, 298, 299
competitive sports, 297
culturally competent approaches, 298-299
data linkages, 314
determinants of progress, 306-309
disseminating information on, 11, 280, 283, 289, 297, 298, 305, 314-315, 318, 422
effective programs, 54-55
evaluation of, 10, 93-94, 123, 280, 284, 286, 299-302, 305, 317, 416-417
fitness screening and counseling, 49-50, 138, 263, 283, 300-301, 303-304
foundation-sponsored, 288
framework for evaluation, 306-309
funding and technical assistance, 116, 143-144, 203, 283-284, 286-287, 290, 291, 296-297, 305, 307-308, 311, 313-314
health education, 135, 138, 280, 281, 302, 392-393
health report cards/profiles, 66, 90, 131, 132, 133, 142, 262, 392-393, 398
health services, 138, 140, 250, 281, 283, 287, 303-304
implementation actions, 10, 41, 305, 306-309, 310-318, 414, 416-417, 419-420, 422
indicators of progress, 93-94, 302
industry partnerships, 203
intramural sports programs, 297, 300
leadership and collaboration, 9, 284, 307-308, 310-311, 316-317, 414
legislative and policy changes, 138, 284-286, 287, 306-309, 312-313
local authority for policy setting, 138
mentoring, 236
model policies, 138, 286
needs and next steps, 14, 309-315, 361-362
opportunities and challenges, 283-284, 296-297, 305
outcome measures, 286, 305, 306-309, 311
parental involvement in, 328, 333-334, 336, 339
physical activity opportunities, 48, 49-50, 51, 54, 91-92, 93-94, 95, 112, 129, 138, 204, 234, 237, 246, 281, 292-302, 309, 313
physical education, 91, 92, 138, 282-283, 286, 294-296, 300, 305
progress in obesity prevention, 284-305
public-private partnerships, 237, 287, 312
recess, 296, 315
recommendations, 10, 116, 280, 315-318
research, 298-299, 312-314
self-assessment and planning tools, 10, 49-50, 92, 284, 300-301, 305, 309, 314
siting issues, 112
stakeholders, 282
state policies and standards, 294
surveillance and monitoring, 10, 49-50, 66, 131, 284, 285, 294, 296, 299-301, 309-310, 312-313, 317-318, 392-393, 419-420
wellness policies, plans, and councils, 14, 119, 132, 284-288, 299, 306, 309, 315, 328, 339
Sectors, defined, 386.
See also Government;
Industry
Sedentary behaviors
defined, 386
entertainment guidelines, 118
reducing, 189
Select Metropolitan/Micropolitan Area Risk Trends (SMART), 262
Serving size, 186.
See also Portion sizes
defined, 386
Sesame Workshop, 175, 191, 193
Shape UP!, 236
Shaping America’s Youth, 27
SmallStep, 124, 125, 157, 344, 400
SmallStep Kids!, 124, 157, 344, 400
Smart Growth America, 50
Smart Growth movement, 140, 244, 245, 263
Social determinants, 386
Social marketing
behavioral branding, 124-125, 126, 373
data to inform programs, 207
defined, 386
networks, 129
VERB campaign, 55, 124-125, 126
Social norms and values, 62
adoption by immigrants, 84
defined, 386
family difficulties in changing, 249
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progress in changing, 352, 353-358
vehicles for change, 239
Social reporting, corporate, 204-205
Social services providers, 239
Socioeconomic status.
See also Diverse populations;
Low-income populations
and BMI, 83
and community interventions, 96
and diet, 82
and eating behavior, 82
and health, 81, 82
and healthful food access, 82
and obesity prevalence and risk, 24, 74, 81-84, 85
racial/ethnic disparities, 82, 83, 85
Sonoma County (California) Family Activity and Nutrition Task Force, 242
South Carolina, 282, 287
South Dakota, 282
Special Diabetes Program for Indians, 94
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children. See WIC program
Spokane and Kootenai County (Washington) Regional Travel Survey, 261
Spokescharacters, 170, 175, 191, 192, 193, 195, 209, 215
Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK), 298
Stakeholders
collective responsibility of, 351-352
defined, 386
Stanford SMART (Student Media Awareness to Reduce Television), 236
Start Healthy, Stay HealthyTM campaign, 335
State and local governments.
See also individual states
action plans, 136-137, 141
capacity building, 12, 127-128, 129, 141, 148
collaborative efforts, 136
coordination and integration of interventions, 140-142, 149, 159
evaluation of initiatives, 142, 146-148
federal allocations to, 120, 122, 127, 148
funding, 141
implementation actions for, 114, 156, 158
incentives and rewards for, 159
leadership activities, 9, 12, 135, 136-140, 152-153, 311, 412-413
legislation, 66, 137-139, 147-148
nutrition standards, 288
parental advisory role, 328
physical education standards, 294-296, 300
program resources, 116, 140-142
recommendations for, 114, 116, 135-136, 152-153, 156
report cards, 300
research activities, 135
responsibilities, 109, 110-111, 136
surveillance and monitoring, 12, 66, 112, 142-144, 150, 158, 300
task forces and coordinating committees, 137, 156
training of staff, 150, 151
State-Based Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases, 150, 157
State Child Health Insurance Program, 90
STEPS to a Healthier U.S. Cooperative Agreement Program, 121, 124, 128-129, 153, 157, 238, 396
Stigmatization, 42, 54
Students and Parents Actively Involved in Being Fit After-School program, 298-299
Summer Food Service Program, 403
Summercise program, 94-95
Sunflower Foundation, 201, 240
Support for State Nutrition Action Plans, 204
Surveillance and monitoring.
See also individual surveys
adolescent health and behavior, 84-85, 125, 128, 129, 130, 390-391, 392-393, 398, 401
advertising and marketing practices, 208
BMI, 50, 77, 130-131, 390-391
body weight and height, 130-131, 143, 390-393
built environment, 261, 263
capacity development, 150
collaboration and coordination, 50, 132, 144
community-based strategies, 10, 90, 144, 261-264, 269-270, 419
of compliance with federal regulations and policies, 130
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cross-sectional, 66, 376, 390-393
data sources, 66-67, 113
defined, 386
dietary intake, 143, 158, 390-393
diverse populations, 10, 98-99, 417-421
ethnic minority representation, 98-99, 100, 144, 262, 263
evaluation of programs, 1, 8, 39, 50, 62, 63, 66-67, 125, 130, 238, 261-264, 291-293
federal activities, 24, 66, 98, 112, 128, 129, 130-133, 142-143, 144, 145, 154, 155, 158, 262, 285, 390-393, 397-398, 399, 400, 401, 405
funding, 131, 132-133, 142, 262
high-risk populations, 70
implementation actions, 158
importance, 76-77
industry-based strategies, 10, 130, 214-217, 218-219, 417, 418-419
legislation monitoring, 66, 144
linkages of datasets, 154, 305, 309-310
longitudinal, 66, 381, 392-393
marketing research data, 207-208
measurement tools, 66
needs and next steps, 12, 98-99, 143-144, 154-155
nutrition and health, 50, 130, 131
opportunities for, 131, 132
by parents and caregivers, 100
physical activity and fitness, 50, 130, 158, 294, 296, 297, 299-301, 313, 390-393
policy and regulatory changes, 131, 144, 154
prevalence of obesity, 143, 158
public availability of data, 125
public health, 130-133
recommendations, 10, 70, 100, 130, 157-158, 417-421
sample sizes, 133, 262
school-based, 130, 131, 262
sedentary behaviors, 158
by state and local governments, 66, 112, 142-144, 154
supermarket scanner point-of-sale data, 207-208
systems dynamics simulation modeling, 66
technical assistance for, 142
television viewing, 390-393
T
Table Talks, 260
Take 10!, 91-92, 296
Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 257
Taxation and pricing interventions, 139, 140
Team Nutrition: Local Wellness Policy database, 129, 286, 290, 293, 403
Technical
assistance, 109, 127, 128, 387
capacity, 387
Television
bedroom sets, 330
commercials, 174, 190-191, 208
and eating behavior, 85
health promotion initiatives, 191
interventions to reduce time, 54, 329-330, 336, 337
mealtime viewing, 330
and obesity prevalence, 85
surveys, 390-393
targeting children, 191
Tennessee, 248, 282, 283, 299
Texas, 81, 136-137, 140, 241-242, 243, 247, 260, 282, 286, 296, 298, 328
Tobacco control analogies, 145
Trade associations, 169, 177, 194-195, 213, 418.
See also individual associations
Transportation-related issues, 244, 247
Travel surveys, 261
Treatment of obesity, 82, 135
Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls, 296
Triple Play: A Game Plan for the Mind, Body, and Soul, 236
TRUCE Fitness and Nutrition Center, 93
Trust for America’s Health (TFAH), 66, 144, 263, 282-283, 294, 296
U
Underweight, prevalence trends, 77
United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association, 258
Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Program, 401
U.S. Census Bureau, 131
U.S. Conference of Mayors, 136
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 114, 404, 412
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Agricultural Marketing Service, 123
Agricultural Research Service, 403
Cooperative Extension Service, 402
coordination and collaboration among programs, 12, 129
dietary guidelines, 118-119, 121-122, 199
Economic Research Center, 208
evaluation of programs, 146, 216, 315
Food and Nutrition Service, 121, 123, 334
food assistance and nutrition programs, 12, 90, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121-122, 123, 129, 131, 141, 239, 285, 290-291, 297, 331, 359
industry collaboration with, 199, 418
nutrition standards, 118, 289
obesity prevention activities, 117, 122, 123, 134, 239, 258, 402-404
recommendations for, 12, 129, 152, 156, 216, 291
research activities, 134
State Nutrition Action Plans, 141
surveillance and monitoring activities, 131, 132, 154, 172, 174, 285, 392-393
technical assistance for schools, 119, 311
wellness policy database, 286
U.S. Department of Defense, 12, 114, 156, 359, 404, 412
Fresh Program, 123, 290, 405
U.S. Department of Education, 12, 51, 114, 116, 119, 146, 152, 156, 237, 296-297, 359, 401, 404, 405, 412
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
advertising and marketing guidelines, 117, 118, 195-197
collaboration with CDC, 128
corporate partnerships, 115, 202, 265, 418
funding of community-based health efforts, 117, 231
obesity prevention activities, 124, 128, 134, 359, 396-398, 404
Office of Science Technology, and Policy, 404
recommended role, 12, 114, 115, 117, 123-124, 152, 156, 157, 168, 216, 265, 291, 359, 412
Small Steps campaign, 124, 125, 157, 400
Strategic Plan FY 2004–2009, 119
technical assistance for schools, 119
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 12, 114, 359
U.S. Department of the Interior, 12, 14, 114, 146, 156, 265, 359, 361, 401, 412
U.S. Department of Labor, 131, 392-393, 401
U.S. Department of Transportation, 14, 115, 116, 117, 146, 156, 231, 265, 359, 361, 401, 412
U.S. Government Accountability Office, 145-146
U.S. Surgeon General, 27, 113, 401
Utah, 249, 263
Blueprint to Promote Healthy Weight for Children, Youth, and Adults, 141
Gold Medal Schools program, 315
V
VERB™ campaign, 12, 55, 124-125, 126, 130, 158, 175, 397
Vermont, 122, 333
Videogames, 188, 189, 297, 337
Viral marketing, 190
Virginia, 122, 302, 333
W
W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 237, 240
Walk and Talk program, 95
Walkable Communities Workshops, 245
Walking and biking opportunities
assessing opportunities for, 264, 265, 300
Bike, Walk, and Wheel Week, 245
built environment and, 112, 139, 140, 244, 245, 246, 254, 255, 261, 264, 298
to and from school, 51, 54, 120, 138, 234, 245, 246, 254, 255, 297-298, 309, 401
Walking School Bus program, 245
Washington, 127, 248, 261, 268
We Can! (Way to Enhance Children’s Activity & Nutrition), 199, 334, 344, 399
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Weight. See Body weight
Well-being, defined, 389
Wellness policies, plans, and councils, 96, 119, 132, 176, 201, 204, 238, 239, 250, 260, 268, 284-288, 299
West Virginia, 49, 136, 282, 283, 297, 299, 300
Action for Healthy Kids Team, 49
Department of Education, 49, 297
Health Education Assessment Project, 50
State Medical Association, 49
Walkable Communities Workshops, 245
WV Walks, 142
West Virginia University, 142, 297
Whites.
See also Diverse populations;
Race/ethnicity
diabetes, 79
obesity prevalence, 76, 77, 79, 84
U.S. population, 81
WIC program, 12, 78-79, 90, 120, 121-122, 130, 131, 132, 141, 143, 144, 238, 344, 359, 402
Wilkes (Georgia) Wild About Wellness, 260
William J. Clinton Foundation, 45, 201, 202, 288
Winnebago Tribe, 245, 246
Wisconsin, 243
Women’s National Basketball Association, 238
Worksite initiatives, 176, 229, 238, 250-251, 338
World Health Organization, 204, 205, 353
WV Walks, 142
Y
YMCA, Activate America™, 202, 236
Youth Media Campaign Longitudinal Survey, 12, 125, 130, 158, 392-393, 398
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), 12, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 142-143, 154, 158, 262, 285, 294, 301, 312, 313, 342, 358, 392-393, 398
Youth Sports National Report Card, 297
Z
Zuni Indian Tribal Organization, 123
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