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« Previous: Appendix I Biographical Sketches
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
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Index

A

Academic partnerships, 39-41, 56, 135, 241, 259-260, 266, 269, 289, 311, 416

Accountability, 140, 145-146, 205, 206, 217, 252, 262, 372

ACNielsen Fresh Foods Homescan data, 207-208

Action for Healthy Kids, 237, 286, 288

Action plans for prevention

community, 238

country and regional initiatives, 354-356

public health approach, 128

state, 136-137, 141

ACT!vate Omaha, 243

Active Living by Design, 98, 175, 240

Active Living Leadership, 240

Ad Council, 124, 192, 195

Administration for Children and Families, 396

Adolescents. See Childhood and adolescent obesity;

Children and youth

Adults.

See also Parents and caregivers

diabetes, 26

obesity risk and prevalence, 24, 25, 83, 112

Advergames, 196

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, 86

Advertising and marketing

advergames, 196

bans and restrictions, 257, 304

branding, 175-176, 190, 196

Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 219, 374, 418

communication venues, 190-197, 413

consumer promotion, 173

definitions of terms, 173

and eating behavior, 193

evaluation of health promotion initiatives, 192, 193, 209, 210, 211, 215

expenditures, 172, 174

federal monitoring and support, 168, 195-197, 214, 216, 418

food industry, 172, 174, 188, 190, 191, 193-197, 206

guideline development, 116, 117, 168, 193-197, 214-215, 216, 219, 405, 413, 418

health promotion, 191-193, 251

in-store merchandising and promotion activities, 184, 191

integrated marketing, 172, 193, 196, 380

Internet, 190, 196

prevention of obesity through, 55, 123-124;

see also Public education

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

promotion of products, 170, 173, 384, 386

public-private partnerships, 192

public service advertising, 124, 183, 191, 192, 385

recommendations, 115, 116, 168, 169, 196, 214

research data, 13, 55, 66-67, 207-208, 219, 304, 397, 418, 419

in schools, 290, 304

self-regulation by industry, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 216, 413

spokescharacters, 170, 175, 191, 192, 193, 195, 209, 215

standards development, 169, 170

strategies, venues, and vehicles, 190-193

targeting children, 62, 180, 190, 197, 402, 413

television commercials, 174, 190-191, 208

tracking, 208

trade associations and groups relevant to, 194-195

unmeasured media, 208, 388-389

viral marketing, 190

vulnerability of children to, 197, 397

workshop, 196-197

Advocacy and advocacy groups, 51, 97, 194, 202, 247, 249, 250, 251

Aetna Foundation, 203, 237

African Americans.

See also Diverse populations;

High-risk populations;

Race/ethnicity

diabetes, 79

interventions for, 93, 95-96, 97, 128, 202, 236-237, 298-299, 332, 333, 337, 400

obesity trends, 74, 76, 77, 79, 83

socioeconomic status, 82, 83

surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98

Afterschool Alliance, 299

Age

and brand recognition, 175

and child obesity trends, 24, 25, 76

and diabetes, 79-80

and effectiveness of family-based programs, 334

and physical activity rates, 357

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 396

Agricultural policies, 112, 123, 476

Alaska, 26, 74, 94-95, 202, 399

All Kids Count program, 252

Alliance for a Healthier Generation, 45-46, 202-203, 240, 288

America on the Move®, 202, 204, 238

American Academy of Family Physicians, 249, 331

American Academy of Pediatrics, 27, 51, 122, 249, 329, 392-393, 399

American Advertising Federation, 194

American Association of Advertising Agencies, 194

American Beverage Association, 45, 203

American Cancer Society, 51, 237

American Community Survey, 131

American Diabetes Association, 27

American Dietetic Association, 331

American Heart Association, 45, 49, 51, 202, 237, 260, 288, 294

Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations, 177, 179

American Indians/Alaska Natives.

See also Diverse populations;

High-risk populations;

Race/ethnicity

access to health care, 84

community mapping, 266

diabetes, 79-80, 89-90, 94, 266

interventions for, 89-90, 94-95, 119, 122, 123, 128, 202, 238, 245, 246, 290, 332-333, 399

obesity trends, 74, 77-78

surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98, 262, 263

American Marketing Association, 195

American Public Health Association, 237

American School Health Association, 305

Arizona, 26, 122, 265, 282, 305

Arkansas, 140, 142, 185, 282, 283, 287, 303, 304, 335

Asians/Pacific Islanders.

See also Diverse populations;

High-risk populations;

Race/ethnicity

obesity trends, 74, 77, 78-79, 85

programs targeting, 128

surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98, 144

Assessment, defined, 372.

See also Evaluation of programs and policies

Association of National Advertisers, 194, 195

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

Association of State and Territorial Directors of Health Promotion and Public Health Education, 237

B

Back to Sleep campaign, 336-337

Be Smart - Be Fit - Be Yourself program, 238

Behavioral branding, 175, 373

Behavioral research, 154-155

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 24, 26, 112, 128, 129, 132-133, 262, 342, 358, 390-391, 397

Beverages. See Food and beverage industries;

Foods and beverages;

School foods and beverages

Bexar County (Texas) Community Health Collaborative, 241-242, 243

Bike, Walk, and Wheel Week, 245

Black Entertainment Television (BET) Foundation, 202

Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts, 250

Body mass index

collective efficacy of communities and, 234-235

comorbidities, 144

defined, 373-374

distribution trends, 76, 77-78, 234-235

ethnicity and, 77-79, 83, 85

obesity definition, 17 n.1, 374

as outcome measure, 128, 210, 211, 212, 250, 253

report card, 66

school screening, 138, 140, 283, 287, 303-304

socioeconomic status and, 83

surveys, 50, 77, 130-131, 390-391

Body weight

healthy, 17 n.2, 379

management programs, 94, 251

survey data, 130-131, 143, 390-393

Border Health Strategic Initiative, 241

Boy Scouts, 284

Boys and Girls Clubs of America, 202, 236, 284

Branding and brand recognition, 175-176, 184, 189-190, 196, 197-199, 212, 216, 290, 373

Breastfeeding, 338, 390-393

Built environment.

See also Community-based strategies;

Local communities

cultural considerations, 244, 245, 246

designing for physical activity, 229, 230-231, 244-246

and eating behavior, 247-249

evaluation of interventions, 64-65, 400

examples of changes, 243-249

food access, 93, 244, 247-249, 266

funding for research and changes, 231, 245, 246

implementation actions for, 230-231, 244

land use and zoning policies, 112, 140, 153, 233, 244, 248, 257, 380

mixed-use concepts, 300

outcome measures, 261

parks, playgrounds, and recreational facilities, 242, 244, 245, 257, 264

recommendations, 115, 239-240

research needs, 115, 116

safety considerations, 62, 64-65, 230, 233-234, 244, 246, 298

school siting, 112

smart growth initiatives, 140, 244, 245, 263

spatial mapping technologies, 248, 265-266, 270, 419

surveillance and monitoring, 261, 263

transportation issues, 244, 247

walking and biking opportunities, 112, 139, 140, 244, 245, 246, 254, 255, 261, 264, 298

Bureau of Indian Affairs, 262

Bureau of Labor Statistics, 174n.4

Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 131, 261

C

California

Adolescent Nutrition and Fitness Program, 51

BMI screening in schools, 304

Center for Public Health Advocacy, 51, 263

Department of Education, 263

Department of Health Services, 54, 153, 250

enhancements to built environment, 245

Fit WIC program, 122, 239, 333

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

5 a Day Campaign, 51

food policy council, 248

GEMS pilot program, 299

Governor’s Summit for a Healthy California, 137

Health Interview Survey, 262

integration of programs, 141-142

Latino Childhood Obesity Prevention Initiative, 93-94

Marin County SRTS program, 54

Nutrition Network for Healthy, Active Families, 250

population diversity, 80-81

Safe Routes to School, 246, 298

school food standards, 282, 293, 304

Sonoma County Family Activity and Nutrition Task Force, 242

surveillance and monitoring, 143, 153

Teen Eating, Exercise, and Nutrition Survey (CalTEENS), 50, 51

worksite farmer’s markets, 250

The California Endowment, 22, 201, 239-240

California Medical Association (CMA) Foundation, 250

Calories.

See also Energy

defined, 374

discretionary, 181, 199, 376-377

intakes from restaurant food, 187-188

reducing intakes, 202

Camp Fire USA Alaska Council, 202

Canada, 264, 354

Cancer, 76

Cardiovascular disease, 76, 77, 79, 95, 96

Carol M. White Physical Education Program Grants, 296-297, 401

Carolina Population Center, 390-391

CATCH Kids Club, 298

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 91, 331

academic partnerships, 266

BMI charts, 77 n.1

capacity-building activities, 9-10, 56-57, 127-128, 150, 153, 157, 216, 237, 396, 405

Division of Adolescent and School Health, 287

evaluation guidelines, 42, 44, 154, 257, 259

grants program, 120, 148, 305, 311, 397

health promotion activities, 192, 287, 397

Healthy Days Measures, 265

nutrition and physical activity programs, 41, 55, 66, 119, 120, 121, 124-125, 126, 127-128, 144, 246, 291, 297, 303, 305, 312, 315, 396, 397, 398, 404

Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, 300

Prevention Research Centers, 41, 135, 397

REACH initiative, 95, 97, 98, 241, 257

recommended role, 14, 157, 219, 291, 361, 418

research activities, 397

School Health Index, 265, 285, 303, 396

surveillance and monitoring activities, 24, 66, 112, 130-131, 132, 142-143, 144, 154, 262, 285, 312, 390-393, 397-398, 405

VERB campaign, 12, 55, 124-125, 126, 130, 158, 175, 397

Wellness Policy Tool, 286

Champion for Healthy Kids™ grants program, 201

Chartbook on the Health and Well-Being of Children, 399

Cherokee Choices, 95, 98

Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health, 332

Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 122, 403

Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, 119, 284-286, 290, 328, 405

Child Nutrition Labeling Program, 402

Childhood and adolescent obesity.

See also Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity

and adult obesity risk, 83

adverse childhood experiences and, 86

at-risk population, 17, 77 n.1, 78

causes of epidemic, 62, 175, 243-244

comorbid health risks, 76, 77, 79-80

defined, 17 n.1

health care costs, 25-26, 83

integrated care delivery, 203

risk factors, 84

trends, 24-26, 77-79, 84

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

Children and youth.

See also Infants

ad targeting of, 62, 190, 197, 402, 413

balanced diet, 373

BMI distributions, 234-235

brand awareness and loyalty, 175, 190, 198

caloric intakes from away-from-home foods, 187-188

critical development periods, 86

diabetes, 79

energy balance, 181, 280, 377

energy expenditure, 64, 377

healthy weight, 17 n.2, 379

in poverty, 83

vulnerability to advertising, 197, 397

Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 219, 374, 418

Coalitions

community, 39-41, 191, 229, 230, 232, 238, 241-243

defined, 48 n.7, 374.

See also individual coalitions

Cochrane Database, 23, 337

Collaboration, defined, 48 n.7, 372-375

Collective efficacy and, 89, 100, 234-235, 267, 375

Colorado, 127, 245

Communities of Excellence in Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Prevention (CX3) database, 153

Community-based strategies.

See also Built environment;

Local communities;

School programs and policies

academic partnerships, 39-41, 56, 135, 241, 259-260, 266, 269, 416

advocacy, 97, 247, 249

barriers to implementation, 87-88

capacity-building, 9, 39-41, 56, 100, 128, 228, 240, 269, 416

coalition building, 39-41, 191, 229, 230, 232, 238, 241-243

collective efficacy and, 89, 100, 234-235, 267, 375

corporate-sponsored, 141, 201-203, 204, 238, 240, 258, 416

culturally competent approaches, 9, 88 n.5, 89-90, 92-98, 100, 124, 128, 157, 233, 234, 236-237, 238, 253, 258, 260, 267, 269, 416

data collection and analysis, 261-264, 270, 419

demonstration projects, 93-94, 95, 239-240

design of interventions, 97-98

determinants of progress, 252-253

disseminating and using evaluation results, 11, 14, 267-268, 270, 419, 421, 422

evaluation approaches, 9-10, 96-99, 229, 232, 234, 236, 237, 241-242, 247, 269, 416

examples of promising practices, 235-252

faith-based organizations, 90, 96, 229, 237

food-access-related, 90, 93, 139, 140, 230, 247-249, 257, 289

food policy councils, 247-248

foundation partnerships, 94, 201-203, 229, 239-241

framework for evaluation, 61, 253-254, 255-256

funding, 115, 117, 153, 201, 231, 238, 239-241, 245, 246, 247, 258-259, 269, 297, 416

gardens and markets, 93, 247, 248, 250-251, 254, 256

by health providers and organizations, 229, 231, 237, 241, 249-252

healthy communities movement, 241

for high-risk populations, 87-97, 239-240

implementation actions for, 114-115, 230, 413-414, 416, 419, 422

indicators of progress, 257, 265

leadership and collaboration, 9, 39-40, 230-232, 233, 240, 241, 257, 251-252, 254, 255-256, 268-269, 423-424

legislation, 139, 140, 246

mapping initiatives, 242, 264, 266, 298

measuring risk and protective factors, 267

natural experiments, 155, 266-267, 270, 382, 419

needs and next steps, 13-14, 254, 257-268, 360-361

nutrition-related, 94, 95, 139, 237, 238, 240, 258, 289, 290

outcome and performance measures, 236, 241, 253, 254-256, 260, 261

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

participatory research, 57, 89, 99, 234, 241, 248, 258

physical activity opportunities, 90-91, 94, 95, 129, 139, 140, 204, 237, 258, 296, 297

program-level tools, 248-249

public-private partnerships, 94, 128, 231, 237-238, 240, 247, 258-259, 266, 413

recommendations, 9-10, 114-115, 229, 230, 268-270, 413-414

resources and commitment, 9, 233, 254, 255-256, 258-259

safety focus, 93, 233-234

school-related, 289, 290, 298

stakeholders, 232, 241

sites for, 236-237, 260

surveillance and monitoring, 10, 90, 144, 261-264, 269-270, 419

system-level tools, 242, 248-249, 375

task force/coordinating committee, 139

taxes on energy-dense foods, 139, 140

tools for self-assessing and planning, 13- 14, 242, 248-249, 258, 264-265, 268, 270, 419

wellness initiatives, 96, 176, 201, 239, 250, 260, 268

workplace opportunities, 176, 229, 238, 250-251

by youth organizations, 236, 248, 375

Community Tool Box, 264

Connecticut, 202, 248

Consortium to Lower Obesity in Chicago Children, 243

Consumer information, 119.

See also Nutrition education;

Nutrition labeling

Cooperative extension services, 238

Coordinated Approach To Child Health (CATCH) program, 135, 296, 298

Coordinated School Health program, 397

Coordination of activities

defined, 48 n.7, 375

of federal prevention activities, 117, 129, 134-135, 148-150, 156, 402

of funding for programs, 148-150

incentives and rewards for, 159

recommendations and implementations actions, 156

of research activities, 134-135, 148, 149

of state prevention activities, 140-142

of surveillance and monitoring, 132, 144

Council of Better Business Bureaus, 194, 195, 197, 214

Council of State Governments, 136

Cultural competence, 88, 376

Culturally appropriate strategies.

See also Diverse populations;

Race/ethnicity;

built environment and, 244, 245, 246

community-based, 9, 88 n.5, 89-90, 92-98, 100, 124, 128, 157, 233, 234, 236-237, 238, 253, 258, 260, 267, 269, 416

constituency-based, 233

defined, 376

evaluation of programs, 9, 36, 37, 70, 96-99, 157, 258, 414-417

participatory research, 98, 234

D

Dance Dance Revolution®, 189, 297

Data.

See also Research, obesity-related;

Surveillance and monitoring

collection and analysis, 36, 49, 57-58, 66, 98-99, 142, 238, 261-264, 270, 312, 419

fitness, 263

proprietary, 207-208, 216, 385, 418

Delaware, 293

Demonstration projects, 93-94, 95, 239-240

Diabetes, type 2

in adults, 26

age and, 79-80

in children, 79

in ethnic minority groups, 76, 79-80, 89-90, 94, 95, 266

integrated care delivery, 203

prevalence, 76

prevention studies and programs, 89-90, 94, 95, 128, 192, 203, 241

Diet

balanced, 373

socioeconomic status and, 82

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 118-119, 121-122, 130, 131, 183, 197, 198, 199, 206, 344, 376, 339, 404

Dietary intake

consumer estimates of, 357

evaluation of, 289

measuring, 62, 63-64, 314

parental work experience and children’s intakes, 329

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

state initiatives, 136

surveys, 143, 158, 390-393

Dietary interventions

community-based, 238

home-based, 260, 329, 333, 336, 337

Dietary Reference Intakes, 197

District of Columbia, 26, 81

Diverse populations.

See also Community-based strategies;

Culturally appropriate strategies;

High-risk populations;

Low-income populations;

Race/ethnicity;

individual ethnic groups

evaluation of interventions for, 96-99

geographic variation, 80-81

health disparities and health outcomes, 85-87

health effects of obesity, 79-80

immigration and acculturation issues, 80-81, 83-85

implementation of recommendations, 414-421

interventions and policy levers for high-risk subgroups, 87-96, 129

recommendations for, 9-10, 70, 100, 414-421

sociodemographic profiles, 80-81

socioeconomic status, 81-83

surveillance and monitoring, 10, 98-99, 417-421

transferability of interventions, 65

DoD Fresh Program, 123, 290, 405

E

Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, 95

Eat Smart, Grow Strong™ Campaign, 199, 335

Eat Smart. Play Hard. campaign, 334-335, 344, 403

Eating behavior

advertising and, 193

breakfast, 84, 337

built environment and, 247-249

home environment and, 337

promoting healthy food choices, 122, 181, 339, 340

public perceptions of, 355

research initiatives, 240

socioeconomic status and, 82

TV viewing during meals and, 85

Eating disorders, 42

Economic costs of obesity, 25-26

Education. See Public education

Electronic media.

See also Television;

Videogames

home environment, 337, 357

screen time, 302, 380, 386

Electronic Retailing Self-Regulation Program, 194, 197

Employers and worksite interventions, 204, 238, 338

Energy

balance, 181, 280, 377

density of foods, 377

expenditure, 64, 377

intake, 63-64, 377

measurement of, 63-64

Entertainment industry. See Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries;

Media and entertainment industry;

Television

Environment.

See also Built environment;

Community-based strategies;

Home environment;

School

defined, 377

obesogenic, 382

Environmental justice, 377

Ethnic groups. See Culturally appropriate strategies;

Diverse populations;

Race/ethnicity;

individual ethnic groups

Evaluation of programs and policies.

See also Framework for evaluation;

Research, obesity-related;

individual sectors

accountability and transparency, 140, 145-146, 205, 206, 217, 372

adverse or unanticipated impacts, 42, 54

audiences for, 3, 35-36

automobile and highway safety model, 65

availability, 396-405

barriers to, 27-28

baseline measures, 39

BMI distribution as measure of change, 50

capacity building, 9-10, 12-13, 56, 62, 70, 153-154, 157, 212-214, 218, 258-260, 311-312, 317, 415-419

case studies, 59

causation issues, 62, 63

changing negative perceptions about, 4-5, 27-28, 56-61

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

checklists, 286

community-academic partnerships, 56, 241, 259-260

community-based participatory studies, 57, 89, 99, 234, 241, 248, 257, 258

contextual factors, 5, 7, 32, 36, 37, 42, 55, 60, 69, 375;

see also Diverse populations

cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis, 55, 376

cost-utility analysis, 376

cultural considerations, 9, 36, 37, 70, 96-99, 157, 258, 414-417

data collection and analysis, 36, 49, 57-58, 66, 98-99, 142, 238, 261-264

defined, 3, 26, 33, 377-378

demonstration projects, 93-94, 95, 239-240

determinants of progress, 144-146, 205-207, 252-253, 306-309, 337-338

developing interventions, 62, 64-65, 70

dietary intakes, 289

dissemination of results, 10-11, 14, 36, 37-38, 64, 68, 70, 120, 126, 129, 158, 219-220, 238, 267-268, 269, 270, 314-315, 416, 419, 421, 422

experimental and quasiexperimental approaches, 59

external validity, 97

fidelity of assessment, 39, 378

formative-type, 36, 37, 48-49, 55, 56-57, 124-125, 198, 244, 335, 378

funding and technical assistance support for, 8, 26-27, 28, 38, 41, 42, 62, 64, 69, 119, 125, 214, 219, 247, 258-259, 266, 269, 387, 416

guidelines, 42, 44, 154, 257, 259

health impact assessments, 66, 264, 379

health promotion advertising initiatives, 192, 193, 209, 210, 211, 215

impact evaluation, 380

implementation actions, 9-10, 157

importance, 3, 18, 32, 34

incentives for, 315

indicators of progress, 33-34, 42, 45-46, 64, 66, 67, 68, 93-94, 99, 128-129, 206-207, 213-213, 257, 265, 380

input measures, 146, 210, 211

intermediate goals and, 97

internal validity, 97

issues and challenges in design, 62-69, 96-99

leadership assessment, 45, 146, 148-150, 210

measuring dietary patterns and activity behaviors, 62, 63-64

measuring program implementation, 119

methodological approaches, 57-60, 92, 98-99, 236, 238, 245, 293

mixed-method design, 59-60, 68

multiple ongoing efforts, 36, 46

multisectoral approach, 8, 37

natural experiments, 266-267, 382

opportunity-capacity gap, 39-41

outcomes, 27, 36, 37, 39, 50-55, 59, 61, 62, 97, 123, 125, 146, 210-211, 215, 305, 383

overview and definitions, 33-39

performance measures, 64

pilot programs, 38, 41, 116, 122, 123, 142, 198, 239, 245, 298

policy implementation tracking, 49-50, 59, 61, 66, 146, 305

population-wide, 63, 68

preintervention/postintervention comparisons, 59, 238, 241-242, 260

process-type, 36, 37, 48-49, 58, 93, 123, 125, 128, 258, 384

public private partnerships, 258-259

purposes, 2-3, 8, 18, 26, 33, 35-36

qualitative methods/measures, 58, 96-97, 99, 123, 206, 258

quantitative methods/measures, 206-207

recommendations, 7-12, 69-70, 153-154, 157, 412-422

report cards, 66, 90, 146, 147-148, 265

research support, 8, 46, 67-68, 150

resource and input assessments, 5, 42, 45-46, 60-61, 121, 127, 209-211, 240, 266-267

review of current efforts, 27

scope and complexity, 3-4, 34

selection criteria, 36-37, 97, 182

social determinants of health and, 81

spatial mapping technologies and, 265-266

of strategy development and implementation 48-50, 56-61, 209, 210-211

subgroup analyses, 98

surveillance and monitoring, 1, 8, 39, 50, 62, 63, 66-67, 125, 130, 238, 261-264, 291-293

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

technical assistance, 142, 153, 154, 286

tools for, 13-14, 49-50, 64, 66, 146, 242, 248-249, 258, 264-265, 268, 270, 286, 293, 419

training for, 41, 154, 259

translating and transferring findings, 4, 62, 65-66, 68

types, 33-34, 36, 37

Evaluative research, 378, 381

Exercise. See Physical activity

F

Faith-based organizations, 90, 96, 229, 237

Family-based interventions. See Home environment;

Parents and caregivers

Farm Bill, 123

Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program, 403

Farmers’ markets, 139, 140, 403

Fast food, 187, 378.

See also Restaurant industry and restaurants

Fat, dietary, discretionary, 377

Federal Communications Commission, 156, 216, 401, 412

Federal government.

See also Public health programs;

individual departments and agencies

accountability, 145-146

advertising oversight, 168, 195-197, 214, 216

capacity-building activities, 9-10, 56-57, 113, 117, 126-129, 146, 150-151, 153, 157, 237, 396, 402, 405

context for congressional action, 112-113

coordination of activities, 117, 129, 134-135, 148-150, 155, 156, 402

determinants of success, 145, 146

evaluation of programs, 9-10, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124-126, 128, 130, 131, 145-146, 153-154, 155-156, 157, 216, 396-405

funding and expenditures for programs, 117, 120-126, 127, 131, 132-133, 146, 148, 155, 397

implementation of recommendations, 9-10, 114, 157, 158

industry collaboration with, 124, 213-214, 305

interagency collaboration, 114, 119, 123, 128, 134-135, 149, 150, 290, 404-405

leadership activities, 9, 117-120, 134, 145, 146, 152, 291, 311, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405

nutrition and physical activity programs, 51, 54, 112, 118-119, 121-122, 127-128, 129, 131, 238

obesity prevention goals, 119

policymaking and regulatory activities, 118, 119, 121, 123, 146, 401, 402

programs for obesity prevention, 127-129, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402-403, 404, 405

public health mission, 113, 117

recommendations for, 9, 10, 114, 117-118, 121, 123, 126-127, 130, 152, 216

research activities, 109, 133-135, 145, 216, 396, 397, 400, 403-404

responsibilities, 109, 110, 113, 117, 153

stakeholder workshop, 118

surveillance and monitoring activities, 24, 66, 98, 112, 128, 129, 130-133, 142-143, 144, 145, 154, 155, 158, 262, 285, 390-393, 397-398, 399, 400, 401, 405

task force, 12, 119-120, 134-135, 137, 139, 148, 152, 156, 400

technical assistance from, 109, 127, 128, 153, 213

Federal Highway Administration, 131, 245, 261

Federal Interagency Working Group on Overweight and Obesity, 134, 155, 404

Federal Trade Commission, 116, 117, 118, 130, 156, 168, 170, 195-197, 215, 216, 402, 405, 412

50 Schools in 50 States Initiative, 401

Filipinos, 79

Fit City Madison, 243

Fit, Healthy, and Ready to Learn, 286

Fit WIC, 122, 239, 331, 333, 403

Fitness

award programs, 302

community-based strategies, 236, 258

data collection and analysis, 263

surveys, 313

testing/evaluating, 49-50, 300-301, 304

Fitnessgram®/Activitygram®, 49-50, 66, 301

5 a Day and Fresh from Florida, 289-290

Florida Interagency Food and Nutrition Agency, 141

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

Focus groups, 57, 236, 378

Food and beverage industries.

See also Advertising and marketing;

Foods and beverages;

Restaurant industry and restaurants;

School food and beverages

advertising and marketing practices, 172, 174, 188, 190, 191, 193-197, 206

AHA recommendations to, 177, 179

branding/branded products, 175, 184, 190, 197-199, 290

consumer information and education, 197-201, 209, 210, 213, 335

corporate foundations, 201-202

corporate social reporting, 204-205

economic characteristics, 172, 174, 179-180

evaluation of changes, 182, 184, 187, 205-207, 208-210, 212

examples of innovations, 45, 182-184

federal regulation, 188, 201

indicators of progress, 206-207, 212-213

Internet marketing, 190

litigation, 188

motivation for change, 185, 213, 220, 422

phases of response to obesity epidemic, 177

product cross-promotions, 191

product development and reformulation, 168, 169, 177-186

public-private partnerships, 183, 191, 198, 199, 418

recommendations to, 168, 169, 177, 179, 418

restrictions on school sales, 291

retailers, 169, 170, 179-180, 184, 191, 199, 200, 205, 213, 219

sales to young consumers, 179-181, 207, 290

targeted marketing of foods, 180

Food and Drug Administration, 177

nutrition labeling regulation, 115, 117-118, 198, 201, 216, 398

nutrition standards, 197

obesity prevention activities, 260, 398-399

Obesity Working Group, 200, 201, 398

recommendations for, 216, 219, 418

Food and Nutrition Service, 121

Food assistance. See Nutrition assistance programs

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, 404

Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, 403

Food insecurity, 82, 131

Food Marketing to Children report recommendations, 167, 169-170, 196, 207, 216

Food policy councils, 247-248

Food security, 90

Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program (FSNEP), 121, 129, 132, 344, 403

Food Stamp Program (FSP), 12, 90, 120, 122, 142, 250, 359, 402

Food Trust of Philadelphia, 247

Foods and beverages.

See also Advertising and marketing;

School foods and beverages

access and opportunity issues, 62, 90, 93, 121, 139, 140, 230, 244, 247-249, 251, 257, 266, 289

added sugars, 182, 198

away-from-home foods, 177, 186, 187-188, 200, 372;

see also Restaurant industry and restaurants

brand recognition and loyalty, 175

built environment, 93, 244, 247-249, 266

community-based interventions, 90, 93, 139, 140, 230, 237, 247-249, 250-251, 257, 289

consumption drivers, 178-179, 184-186, 188

consumption trends, 84, 175, 187-188, 390-391

convenience products, 180, 187

costs, 178

demand for healthier foods, 183-185, 188

fat content, 182, 188, 198

fruits and vegetables, 93, 175, 181, 183, 184, 188, 189, 191, 193, 198, 208, 237, 390-391

gardens and markets, 93, 247, 248, 250-251, 254, 256

grocery store selection and placement of, 169, 170, 184

at home, 260, 329, 333, 336, 337

“house” or value brands, 184

labels and nutrition information, 115, 117-118, 168, 178, 187, 190, 197-199, 200, 201, 206, 213, 216, 382, 399, 402

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

marketing research data, 207-208

meal planning tools, 199

organic and natural foods, 183

packaging and presentation, 168, 169, 175, 178, 184, 186-187, 206

policy and political considerations, 121, 123, 188, 201

portion/serving sizes, 45, 178, 184, 187, 199, 201, 203, 383

promotion of healthful foods, 175, 183, 189, 197-201

rating, 169, 200

reduced-calorie products, 182, 198

snack foods, 181, 186-187, 191, 213

sodas and fruit drinks, 84, 139, 140, 180-181, 203

sodium content, 182, 198, 201

taste/flavor, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184-185, 186

taxes on energy-dense foods, 139, 140

vitamin and mineral content, 182

Foundations.

See also individual foundations

community partnerships, 94, 201-203, 229, 239-241

corporate, 201-202

funding from, 201-203

Framework for evaluation

application to interventions, 60-61, 208-212, 252-254, 255-256

of capacity building, 150-152

CDC guidelines, 42, 44

communities, 61, 253-254, 255-256

components, 43, 44-55

criteria for judging design, quality, or changes, 7, 37-38, 182

crosscutting factors, 5-7, 42, 43, 44, 55

government progress assessment, 148-152

industry progress assessment, 208-212

outcomes, 5, 34, 43, 44, 50-55

questions to guide policies and interventions, 4, 18, 56-61

scope and maturity of program and, 61

strategies and actions, 5, 46-50, 60-61, 209, 210-211

Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP), 120, 123, 290-291, 344, 403

Fruit and Vegetables Galore, 290

Fruits and Veggies—More Matters!™, 175, 198

Funding for programs

assessing progress in, 121, 127

community-based interventions, 115, 117, 153, 201, 231, 239-241, 245, 246, 247, 258-259, 269, 297, 416

cooperative agreements, 121, 124

coordination of, 148-150

discretionary or competitive project grants, 120

entitlements, 120

evaluation of adequacy of, 5, 42, 45-46, 60-61, 121, 127, 146, 148-150, 209-211, 240, 241, 266-267

for evaluation studies, 8, 26-27, 28, 38, 41, 42, 62, 64, 69, 119, 125, 214, 219, 247, 258-259, 266, 269, 387, 416

federal, 117, 120-126, 127, 131, 132-133, 146, 148, 155, 397

of food and nutrition programs, 120

formula and block grants, 120, 399

industry, 201-203, 209, 210, 211, 240, 305, 421-422

need-based formula grants, 121

physical activity, 296-297, 401

from private foundations, 201-203

for research, 158, 250

school-related programs, 116, 143-144, 203, 283-284, 286-287, 290, 291, 296-297, 305, 313-314

surveillance and monitoring, 131, 132-133, 142, 262

G

Games for Health, 189

Garden Mosaic Project, 93

Gender and obesity trends, 24, 76, 78, 83

Geographic information systems, 248, 265-266, 270, 378, 419

Georgia, 21-22, 92, 136, 201, 240, 245, 260, 294

Georgia FitKid Project, 298

Girl Scouts, 236, 284

Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS), 236-237, 299, 337

Girls on the Run, 204, 238

GirlSports, 236

Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, 204, 205

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

Government.

See also Federal government;

Public health programs;

State and local governments

access to commercial data, 207

assessment approaches, 145-148

capacity building, 9-10, 111, 150-152, 153-154, 157

coordination of activities, 11, 117, 129, 134-135, 140-142, 148-150, 152, 155, 402

determinants of progress, 144-145

framework for evaluation, 148-152

implementation actions for, 69, 156-159, 412-413

information sharing and dissemination, 10-11, 158-159

key functions of, 109

leadership and collaboration, 7, 9, 11, 39, 69, 75, 94, 109-110, 148-150, 152-153, 156, 404-405, 412-413

needs and next steps, 11-12, 152-155, 358-359

policy reform, 111-112, 121-122

public health mission, 110-111

recommendations, 9-11, 109-110, 155-159, 412-413

research, 150, 154-155

responsibilities, 109-111

surveillance and monitoring, 10, 150, 154, 155, 157-158

training of program staff, 150, 151

Greater Philadelphia Urban Affairs Coalition, 247

Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA)

guidance on advertising regulation, 194, 213

Health and Wellness Survey, 182, 186, 199

Guidelines for Obesity Prevention and Control, 135

H

Harlem Children’s Zone, 93, 247

Harlem Fitness Zone, 98

Hawaii, 78-79, 81, 282

Head Start Program, 83, 90, 202, 333-334, 396

Health

community planning, 241-242

costs of obesity, 25-26, 79-80

defined, 378

determinants of, 81, 87, 97, 389

development, 87

disparities, 74, 85-87, 378

impact assessments, 66, 264, 379

life-course perspective, 87, 381

outcomes, 53, 55, 82, 85-86, 149, 150, 151, 379

population, 27 n.4, 383

promotion, 28, 55, 93, 171, 174, 182-184, 190-193, 238, 287, 379, 413

racial/ethnic disparities, 76, 85-87

report cards, 66, 90, 131, 132, 133, 142, 262, 392-393, 398

timing and sequence of life events and, 87

trajectories, 87

upstream determinants, 97, 389

Health and Wellness Coalition of Wichita, 243, 268

Health-care services and providers

access to, 81-82, 84, 85, 130

accountability, 252

advocacy role, 249, 250, 251

community programs, 90, 229, 231, 237, 241, 249-252

costs, 25, 26, 79-80, 83

evaluation and surveillance systems, 90, 130

implementation of recommendations, 231

information systems for, 252

insurance coverage and focus, 26, 82, 130, 204, 249, 250

integrated delivery, 203

obesity screening and counseling, 124, 138, 140, 249, 250, 287, 283, 303-304, 331, 335

recommendations, 231

school-based, 138, 140, 250, 281, 283, 287, 303-304

tool kit for obesity counseling, 249, 250

utilization, 81-82

Health Disparities Research Program, 135

Health education

assessment, 50

classroom requirements and practices, 124, 135, 138, 280, 281, 302, 392-393

Health in the Balance report

findings, 18-19, 339, 351-352

prevention approach, 19

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

recommendations, 2, 19, 32, 74, 109-110, 113, 114-116, 119, 121, 123-124, 126-127, 152, 167, 168, 176, 188-189, 196, 200, 229, 230-231, 280, 281, 304, 329, 338

Health Policy Tracking Service, 66

Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 336, 399, 405

Healthcare Georgia Foundation, 21-22, 201, 229, 240

Healthful diet, defined, 379

HealthierUS School Challenge, 129, 404

Healthy Arkansas, 185

Healthy Body Healthy Spirit, 237

Healthy Carolinians microgrants program, 46, 257

Healthy communities movement, 241

Healthy Days Measures, 265

Healthy Eating, Active Living (HEAL), 175, 239-240, 251

Healthy Eating Research Program, 240, 247

Healthy People 2010, 24, 46, 64, 84, 329, 400

Healthy Schools Program, 45, 203, 288

Healthy West Virginia Act of 2005, 49

Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 201

High-risk populations

examples of programs, 87-96, 239-240

interventions and policy levers, 87-96

research initiatives, 240

state focus on, 136

surveillance and monitoring, 70

Hip-Hop to Health Jr., 333

Hispanics/Latinos.

See also Diverse populations;

High-risk populations;

Race/ethnicity

advocacy groups, 202

birth rates, 80-81

defined, 81 n.2

diabetes, 79

immigration issues, 80, 81 n.2, 84, 85

obesity trends, 74, 77, 79, 83, 84, 85

programs for preventing obesity, 93-94, 97-98, 128, 191, 202, 244

socioeconomic status, 82, 83, 305

surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98

U.S. population, 80-81, 84

Hollywood, Health, and Society, 192

Home environment.

See also Parents and caregivers

capacity building and implementation, 10, 340-343, 344-345, 417

culturally tailored programs, 332-333

current efforts, 334-336

determinants of progress, 337-338

disseminating and using evaluation results, 11, 242-244, 343-344, 346, 422-423

and eating behavior, 337

electronic media, 337, 357

evaluation of, 10, 332, 335, 336-337, 338-339, 342-343, 344-345, 417

family meals and food rules, 260, 329, 333, 336, 337

framework for evaluation, 337-339

implementation actions for, 344-346, 414, 417, 420-421, 422-423

industry-sponsored initiatives, 335

leadership, commitment, and collaboration, 339-342, 344, 414

meal planning and preparation, 260, 335

monitoring changes, 70, 100, 336, 342-343, 345-346, 420-421

multicomponent integrated approach, 331-332, 333-334, 337, 342

needs and next steps, 15, 339-344, 362

nutrition education, 260, 333, 334-335, 340

opportunities and challenges, 328-334

outcome measures, 338-342

parental influence, 326-327

physical activity, 236-237, 260, 299, 336, 337, 341

public-private partnerships, 335

recommendations, 10, 100, 344-346, 414

research, 343

school-based, 328, 333-334, 336

surveillance and monitoring, 70, 343

television viewing, 329-330, 336, 337

I

Illinois, 202, 243, 246, 283, 288, 304

Immigrants/immigration

acculturation and obesity risk, 83-85

undocumented, 81 n.2

U.S. population, 83-84

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

Indian Health Service, 78, 94, 119, 262, 399

Indiana, 123, 302

Industry.

See also Advertising and marketing;

Food and beverage industries;

Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries;

Media and entertainment industry;

Restaurant industry and restaurants

branding, 175-176, 189-190, 212, 216

capacity building for evaluation, 9, 10, 12-13, 212-214, 218, 415-416, 418-419

collaboration with other sectors, 124, 171-172, 191, 192, 198, 201-203, 204, 209, 210, 211, 212, 297, 418

community-based initiatives, 141, 201-203, 204, 238, 240, 416

consumer education, 197-201, 209, 418

corporate social responsibility, 175-176, 188, 203-205, 216-217, 419

definitions, 173

determinants of progress, 205-207

employee wellness opportunities, 176, 204, 238

examples of progress, 176-205

expanding consumer demand for healthful products, 184-186

framework for evaluation, 182, 205-212

funding of programs, 201-203, 209, 210, 211, 240, 305, 421-422

health promotion strategies, 171, 174, 182-184, 413, 190-193, 238

implementation actions for, 9, 115, 217-218, 219, 220, 413, 415-416, 418-419, 421-422

incentives and rewards for change, 185, 213, 220, 422

indicators for evaluating programs, 212-213

investments in healthful products, 174

leadership and collaboration, 9, 169-170, 183-184, 191, 209, 212, 217

marketing research data, 207-208

marketplace characteristics. 172-176

measurement of progress, 207-208

needs and next steps, 12-13, 212-217, 359-360

opportunities and challenges, 171-172, 188

physical activity programs, 168, 191, 192, 204, 208-209, 211-212, 297, 418

proprietary data sharing, 13, 173, 174, 207-208, 216, 219-220, 418-419, 421-422

public-private partnerships, 13, 124, 171-172, 191, 192, 198, 201-203, 204, 212, 213-214, 215, 216, 305, 415-416, 421-422

public relations, 173, 204

recommendations, 9, 10, 168-170, 216, 217-220, 413

research, 10, 214-217

self-regulation, 193-197, 413

strategies and actions, 209, 210, 211

surveillance and monitoring, 10, 130, 214-217, 218-219, 417, 418-419

trade associations, 169, 177, 194-195, 213, 418

Infants

breastfeeding, 338, 390-393

feeding practice guidelines, 122

Institute of Medicine, 92, 113, 397

Intermountain Healthcare, 315

International Food Information Council (IFIC) Foundation, 199

Internet

advertising and marketing, 190, 196

interactive websites, 335

Inter-Tribal Council of Arizona, 122

Interventions.

See also Community-based strategies;

Evaluation of programs and policies;

Funding for programs;

Home environment;

School programs and policies

behavioral, 97, 175

channels for, 374

cultural adaptations or targeting, 92-99

defined, 380

examples of progress, 45, 48, 91-96, 124-125, 176-205, 235-252, 288-293

horizontal integration, 140-141, 379

inputs, 380

international efforts, 92

large-scale, 36

multicomponent integrated approach, 75, 331-332, 333-334, 337, 342, 381-382

outputs, 90 n.7, 93, 383

progress-related issues, 92

public support of, 355

quasi-experimental, 385

research, 155

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

standardization, 89-90

translation and diffusion of, 134-135

vertical integration, 68, 141

Iowa, 123

J

Jump Up and Go Program, 250

K

Kaiser Permanente, 250-251

Kansas, 264, 296

Coordinated School Health Program, 48, 49

Department of Education, 286

Department of Health and Environment, 286

Health and Wellness Coalition of Wichita, 243, 268

Health Foundation, 21, 201, 240, 281

Teen Leadership for Physically Active Lifestyles, 236

Kentucky, 122, 282, 333

Keystone Center

Forum on Obesity and Foods Consumed Away From Home, 177, 207, 399

Forum on Youth Nutrition, 399

Keystone Healthy Zone Schools campaign, 142, 315

Kids Walk-to-School program, 246

L

Labeling. See Nutrition labeling

Land use and zoning policies, 112, 140, 153, 233, 244, 248, 257, 380

Latino Childhood Obesity Prevention Initiative, 93-94

Latino Health Access, 93

Latino New Urbanism, 244

Latinos en Movimiento, 204

Laws and regulations. See Policymaking and regulation

Legislation, obesity prevention, 137-139, 140, 147-148, 246, 303

Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries

physical activity opportunities, 188-190

recommendations to, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 188-189

Let’s Just Play® Go Healthy Challenge, 202-203

Local communities.

See also Built environment;

Community-based strategies

mobilization, 46

policymaking authority, 138

state and federal programs at, 238

Los Angeles County Health Department, 51

Los Angeles County Health Survey, 143, 144

Louisiana, 294

Low-income populations

built environment, 244-245

community-based interventions, 87-96, 100-101, 128, 129, 202, 239-240, 244, 248

food access issues, 62, 129, 230, 247, 248

obesity rates, 74, 76, 77, 85

physical activity, 90-92, 202

school-based interventions, 305

surveillance and monitoring, 130

M

MAPP (Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships) tool, 242, 264

Mapping a Shared Vision of Hope, 266

Marketing.

See also Advertising and marketing

defined, 381

research data, 13, 55, 66-67, 207-208, 219, 397, 418

Maryland, 282, 299

Massachusetts, 127, 244

Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 336, 392-393, 399

Media and entertainment industry.

See also Electronic media;

Television

advertising and marketing strategies, venues, and vehicles, 190-193

health promotion, 170, 190-193

measured media, 174, 208, 381

obesity prevention campaigns, 115, 123-124, 125

programming and storylines, 191-192, 416

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

public service announcements, 183, 191, 385

unmeasured media, 208, 388-389

Mediator, defined, 33 n.5

Medicaid, 26, 82, 121

Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment program, 90

Mexican Americans, 77, 79, 83

Michigan, 123, 264, 299, 302

Michigan Fitness Foundation, 302

Minnesota, 299, 332

Survey of the Health of All the Population and the Environment, 143, 144

Mississippi, 123, 290-291, 299

Missouri, 259

Foundation for Health, 201, 240

PedNet Coalition, 245

Moderator, defined, 33 n.4, 381

Monitoring.

See also Surveillance and monitoring

defined, 381

Monitoring the Future survey, 390-391

Montana, 290

Moving School Project, 92

MyPyramid, 118-119, 199, 342, 344, 357, 403

MyPyramid for Kids, 342, 344

N

National Advertising Division, 194

National Advertising Review Board, 194

National Advertising Review Council, 193, 194, 214, 216

National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity, 237, 286

National Association for Sport and Physical Education, 294

National Association of County and City Health Officials, 14, 264, 267 361

National Association of State Boards of Education, 286

National Business Group on Health, 238

National Cancer Institute, 237, 334, 399

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 112, 132

National Center for Health Statistics, 132, 392-393

National Children and Youth Fitness Study, 313

National Conference of State Legislatures, 144, 294, 296

National Council of La Raza, 202

National Dairy Council, 237

National 5 a Day for Better Health campaign, 51, 183, 214, 237, 344, 397

National Football League, 237

National Governors Association, 136

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 12, 24, 25, 77, 79, 84, 112, 114, 130-131, 132, 133, 158, 261, 313, 390-391, 397

National Health Examination Survey (NHES), 25

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 130, 132, 133, 390-391, 397

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 237, 299, 332, 334, 399

National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), 12, 131, 158, 261, 401

National Initiative for Children’s Healthcare Quality, 252

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 334, 336, 399

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 334, 399

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 400

National Institutes of Health, 92

evaluative research, 155, 216, 247

obesity prevention activities, 191, 192, 296, 399-400, 405

Strategic Plan, 134-135

Task Force on Obesity Prevention, 134-135, 400

National Latino Children’s Institute, 202

National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 84-85, 390-391

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 84, 131, 392-393, 401

National Network of Statewide Afterschool Networks, 299

National Obesity Action Forum, 405

National Park Service, 401

National PTA, 237

National School Lunch Program, 118, 122, 285, 290, 382, 402-403

National Science Foundation, 216

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

National Sporting Goods Association, 204

National SRTS Clearinghouse, 298

National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH), 392-393, 399, 405

National Survey of Early Childhood Health (NSECH), 342, 392-393, 399

National Urban League, 202

Native Americans. See American Indians/Alaska Natives

Nebraska, 243, 245, 246

New Jersey, 294

New Mexico, 81, 123, 245, 282

New Urbanism, 244

New York, 92-93, 127

NikeGO, 204, 238

No Child Left Behind Act, 283

Nome Eskimo Community, 94-95

Non-Motorized Transportation Pilot Program grant, 245

North Carolina, 46, 95, 127, 136, 202, 249, 299

North Dakota, 332

Nutrient density of foods, 382

Nutrition Advisory Councils, 289

Nutrition and Physical Activity Legislative Database, 66, 144

Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases, 41, 120, 127-128, 153, 396

Nutrition assistance programs, 90, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121-122, 128, 129, 131, 142.

See also individual programs

Nutrition education

behavioral curricula, 302

community-based interventions, 93-94, 95, 139, 237, 238, 240, 258, 289, 290

consumer utilization of, 357

food industry initiatives, 197-201, 209, 210, 213

funding of programs, 120

home-based, 260, 333, 334-335, 340

media campaigns, 334-335

programs, 93-94, 95

by restaurant industry, 139, 140, 169, 178, 187, 199, 200-201, 206, 216

rulemaking and policies, 118

at school, 48, 54, 93-94, 124, 129, 146, 280, 282, 283, 302

Nutrition labeling

branded icons and logos for healthy foods, 197-199, 212

calorie content, 198, 201, 206

consumer understanding and use, 213, 357

evaluation of, 216

Goodness Corner™ logo, 198

Guiding Stars™, 200

health claims, 117-118, 168, 201

nutrient claims, 117-118, 168, 201, 399

Nutrition Facts Panel, 115, 117, 118, 168, 198, 201, 382, 399

percent Daily Value, 115, 168

recommendations, 115, 168

regulation, 115, 117-118, 198, 201, 216, 398

research needs, 168, 198

restaurant foods, 139, 140, 169, 178, 187

Sensible Solution™ logo, 190, 198

serving size, 118, 201

SmartSpot™ logo, 198

standardization, 198, 200

USDA program, 402

weighted rating system, 200

Nutrition standards, 119, 131, 138, 197

O

Obesity.

See also Childhood and adolescent obesity;

Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity

acculturation of immigrants and, 84-85

at-risk for, 77 n.1

BMI, 77 n.1, 374

causes, 62

defined, 77 n.1, 382

epidemic, 62, 112-113, 353

health problems and comorbidities, 113, 353

normalization, 54, 355

perceptions of health risks, 122, 249, 330-331, 356

stigmatization, 54

trends, 112-113

Obesity Abatement in the African American Community Initiative, 400

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 400

Office of Management and Budget, 146

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

Office of Minority Health, 400-401

Office of Public Health and Science, 405

Office of Science and Technology Policy, 134

Office of the Surgeon General, 27, 401

Ohio, 123

Oklahoma, 282, 328

Oregon, 127, 248

Outcomes

advertising and marketing changes, 215

behavioral, 53, 54, 97, 210, 211, 212, 254-256, 286, 373

BMI, 128, 210, 211, 212, 250, 253

capacity-building measures, 150-152

categories, 50-55

cognitive, 52-53, 210, 211, 254-256, 286, 374

community programs and policies, 236, 241, 253, 254-256, 260, 261

data systems for tracking, 131

defined, 27 n.5, 34, 382

dietary, 286

environmental, 52, 210, 211, 212, 254-256, 306-308, 377

evaluation, 36, 37, 39, 50-55, 123, 210, 211, 254-256, 383

health, 53, 55, 82, 85-86, 149, 150, 151, 210, 211, 212, 253, 379

individual-level, 54, 306-308, 311

institutional, 51, 52, 148-150, 212, 254-256, 286, 380

intermediate, 8, 28, 97, 253, 306

long-term, 8, 306

negative impacts, 54, 303, 339

population-level, 54, 65, 306-308

short-term, 8, 28, 97, 253

social, 52-53, 210, 211, 254-256, 386

structural and systemic, 51, 52, 64-65, 140-150, 151, 210, 211, 254-256, 286, 306-308, 386, 387

Outputs, defined, 90 n.7, 383

P

Pacific Islanders. See Asians/Pacific Islanders

Parent Teacher Association, 328

Parents’ Action for Children, 327

Parents and caregivers

as advocates, 327, 328, 339

and BMI screening for children, 303

checklist for, 342

eating behavior, 333

educational materials for, 204, 238

meal planning tools, 199

media campaigns targeting, 191

mobilizing, 335

monitoring lifestyle changes, 10, 100, 157, 181, 269-270, 419

participation in interventions, 93-94, 203, 298-299, 327-328, 339

perception of weight as health issue, 122, 249, 330-331

physical activity patterns of, 392-393

physician counseling of, 331

promoting healthy food choices, 122, 181, 339, 340

promoting physical activity, 298-299, 340

resources and support, 327-328, 334, 339, 342, 396

role modeling, 123-124, 125, 192, 330, 332-333, 335, 336, 339

toolkit for obesity prevention, 396

worksite health promotion, 204, 238, 339

Parents as Teachers National Center, 327

Parks, playgrounds, and recreational facilities, 242, 244, 245, 257, 264

Partnership for a Healthy West Virginia, 49, 50, 245

PATH Foundation, 245

Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS), 130, 132, 133, 392-393, 398

PE4Life, 204

PedNet Coalition, 245

Pennsylvania, 127, 142, 286, 288, 293, 304, 315

Fresh Food Financing Initiative, 247

Physical activity.

See also Inactivity;

Sedentary behaviors;

Walking and biking opportunities

active living, 98, 175, 240, 372

after-school programs, 297, 298-299, 337

age and, 357

barriers to increasing, 296

behavioral curricula, 302

branded equipment, 189-190, 216, 418

built environment and, 62, 91, 112, 229, 230-231, 244-246, 300

classroom curricula, 91-92, 296, 302

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

community-based, 90-91, 94, 95, 129, 139, 140, 204, 237, 258, 296, 297, 299

competitive sports, 297

dance classes, 236-237, 297, 299, 337

defined, 383

documentation of programs, 297

effectiveness of interventions, 125, 126

evaluation of programs and policies, 49-50, 54, 64, 92, 124-125, 126, 189, 208-209, 211-212, 293-302

examples of innovative programs, 91-92, 94, 95-96, 124-125, 202

family promotion of, 236-237, 260, 298-299, 336, 337, 340, 341

fitness evaluation, 300-301

funding for programs, 296-297, 401

home environment and, 236-237, 260, 299, 336, 337, 341

indicators of program success, 128-129

industry-sponsored efforts, 168, 191, 192, 204, 208-209, 211-212, 297, 418

legislation, 138

in low-income communities, 90-92, 202

measurement of, 64, 313-314

media promotion, 191, 192

PE classes and recess, 91, 92, 138, 282-283, 286, 294-296, 300, 305

public-private partnerships, 204

race/ethnicity and, 55, 91-92, 93-94

recommendations, 91, 168

research activities, 135, 296

safety considerations, 62, 64-65, 91, 138, 230, 233-234, 244, 246

school-based interventions, 48, 49-50, 51, 54, 91-92, 93-94, 95, 112, 129, 138, 204, 234, 237, 246, 281, 292-302, 309, 313

social environment and, 62

socioeconomic status and, 82

standards, 140, 294

state initiatives, 136, 294-296, 300

surveillance and monitoring, 50, 130, 158, 294, 296, 297, 299-301, 313, 390-393

videogames, 189, 297

Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC), 92

Physical Activity Policy Research Network, 135

Physical education, 91, 92, 138, 282-283, 286, 294-296, 300, 305

Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, 300

Physical environment. See Built environment

Physical fitness. See Fitness

Physicians for Healthy Communities, 250

Pilot programs, 38, 41, 116, 122, 123, 142, 198, 239, 245, 298, 313, 331

Pima Indians, 89-90

Planet Health, 54-55, 135

Play Across Boston, 244

Policymaking and regulation

advertising industry, 116, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 216, 413

agricultural policies, 121, 123

definition, 33 n.2, 383

evaluation of, 49-50, 59, 61, 66, 146, 305

evidence-based, 65-66

federal activities, 118, 119, 121, 123, 146, 401, 402

food industry, 188, 201

media campaign to support, 123-124

monitoring compliance with, 130

nutrition education, 118

parental role, 328

reforms and revisions, 111-112, 121-122

research network, 135

surveying changes in, 131, 144, 154, 263, 264, 306, 309

tools and toolkits for, 136, 286

Portion sizes, 45, 383

Poverty

guidelines, 82 n.4, 383-384

and health, 81-82

rates, 82

thresholds, 384

Pre-Assessment of Community-Based Obesity Prevention Interventions Project, 56-57

Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System, 132

Presidential Champions program, 301

President’s Challenge, 301 401

President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, 297, 313, 401

Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity

age-related trends, 24, 25, 76

BMI distribution, 76, 77

defined, 384

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

gender differences, 24, 76, 78

international dimension, 353

racial/ethnic disparities, 24, 74, 76, 77-79, 83, 85

regional differences, 77

socioeconomic status and, 24, 26, 76, 77

surveillance and monitoring, 143

tipping point in epidemic, 176, 352

trends, 24-25, 77-78, 112-113

Prevention of childhood/adolescent obesity.

See also Action plan for prevention;

Interventions;

Progress in preventing obesity;

individual sectors and programs

barriers to, 249

best practices, 8, 34-35, 373

collaboration among sectors, 50

comprehensive approach, 20, 75

contexts for, 75-87, 112-113

cross-cutting approaches, 141-142

definitions, 384

evidence-based approach, 8

federal commitment to, 396-405

global dimension, 353, 354-356

goals, 29, 119

individual-level approach, 29

intermediate goals, 29

leadership, 9, 45-46

next steps, 11-15, 358-362

population-level approach, 29

portfolio approach to planning, 35

promising practices, 8, 27, 34, 37, 129, 384

resource allocation, 8, 9, 45-46

sectors where actions can be taken, 44-45;

see also Government;

Industry

social environment and, 353-358

sociocultural considerations, 55

stakeholders, 1, 17, 32

systems approach, 28, 46, 62, 387

targeted to high-risk populations, 387

task force, 119-120

underinvestment in, 1

Prevention Research Centers, 41, 135, 397

Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grants, 397

Produce for Better Health (PBH) Foundation, 191, 198, 237-238, 289

Produce Marketing Association, 258

Program, defined, 33 n.3

Program Assessment Rating Tool, 146

Programs.

See also Interventions;

individual programs

defined, 384

sustainability, 386-387

Progress in preventing obesity

determinants of, 144-146, 205-207, 252-253, 306-309, 337-338

examples of, 92-96

indicators of, 33-34, 42, 45-46, 64, 66, 67, 68, 93-94, 99, 128-129, 206-207, 213-214, 257, 265, 302, 380

issues in assessing, 1-2, 26-28

measurement challenges, 207-208

needs and next steps, 11-15, 152-155, 212-217, 254, 257-268, 351-361

symposia on, 21-22, 92-93, 171, 198, 236, 237, 240, 260, 281-282, 286, 289, 294, 296, 311

Protective factors, 385

Public education.

See also Nutrition education

evaluation and monitoring component, 61

industry-sponsored, 55, 123-124, 199-201

media campaigns, 115, 123-124

nutrition and physical activity programs, 199

Public health programs.

See also Health-care services and providers;

Prevention of childhood/adolescent obesity

agricultural policies and, 121

capacity building, 126

community preventive services, 237

defined, 120, 385

evaluation of, 120

funding and resource allocation, 120-121

health screening, 237

horizontal integration, 140-141

mission, 113, 117

prevention programs, 90, 237

social norm changes through, 239

surveillance and monitoring, 130-133

training of staff, 150, 151, 259

vertical integration, 389

Public Law 109-108, 118

Public relations campaigns, 123-124, 385

Public service announcements, 124, 183, 191, 192, 385

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

Q

Quality of life, 385

Quick-serve restaurants, 385

R

Race/ethnicity.

See also African Americans;

American Indians/Alaska Natives;

Asians/Pacific Islanders;

Diverse populations;

Hispanics/Latinos

acculturation issues, 84-85

and BMI, 77-79, 83, 85

defined, 385

and diabetes, 76, 79-80, 89-90, 94, 95, 266

faith-based interventions, 237

and health, 76, 85-86

industry-sponsored programs, 201-203

interventions targeted to, 92-101, 124-125, 126, 201-203, 400

and physical activity, 55, 90-92, 93-94

prevalence of obesity, 24, 74, 76, 77-79, 83-85

surveillance and monitoring needs, 98-99

U.S. population diversity, 80

Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health ( REACH) 2010, 95, 97, 98, 241, 257

Recommendations. See individual sectors

Regional Community Health Grants Program, 203

Regional differences in prevalence of obesity, 77

Regulation. See Policymaking and regulation

Research, obesity-related.

See also Evaluation of programs and policies

behavioral, 154-155, 240

on built environment, 115, 116, 135

clinical practice approach, 238

collaborative, 135

community-based, 57, 89, 98, 99, 155, 234

cost-effectiveness analyses, 154

cultural considerations, 98

data sources, 55, 66-67, 207-208, 397

dietary contributions, 135

disseminating results, 10-11, 68, 135, 158

evaluation of adequacy of, 8, 46, 67-68, 150

evaluative, 150, 154-155, 378, 381

federal activities, 109, 133-135, 396, 397, 400, 403-404

focus groups, 57, 236, 378

funding, 158, 250

high-risk populations, 240

home environment, 343

industry initiatives, 214-217

leadership and coordination, 134-135, 148, 149

marketing research data, 207-208

natural experiments, 155, 266-267, 270, 382, 419

needs and next steps, 115, 116, 133, 154-155

networks, 135

participatory, 57, 89, 99, 234, 241, 248, 257, 258

physical activity, 135, 296

population-based, 134, 240

prevention-related, 98, 99, 135

quasi-experimental, 267

randomized controlled trials, 385

recommendations, 158

state and local government activities, 135

Strategic Plan, 134-135

translational, 134-135

Restaurant industry and restaurants

advertising and marketing, 175, 188, 192

bans and restrictions on location, number, and density, 248

branding, 175

children’s menus, 200

demand for healthier foods, 185-186

energy density of foods, 187, 188

evaluation of programs, 205, 213, 418

full-serve restaurants, 177, 185, 187, 188, 200, 213, 216

healthier food options, 168, 177, 185-186, 187, 188, 200, 213

incentive/awards programs for, 185

marketing risk and opportunities, 188

nutrition information, 139, 140, 169, 178, 187, 199, 200-201, 206, 216

portion sizes, 187

presentation of foods. 186, 187-188

quick-serve restaurants, 177, 185, 187-188, 200, 205, 213, 248

recommendations, 168, 169, 200

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

Rhode Island, 305

Risk factors, defined, 386

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), 1, 19, 45, 56, 183, 191, 201, 203, 229, 237, 240, 247, 281, 288, 385

Role modeling, 123-124, 125, 192, 252, 330, 332-333, 335, 336, 339

S

Safe Routes to School Program, 51, 54, 120, 138, 234, 246, 298, 401

Safety

in built environment, 62, 64-65, 230, 233-234, 244, 246, 298

community focus, 93, 233-234

defined, 386

schools as community centers, 299, 300

Salsa Sabor y Salud, 202

School Breakfast Program, 119, 122, 285, 290, 386, 403

School foods and beverages

access to healthy foods, 48, 49

advertising, 281, 290, 291, 304

after-school programs, 298

agricultural commodity programs and, 112

cafeteria offerings, 45

challenges for food service managers, 289

competitive foods, 118, 119, 140, 146, 242-243, 282, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 375, 397

evaluation of innovations, 289, 290-293

examples of improvements, 45, 48, 288-293

farm-to-school and garden programs, 290, 293

federal meal programs, 12, 90, 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 131, 146, 281, 285, 288, 290, 292, 382, 386

fresh fruits and vegetables, 123, 248, 289, 290, 298, 302

funding of meals, 123

for fundraisers, 290, 291

garden programs, 248

government accountability for, 146

industry initiatives, 291

meal times, 315

nutrition education programs, 48, 54, 93-94, 124, 129, 146, 280, 282, 283, 302

nutrition guidelines, 203

nutritional quality and standards, 119, 131, 138, 140, 281, 282, 286, 288, 291

pilot programs, 281

portion sizes, 291

recommendations, 116, 291

restricting sales of, 203, 242-243, 288, 291

revenue issues, 289

standards setting, 138, 140, 288

surveys, 285, 288-289, 291-293, 302, 312-313, 392-393

tools for promoting healthy choices, 290

vending machine, 138, 140, 155, 288, 290, 292, 293, 304, 315, 328, 392-393

School Health Index, 265, 285, 292, 300, 301, 305, 309, 314, 396

School Health Policy and Programs Study (SHPPS), 12, 132, 133, 142, 154, 158, 285, 291-292, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 313, 392-393, 398

School Health Profiles (SHP), 131, 132, 133, 142, 262, 285, 288-289, 292, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 313, 392-393, 398

School Meals Initiative for Healthy Children, 386

School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, 131, 285, 292, 312, 392-393, 404

School programs and policies.

See also School foods and beverages

academic partnerships, 289, 311-312

active transport, 51, 54, 120, 138, 234, 245, 246, 254, 255, 297-298, 309, 401

after-school and extracurricular programs, 91, 95, 146, 236, 297, 298-299, 306-307, 309

behavioral curricula, 302

BMI screening, 138, 140, 287, 283, 303-304

body weight and height screening, 143

built environment and, 112

capacity building, 10, 307-308, 311-312, 317, 416-417

classroom curricula, 91-92, 124, 138, 296, 297, 300

community access to school buildings, 146, 299, 300, 306, 308

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

community involvement, 289, 290, 298, 299

competitive sports, 297

culturally competent approaches, 298-299

data linkages, 314

determinants of progress, 306-309

disseminating information on, 11, 280, 283, 289, 297, 298, 305, 314-315, 318, 422

effective programs, 54-55

evaluation of, 10, 93-94, 123, 280, 284, 286, 299-302, 305, 317, 416-417

fitness screening and counseling, 49-50, 138, 263, 283, 300-301, 303-304

foundation-sponsored, 288

framework for evaluation, 306-309

funding and technical assistance, 116, 143-144, 203, 283-284, 286-287, 290, 291, 296-297, 305, 307-308, 311, 313-314

health education, 135, 138, 280, 281, 302, 392-393

health report cards/profiles, 66, 90, 131, 132, 133, 142, 262, 392-393, 398

health services, 138, 140, 250, 281, 283, 287, 303-304

implementation actions, 10, 41, 305, 306-309, 310-318, 414, 416-417, 419-420, 422

indicators of progress, 93-94, 302

industry partnerships, 203

intramural sports programs, 297, 300

leadership and collaboration, 9, 284, 307-308, 310-311, 316-317, 414

legislative and policy changes, 138, 284-286, 287, 306-309, 312-313

local authority for policy setting, 138

mentoring, 236

model policies, 138, 286

needs and next steps, 14, 309-315, 361-362

opportunities and challenges, 283-284, 296-297, 305

outcome measures, 286, 305, 306-309, 311

parental involvement in, 328, 333-334, 336, 339

physical activity opportunities, 48, 49-50, 51, 54, 91-92, 93-94, 95, 112, 129, 138, 204, 234, 237, 246, 281, 292-302, 309, 313

physical education, 91, 92, 138, 282-283, 286, 294-296, 300, 305

progress in obesity prevention, 284-305

public-private partnerships, 237, 287, 312

recess, 296, 315

recommendations, 10, 116, 280, 315-318

research, 298-299, 312-314

self-assessment and planning tools, 10, 49-50, 92, 284, 300-301, 305, 309, 314

siting issues, 112

stakeholders, 282

state policies and standards, 294

surveillance and monitoring, 10, 49-50, 66, 131, 284, 285, 294, 296, 299-301, 309-310, 312-313, 317-318, 392-393, 419-420

wellness policies, plans, and councils, 14, 119, 132, 284-288, 299, 306, 309, 315, 328, 339

Sectors, defined, 386.

See also Government;

Industry

Sedentary behaviors

defined, 386

entertainment guidelines, 118

reducing, 189

Select Metropolitan/Micropolitan Area Risk Trends (SMART), 262

Serving size, 186.

See also Portion sizes

defined, 386

Sesame Workshop, 175, 191, 193

Shape UP!, 236

Shaping America’s Youth, 27

SmallStep, 124, 125, 157, 344, 400

SmallStep Kids!, 124, 157, 344, 400

Smart Growth America, 50

Smart Growth movement, 140, 244, 245, 263

Social determinants, 386

Social marketing

behavioral branding, 124-125, 126, 373

data to inform programs, 207

defined, 386

networks, 129

VERB campaign, 55, 124-125, 126

Social norms and values, 62

adoption by immigrants, 84

defined, 386

family difficulties in changing, 249

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

progress in changing, 352, 353-358

vehicles for change, 239

Social reporting, corporate, 204-205

Social services providers, 239

Socioeconomic status.

See also Diverse populations;

Low-income populations

and BMI, 83

and community interventions, 96

and diet, 82

and eating behavior, 82

and health, 81, 82

and healthful food access, 82

and obesity prevalence and risk, 24, 74, 81-84, 85

racial/ethnic disparities, 82, 83, 85

Sonoma County (California) Family Activity and Nutrition Task Force, 242

South Carolina, 282, 287

South Dakota, 282

Special Diabetes Program for Indians, 94

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children. See WIC program

Spokane and Kootenai County (Washington) Regional Travel Survey, 261

Spokescharacters, 170, 175, 191, 192, 193, 195, 209, 215

Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK), 298

Stakeholders

collective responsibility of, 351-352

defined, 386

Stanford SMART (Student Media Awareness to Reduce Television), 236

Start Healthy, Stay HealthyTM campaign, 335

State and local governments.

See also individual states

action plans, 136-137, 141

capacity building, 12, 127-128, 129, 141, 148

collaborative efforts, 136

coordination and integration of interventions, 140-142, 149, 159

evaluation of initiatives, 142, 146-148

federal allocations to, 120, 122, 127, 148

funding, 141

implementation actions for, 114, 156, 158

incentives and rewards for, 159

leadership activities, 9, 12, 135, 136-140, 152-153, 311, 412-413

legislation, 66, 137-139, 147-148

nutrition standards, 288

parental advisory role, 328

physical education standards, 294-296, 300

program resources, 116, 140-142

recommendations for, 114, 116, 135-136, 152-153, 156

report cards, 300

research activities, 135

responsibilities, 109, 110-111, 136

surveillance and monitoring, 12, 66, 112, 142-144, 150, 158, 300

task forces and coordinating committees, 137, 156

training of staff, 150, 151

State-Based Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases, 150, 157

State Child Health Insurance Program, 90

STEPS to a Healthier U.S. Cooperative Agreement Program, 121, 124, 128-129, 153, 157, 238, 396

Stigmatization, 42, 54

Students and Parents Actively Involved in Being Fit After-School program, 298-299

Summer Food Service Program, 403

Summercise program, 94-95

Sunflower Foundation, 201, 240

Support for State Nutrition Action Plans, 204

Surveillance and monitoring.

See also individual surveys

adolescent health and behavior, 84-85, 125, 128, 129, 130, 390-391, 392-393, 398, 401

advertising and marketing practices, 208

BMI, 50, 77, 130-131, 390-391

body weight and height, 130-131, 143, 390-393

built environment, 261, 263

capacity development, 150

collaboration and coordination, 50, 132, 144

community-based strategies, 10, 90, 144, 261-264, 269-270, 419

of compliance with federal regulations and policies, 130

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

cross-sectional, 66, 376, 390-393

data sources, 66-67, 113

defined, 386

dietary intake, 143, 158, 390-393

diverse populations, 10, 98-99, 417-421

ethnic minority representation, 98-99, 100, 144, 262, 263

evaluation of programs, 1, 8, 39, 50, 62, 63, 66-67, 125, 130, 238, 261-264, 291-293

federal activities, 24, 66, 98, 112, 128, 129, 130-133, 142-143, 144, 145, 154, 155, 158, 262, 285, 390-393, 397-398, 399, 400, 401, 405

funding, 131, 132-133, 142, 262

high-risk populations, 70

implementation actions, 158

importance, 76-77

industry-based strategies, 10, 130, 214-217, 218-219, 417, 418-419

legislation monitoring, 66, 144

linkages of datasets, 154, 305, 309-310

longitudinal, 66, 381, 392-393

marketing research data, 207-208

measurement tools, 66

needs and next steps, 12, 98-99, 143-144, 154-155

nutrition and health, 50, 130, 131

opportunities for, 131, 132

by parents and caregivers, 100

physical activity and fitness, 50, 130, 158, 294, 296, 297, 299-301, 313, 390-393

policy and regulatory changes, 131, 144, 154

prevalence of obesity, 143, 158

public availability of data, 125

public health, 130-133

recommendations, 10, 70, 100, 130, 157-158, 417-421

sample sizes, 133, 262

school-based, 130, 131, 262

sedentary behaviors, 158

by state and local governments, 66, 112, 142-144, 154

supermarket scanner point-of-sale data, 207-208

systems dynamics simulation modeling, 66

technical assistance for, 142

television viewing, 390-393

T

Table Talks, 260

Take 10!, 91-92, 296

Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 257

Taxation and pricing interventions, 139, 140

Team Nutrition: Local Wellness Policy database, 129, 286, 290, 293, 403

Technical

assistance, 109, 127, 128, 387

capacity, 387

Television

bedroom sets, 330

commercials, 174, 190-191, 208

and eating behavior, 85

health promotion initiatives, 191

interventions to reduce time, 54, 329-330, 336, 337

mealtime viewing, 330

and obesity prevalence, 85

surveys, 390-393

targeting children, 191

Tennessee, 248, 282, 283, 299

Texas, 81, 136-137, 140, 241-242, 243, 247, 260, 282, 286, 296, 298, 328

Tobacco control analogies, 145

Trade associations, 169, 177, 194-195, 213, 418.

See also individual associations

Transportation-related issues, 244, 247

Travel surveys, 261

Treatment of obesity, 82, 135

Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls, 296

Triple Play: A Game Plan for the Mind, Body, and Soul, 236

TRUCE Fitness and Nutrition Center, 93

Trust for America’s Health (TFAH), 66, 144, 263, 282-283, 294, 296

U

Underweight, prevalence trends, 77

United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association, 258

Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Program, 401

U.S. Census Bureau, 131

U.S. Conference of Mayors, 136

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 114, 404, 412

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

Agricultural Marketing Service, 123

Agricultural Research Service, 403

Cooperative Extension Service, 402

coordination and collaboration among programs, 12, 129

dietary guidelines, 118-119, 121-122, 199

Economic Research Center, 208

evaluation of programs, 146, 216, 315

Food and Nutrition Service, 121, 123, 334

food assistance and nutrition programs, 12, 90, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121-122, 123, 129, 131, 141, 239, 285, 290-291, 297, 331, 359

industry collaboration with, 199, 418

nutrition standards, 118, 289

obesity prevention activities, 117, 122, 123, 134, 239, 258, 402-404

recommendations for, 12, 129, 152, 156, 216, 291

research activities, 134

State Nutrition Action Plans, 141

surveillance and monitoring activities, 131, 132, 154, 172, 174, 285, 392-393

technical assistance for schools, 119, 311

wellness policy database, 286

U.S. Department of Defense, 12, 114, 156, 359, 404, 412

Fresh Program, 123, 290, 405

U.S. Department of Education, 12, 51, 114, 116, 119, 146, 152, 156, 237, 296-297, 359, 401, 404, 405, 412

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

advertising and marketing guidelines, 117, 118, 195-197

collaboration with CDC, 128

corporate partnerships, 115, 202, 265, 418

funding of community-based health efforts, 117, 231

obesity prevention activities, 124, 128, 134, 359, 396-398, 404

Office of Science Technology, and Policy, 404

recommended role, 12, 114, 115, 117, 123-124, 152, 156, 157, 168, 216, 265, 291, 359, 412

Small Steps campaign, 124, 125, 157, 400

Strategic Plan FY 2004–2009, 119

technical assistance for schools, 119

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 12, 114, 359

U.S. Department of the Interior, 12, 14, 114, 146, 156, 265, 359, 361, 401, 412

U.S. Department of Labor, 131, 392-393, 401

U.S. Department of Transportation, 14, 115, 116, 117, 146, 156, 231, 265, 359, 361, 401, 412

U.S. Government Accountability Office, 145-146

U.S. Surgeon General, 27, 113, 401

Utah, 249, 263

Blueprint to Promote Healthy Weight for Children, Youth, and Adults, 141

Gold Medal Schools program, 315

V

VERB™ campaign, 12, 55, 124-125, 126, 130, 158, 175, 397

Vermont, 122, 333

Videogames, 188, 189, 297, 337

Viral marketing, 190

Virginia, 122, 302, 333

W

W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 237, 240

Walk and Talk program, 95

Walkable Communities Workshops, 245

Walking and biking opportunities

assessing opportunities for, 264, 265, 300

Bike, Walk, and Wheel Week, 245

built environment and, 112, 139, 140, 244, 245, 246, 254, 255, 261, 264, 298

to and from school, 51, 54, 120, 138, 234, 245, 246, 254, 255, 297-298, 309, 401

Walking School Bus program, 245

Washington, 127, 248, 261, 268

We Can! (Way to Enhance Children’s Activity & Nutrition), 199, 334, 344, 399

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11722.
×

Weight. See Body weight

Well-being, defined, 389

Wellness policies, plans, and councils, 96, 119, 132, 176, 201, 204, 238, 239, 250, 260, 268, 284-288, 299

West Virginia, 49, 136, 282, 283, 297, 299, 300

Action for Healthy Kids Team, 49

Department of Education, 49, 297

Health Education Assessment Project, 50

State Medical Association, 49

Walkable Communities Workshops, 245

WV Walks, 142

West Virginia University, 142, 297

Whites.

See also Diverse populations;

Race/ethnicity

diabetes, 79

obesity prevalence, 76, 77, 79, 84

U.S. population, 81

WIC program, 12, 78-79, 90, 120, 121-122, 130, 131, 132, 141, 143, 144, 238, 344, 359, 402

Wilkes (Georgia) Wild About Wellness, 260

William J. Clinton Foundation, 45, 201, 202, 288

Winnebago Tribe, 245, 246

Wisconsin, 243

Women’s National Basketball Association, 238

Worksite initiatives, 176, 229, 238, 250-251, 338

World Health Organization, 204, 205, 353

WV Walks, 142

Y

YMCA, Activate America™, 202, 236

Youth Media Campaign Longitudinal Survey, 12, 125, 130, 158, 392-393, 398

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), 12, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 142-143, 154, 158, 262, 285, 294, 301, 312, 313, 342, 358, 392-393, 398

Youth Sports National Report Card, 297

Z

Zuni Indian Tribal Organization, 123

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The remarkable increase in the prevalence of obesity among children and youth in the United States over a relatively short timespan represents one of the defining public health challenges of the 21st century. The country is beginning to recognize childhood obesity as a major public health epidemic that will incur substantial costs to the nation. However, the current level of investment by the public and private sectors still does not match the extent of the problem. There is a substantial underinvestment of resources to adequately address the scope of this obesity crisis.

At this early phase in addressing the epidemic, actions have begun on a number of levels to improve the dietary patterns and to increase the physical activity levels of young people. Schools, corporations, youth-related organizations, families, communities, foundations, and government agencies are working to implement a variety of policy changes, new programs, and other interventions. These efforts, however, generally remain fragmented and small in scale.

Moreover, the lack of systematic monitoring and evaluation of interventions have hindered the development of an evidence base to identify, apply, and disseminate lessons learned and to support promising efforts to prevent childhood obesity.

Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up? examines the progress made by obesity prevention initiatives in the United States from 2004 to 2006. This book emphasizes a call to action for key stakeholders and sectors to commit to and demonstrate leadership in childhood obesity prevention, evaluates all policies and programs, monitors their progress, and encourages stakeholders to widely disseminate promising practices. This book will be of interest to federal, state, and local government agencies; educators and schools; public health and health care professionals; private-sector companies and industry trade groups; media; parents; and those involved in implementing community-based programs and consumer advocacy.

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