Index
A
Academic partnerships, 39-41, 56, 135, 241, 259-260, 266, 269, 289, 311, 416
Accountability, 140, 145-146, 205, 206, 217, 252, 262, 372
ACNielsen Fresh Foods Homescan data, 207-208
Action for Healthy Kids, 237, 286, 288
Action plans for prevention
community, 238
country and regional initiatives, 354-356
public health approach, 128
ACT!vate Omaha, 243
Active Living by Design, 98, 175, 240
Active Living Leadership, 240
Administration for Children and Families, 396
Adolescents. See Childhood and adolescent obesity;
Children and youth
Adults.
See also Parents and caregivers
diabetes, 26
obesity risk and prevalence, 24, 25, 83, 112
Advergames, 196
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, 86
Advertising and marketing
advergames, 196
bans and restrictions, 257, 304
Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 219, 374, 418
communication venues, 190-197, 413
consumer promotion, 173
definitions of terms, 173
and eating behavior, 193
evaluation of health promotion initiatives, 192, 193, 209, 210, 211, 215
federal monitoring and support, 168, 195-197, 214, 216, 418
food industry, 172, 174, 188, 190, 191, 193-197, 206
guideline development, 116, 117, 168, 193-197, 214-215, 216, 219, 405, 413, 418
health promotion, 191-193, 251
in-store merchandising and promotion activities, 184, 191
integrated marketing, 172, 193, 196, 380
prevention of obesity through, 55, 123-124;
see also Public education
promotion of products, 170, 173, 384, 386
public-private partnerships, 192
public service advertising, 124, 183, 191, 192, 385
recommendations, 115, 116, 168, 169, 196, 214
research data, 13, 55, 66-67, 207-208, 219, 304, 397, 418, 419
self-regulation by industry, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 216, 413
spokescharacters, 170, 175, 191, 192, 193, 195, 209, 215
standards development, 169, 170
strategies, venues, and vehicles, 190-193
targeting children, 62, 180, 190, 197, 402, 413
television commercials, 174, 190-191, 208
tracking, 208
trade associations and groups relevant to, 194-195
unmeasured media, 208, 388-389
viral marketing, 190
vulnerability of children to, 197, 397
Advocacy and advocacy groups, 51, 97, 194, 202, 247, 249, 250, 251
African Americans.
See also Diverse populations;
High-risk populations;
Race/ethnicity
diabetes, 79
interventions for, 93, 95-96, 97, 128, 202, 236-237, 298-299, 332, 333, 337, 400
obesity trends, 74, 76, 77, 79, 83
surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98
Afterschool Alliance, 299
Age
and brand recognition, 175
and child obesity trends, 24, 25, 76
and effectiveness of family-based programs, 334
and physical activity rates, 357
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 396
Agricultural policies, 112, 123, 476
Alaska, 26, 74, 94-95, 202, 399
All Kids Count program, 252
Alliance for a Healthier Generation, 45-46, 202-203, 240, 288
America on the Move®, 202, 204, 238
American Academy of Family Physicians, 249, 331
American Academy of Pediatrics, 27, 51, 122, 249, 329, 392-393, 399
American Advertising Federation, 194
American Association of Advertising Agencies, 194
American Beverage Association, 45, 203
American Cancer Society, 51, 237
American Community Survey, 131
American Diabetes Association, 27
American Dietetic Association, 331
American Heart Association, 45, 49, 51, 202, 237, 260, 288, 294
Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations, 177, 179
American Indians/Alaska Natives.
See also Diverse populations;
High-risk populations;
Race/ethnicity
access to health care, 84
community mapping, 266
diabetes, 79-80, 89-90, 94, 266
interventions for, 89-90, 94-95, 119, 122, 123, 128, 202, 238, 245, 246, 290, 332-333, 399
surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98, 262, 263
American Marketing Association, 195
American Public Health Association, 237
American School Health Association, 305
Arizona, 26, 122, 265, 282, 305
Arkansas, 140, 142, 185, 282, 283, 287, 303, 304, 335
Asians/Pacific Islanders.
See also Diverse populations;
High-risk populations;
Race/ethnicity
obesity trends, 74, 77, 78-79, 85
programs targeting, 128
surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98, 144
Assessment, defined, 372.
See also Evaluation of programs and policies
Association of State and Territorial Directors of Health Promotion and Public Health Education, 237
B
Back to Sleep campaign, 336-337
Be Smart - Be Fit - Be Yourself program, 238
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 24, 26, 112, 128, 129, 132-133, 262, 342, 358, 390-391, 397
Beverages. See Food and beverage industries;
Foods and beverages;
School foods and beverages
Bexar County (Texas) Community Health Collaborative, 241-242, 243
Bike, Walk, and Wheel Week, 245
Black Entertainment Television (BET) Foundation, 202
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts, 250
Body mass index
collective efficacy of communities and, 234-235
comorbidities, 144
distribution trends, 76, 77-78, 234-235
obesity definition, 17 n.1, 374
as outcome measure, 128, 210, 211, 212, 250, 253
report card, 66
school screening, 138, 140, 283, 287, 303-304
socioeconomic status and, 83
surveys, 50, 77, 130-131, 390-391
Body weight
survey data, 130-131, 143, 390-393
Border Health Strategic Initiative, 241
Boy Scouts, 284
Boys and Girls Clubs of America, 202, 236, 284
Branding and brand recognition, 175-176, 184, 189-190, 196, 197-199, 212, 216, 290, 373
Built environment.
See also Community-based strategies;
Local communities
cultural considerations, 244, 245, 246
designing for physical activity, 229, 230-231, 244-246
evaluation of interventions, 64-65, 400
food access, 93, 244, 247-249, 266
funding for research and changes, 231, 245, 246
implementation actions for, 230-231, 244
land use and zoning policies, 112, 140, 153, 233, 244, 248, 257, 380
mixed-use concepts, 300
outcome measures, 261
parks, playgrounds, and recreational facilities, 242, 244, 245, 257, 264
safety considerations, 62, 64-65, 230, 233-234, 244, 246, 298
school siting, 112
smart growth initiatives, 140, 244, 245, 263
spatial mapping technologies, 248, 265-266, 270, 419
surveillance and monitoring, 261, 263
transportation issues, 244, 247
walking and biking opportunities, 112, 139, 140, 244, 245, 246, 254, 255, 261, 264, 298
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 262
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 174n.4
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 131, 261
C
California
Adolescent Nutrition and Fitness Program, 51
BMI screening in schools, 304
Center for Public Health Advocacy, 51, 263
Department of Education, 263
Department of Health Services, 54, 153, 250
enhancements to built environment, 245
5 a Day Campaign, 51
food policy council, 248
GEMS pilot program, 299
Governor’s Summit for a Healthy California, 137
Health Interview Survey, 262
integration of programs, 141-142
Latino Childhood Obesity Prevention Initiative, 93-94
Marin County SRTS program, 54
Nutrition Network for Healthy, Active Families, 250
Safe Routes to School, 246, 298
school food standards, 282, 293, 304
Sonoma County Family Activity and Nutrition Task Force, 242
surveillance and monitoring, 143, 153
Teen Eating, Exercise, and Nutrition Survey (CalTEENS), 50, 51
worksite farmer’s markets, 250
The California Endowment, 22, 201, 239-240
California Medical Association (CMA) Foundation, 250
Calories.
See also Energy
defined, 374
discretionary, 181, 199, 376-377
intakes from restaurant food, 187-188
reducing intakes, 202
Camp Fire USA Alaska Council, 202
Cancer, 76
Cardiovascular disease, 76, 77, 79, 95, 96
Carol M. White Physical Education Program Grants, 296-297, 401
Carolina Population Center, 390-391
CATCH Kids Club, 298
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 91, 331
academic partnerships, 266
BMI charts, 77 n.1
capacity-building activities, 9-10, 56-57, 127-128, 150, 153, 157, 216, 237, 396, 405
Division of Adolescent and School Health, 287
evaluation guidelines, 42, 44, 154, 257, 259
grants program, 120, 148, 305, 311, 397
health promotion activities, 192, 287, 397
Healthy Days Measures, 265
nutrition and physical activity programs, 41, 55, 66, 119, 120, 121, 124-125, 126, 127-128, 144, 246, 291, 297, 303, 305, 312, 315, 396, 397, 398, 404
Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, 300
Prevention Research Centers, 41, 135, 397
REACH initiative, 95, 97, 98, 241, 257
recommended role, 14, 157, 219, 291, 361, 418
research activities, 397
School Health Index, 265, 285, 303, 396
surveillance and monitoring activities, 24, 66, 112, 130-131, 132, 142-143, 144, 154, 262, 285, 312, 390-393, 397-398, 405
VERB campaign, 12, 55, 124-125, 126, 130, 158, 175, 397
Wellness Policy Tool, 286
Champion for Healthy Kids™ grants program, 201
Chartbook on the Health and Well-Being of Children, 399
Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health, 332
Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 122, 403
Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, 119, 284-286, 290, 328, 405
Child Nutrition Labeling Program, 402
Childhood and adolescent obesity.
See also Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity
and adult obesity risk, 83
adverse childhood experiences and, 86
at-risk population, 17, 77 n.1, 78
causes of epidemic, 62, 175, 243-244
comorbid health risks, 76, 77, 79-80
defined, 17 n.1
integrated care delivery, 203
risk factors, 84
Children and youth.
See also Infants
ad targeting of, 62, 190, 197, 402, 413
balanced diet, 373
brand awareness and loyalty, 175, 190, 198
caloric intakes from away-from-home foods, 187-188
critical development periods, 86
diabetes, 79
in poverty, 83
vulnerability to advertising, 197, 397
Children’s Advertising Review Unit, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 219, 374, 418
Coalitions
community, 39-41, 191, 229, 230, 232, 238, 241-243
See also individual coalitions
Collaboration, defined, 48 n.7, 372-375
Collective efficacy and, 89, 100, 234-235, 267, 375
Communities of Excellence in Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Prevention (CX3) database, 153
Community-based strategies.
See also Built environment;
Local communities;
School programs and policies
academic partnerships, 39-41, 56, 135, 241, 259-260, 266, 269, 416
barriers to implementation, 87-88
capacity-building, 9, 39-41, 56, 100, 128, 228, 240, 269, 416
coalition building, 39-41, 191, 229, 230, 232, 238, 241-243
collective efficacy and, 89, 100, 234-235, 267, 375
corporate-sponsored, 141, 201-203, 204, 238, 240, 258, 416
culturally competent approaches, 9, 88 n.5, 89-90, 92-98, 100, 124, 128, 157, 233, 234, 236-237, 238, 253, 258, 260, 267, 269, 416
data collection and analysis, 261-264, 270, 419
demonstration projects, 93-94, 95, 239-240
design of interventions, 97-98
determinants of progress, 252-253
disseminating and using evaluation results, 11, 14, 267-268, 270, 419, 421, 422
evaluation approaches, 9-10, 96-99, 229, 232, 234, 236, 237, 241-242, 247, 269, 416
examples of promising practices, 235-252
faith-based organizations, 90, 96, 229, 237
food-access-related, 90, 93, 139, 140, 230, 247-249, 257, 289
foundation partnerships, 94, 201-203, 229, 239-241
framework for evaluation, 61, 253-254, 255-256
funding, 115, 117, 153, 201, 231, 238, 239-241, 245, 246, 247, 258-259, 269, 297, 416
gardens and markets, 93, 247, 248, 250-251, 254, 256
by health providers and organizations, 229, 231, 237, 241, 249-252
healthy communities movement, 241
for high-risk populations, 87-97, 239-240
implementation actions for, 114-115, 230, 413-414, 416, 419, 422
indicators of progress, 257, 265
leadership and collaboration, 9, 39-40, 230-232, 233, 240, 241, 257, 251-252, 254, 255-256, 268-269, 423-424
mapping initiatives, 242, 264, 266, 298
measuring risk and protective factors, 267
natural experiments, 155, 266-267, 270, 382, 419
needs and next steps, 13-14, 254, 257-268, 360-361
nutrition-related, 94, 95, 139, 237, 238, 240, 258, 289, 290
outcome and performance measures, 236, 241, 253, 254-256, 260, 261
participatory research, 57, 89, 99, 234, 241, 248, 258
physical activity opportunities, 90-91, 94, 95, 129, 139, 140, 204, 237, 258, 296, 297
public-private partnerships, 94, 128, 231, 237-238, 240, 247, 258-259, 266, 413
recommendations, 9-10, 114-115, 229, 230, 268-270, 413-414
resources and commitment, 9, 233, 254, 255-256, 258-259
surveillance and monitoring, 10, 90, 144, 261-264, 269-270, 419
system-level tools, 242, 248-249, 375
task force/coordinating committee, 139
taxes on energy-dense foods, 139, 140
tools for self-assessing and planning, 13- 14, 242, 248-249, 258, 264-265, 268, 270, 419
wellness initiatives, 96, 176, 201, 239, 250, 260, 268
workplace opportunities, 176, 229, 238, 250-251
by youth organizations, 236, 248, 375
Community Tool Box, 264
Consortium to Lower Obesity in Chicago Children, 243
Consumer information, 119.
See also Nutrition education;
Nutrition labeling
Cooperative extension services, 238
Coordinated Approach To Child Health (CATCH) program, 135, 296, 298
Coordinated School Health program, 397
Coordination of activities
of federal prevention activities, 117, 129, 134-135, 148-150, 156, 402
of funding for programs, 148-150
incentives and rewards for, 159
recommendations and implementations actions, 156
of research activities, 134-135, 148, 149
of state prevention activities, 140-142
of surveillance and monitoring, 132, 144
Council of Better Business Bureaus, 194, 195, 197, 214
Council of State Governments, 136
Culturally appropriate strategies.
See also Diverse populations;
Race/ethnicity;
built environment and, 244, 245, 246
community-based, 9, 88 n.5, 89-90, 92-98, 100, 124, 128, 157, 233, 234, 236-237, 238, 253, 258, 260, 267, 269, 416
constituency-based, 233
defined, 376
evaluation of programs, 9, 36, 37, 70, 96-99, 157, 258, 414-417
participatory research, 98, 234
D
Dance Dance Revolution®, 189, 297
Data.
See also Research, obesity-related;
Surveillance and monitoring
collection and analysis, 36, 49, 57-58, 66, 98-99, 142, 238, 261-264, 270, 312, 419
fitness, 263
proprietary, 207-208, 216, 385, 418
Delaware, 293
Demonstration projects, 93-94, 95, 239-240
Diabetes, type 2
in adults, 26
in children, 79
in ethnic minority groups, 76, 79-80, 89-90, 94, 95, 266
integrated care delivery, 203
prevalence, 76
prevention studies and programs, 89-90, 94, 95, 128, 192, 203, 241
Diet
balanced, 373
socioeconomic status and, 82
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 118-119, 121-122, 130, 131, 183, 197, 198, 199, 206, 344, 376, 339, 404
Dietary intake
consumer estimates of, 357
evaluation of, 289
parental work experience and children’s intakes, 329
state initiatives, 136
Dietary interventions
community-based, 238
home-based, 260, 329, 333, 336, 337
Dietary Reference Intakes, 197
Diverse populations.
See also Community-based strategies;
Culturally appropriate strategies;
High-risk populations;
Low-income populations;
Race/ethnicity;
individual ethnic groups
evaluation of interventions for, 96-99
health disparities and health outcomes, 85-87
health effects of obesity, 79-80
immigration and acculturation issues, 80-81, 83-85
implementation of recommendations, 414-421
interventions and policy levers for high-risk subgroups, 87-96, 129
recommendations for, 9-10, 70, 100, 414-421
sociodemographic profiles, 80-81
surveillance and monitoring, 10, 98-99, 417-421
transferability of interventions, 65
DoD Fresh Program, 123, 290, 405
E
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, 95
Eat Smart, Grow Strong™ Campaign, 199, 335
Eat Smart. Play Hard. campaign, 334-335, 344, 403
Eating behavior
advertising and, 193
built environment and, 247-249
home environment and, 337
promoting healthy food choices, 122, 181, 339, 340
public perceptions of, 355
research initiatives, 240
socioeconomic status and, 82
TV viewing during meals and, 85
Eating disorders, 42
Economic costs of obesity, 25-26
Education. See Public education
Electronic media.
See also Television;
Videogames
Electronic Retailing Self-Regulation Program, 194, 197
Employers and worksite interventions, 204, 238, 338
Energy
density of foods, 377
Entertainment industry. See Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries;
Media and entertainment industry;
Television
Environment.
See also Built environment;
Community-based strategies;
Home environment;
School
defined, 377
obesogenic, 382
Environmental justice, 377
Ethnic groups. See Culturally appropriate strategies;
Diverse populations;
Race/ethnicity;
individual ethnic groups
Evaluation of programs and policies.
See also Framework for evaluation;
Research, obesity-related;
individual sectors
accountability and transparency, 140, 145-146, 205, 206, 217, 372
adverse or unanticipated impacts, 42, 54
automobile and highway safety model, 65
baseline measures, 39
BMI distribution as measure of change, 50
capacity building, 9-10, 12-13, 56, 62, 70, 153-154, 157, 212-214, 218, 258-260, 311-312, 317, 415-419
case studies, 59
checklists, 286
community-academic partnerships, 56, 241, 259-260
community-based participatory studies, 57, 89, 99, 234, 241, 248, 257, 258
contextual factors, 5, 7, 32, 36, 37, 42, 55, 60, 69, 375;
see also Diverse populations
cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis, 55, 376
cost-utility analysis, 376
cultural considerations, 9, 36, 37, 70, 96-99, 157, 258, 414-417
data collection and analysis, 36, 49, 57-58, 66, 98-99, 142, 238, 261-264
demonstration projects, 93-94, 95, 239-240
determinants of progress, 144-146, 205-207, 252-253, 306-309, 337-338
developing interventions, 62, 64-65, 70
dietary intakes, 289
dissemination of results, 10-11, 14, 36, 37-38, 64, 68, 70, 120, 126, 129, 158, 219-220, 238, 267-268, 269, 270, 314-315, 416, 419, 421, 422
experimental and quasiexperimental approaches, 59
external validity, 97
fidelity of assessment, 39, 378
formative-type, 36, 37, 48-49, 55, 56-57, 124-125, 198, 244, 335, 378
funding and technical assistance support for, 8, 26-27, 28, 38, 41, 42, 62, 64, 69, 119, 125, 214, 219, 247, 258-259, 266, 269, 387, 416
guidelines, 42, 44, 154, 257, 259
health impact assessments, 66, 264, 379
health promotion advertising initiatives, 192, 193, 209, 210, 211, 215
impact evaluation, 380
implementation actions, 9-10, 157
incentives for, 315
indicators of progress, 33-34, 42, 45-46, 64, 66, 67, 68, 93-94, 99, 128-129, 206-207, 213-213, 257, 265, 380
intermediate goals and, 97
internal validity, 97
issues and challenges in design, 62-69, 96-99
leadership assessment, 45, 146, 148-150, 210
measuring dietary patterns and activity behaviors, 62, 63-64
measuring program implementation, 119
methodological approaches, 57-60, 92, 98-99, 236, 238, 245, 293
mixed-method design, 59-60, 68
multiple ongoing efforts, 36, 46
natural experiments, 266-267, 382
opportunity-capacity gap, 39-41
outcomes, 27, 36, 37, 39, 50-55, 59, 61, 62, 97, 123, 125, 146, 210-211, 215, 305, 383
overview and definitions, 33-39
performance measures, 64
pilot programs, 38, 41, 116, 122, 123, 142, 198, 239, 245, 298
policy implementation tracking, 49-50, 59, 61, 66, 146, 305
preintervention/postintervention comparisons, 59, 238, 241-242, 260
process-type, 36, 37, 48-49, 58, 93, 123, 125, 128, 258, 384
public private partnerships, 258-259
purposes, 2-3, 8, 18, 26, 33, 35-36
qualitative methods/measures, 58, 96-97, 99, 123, 206, 258
quantitative methods/measures, 206-207
recommendations, 7-12, 69-70, 153-154, 157, 412-422
report cards, 66, 90, 146, 147-148, 265
research support, 8, 46, 67-68, 150
resource and input assessments, 5, 42, 45-46, 60-61, 121, 127, 209-211, 240, 266-267
review of current efforts, 27
selection criteria, 36-37, 97, 182
social determinants of health and, 81
spatial mapping technologies and, 265-266
of strategy development and implementation 48-50, 56-61, 209, 210-211
subgroup analyses, 98
surveillance and monitoring, 1, 8, 39, 50, 62, 63, 66-67, 125, 130, 238, 261-264, 291-293
technical assistance, 142, 153, 154, 286
tools for, 13-14, 49-50, 64, 66, 146, 242, 248-249, 258, 264-265, 268, 270, 286, 293, 419
translating and transferring findings, 4, 62, 65-66, 68
Exercise. See Physical activity
F
Faith-based organizations, 90, 96, 229, 237
Family-based interventions. See Home environment;
Parents and caregivers
Farm Bill, 123
Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program, 403
Farmers’ markets, 139, 140, 403
See also Restaurant industry and restaurants
Fat, dietary, discretionary, 377
Federal Communications Commission, 156, 216, 401, 412
Federal government.
See also Public health programs;
individual departments and agencies
advertising oversight, 168, 195-197, 214, 216
capacity-building activities, 9-10, 56-57, 113, 117, 126-129, 146, 150-151, 153, 157, 237, 396, 402, 405
context for congressional action, 112-113
coordination of activities, 117, 129, 134-135, 148-150, 155, 156, 402
determinants of success, 145, 146
evaluation of programs, 9-10, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124-126, 128, 130, 131, 145-146, 153-154, 155-156, 157, 216, 396-405
funding and expenditures for programs, 117, 120-126, 127, 131, 132-133, 146, 148, 155, 397
implementation of recommendations, 9-10, 114, 157, 158
industry collaboration with, 124, 213-214, 305
interagency collaboration, 114, 119, 123, 128, 134-135, 149, 150, 290, 404-405
leadership activities, 9, 117-120, 134, 145, 146, 152, 291, 311, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405
nutrition and physical activity programs, 51, 54, 112, 118-119, 121-122, 127-128, 129, 131, 238
obesity prevention goals, 119
policymaking and regulatory activities, 118, 119, 121, 123, 146, 401, 402
programs for obesity prevention, 127-129, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402-403, 404, 405
public health mission, 113, 117
recommendations for, 9, 10, 114, 117-118, 121, 123, 126-127, 130, 152, 216
research activities, 109, 133-135, 145, 216, 396, 397, 400, 403-404
responsibilities, 109, 110, 113, 117, 153
stakeholder workshop, 118
surveillance and monitoring activities, 24, 66, 98, 112, 128, 129, 130-133, 142-143, 144, 145, 154, 155, 158, 262, 285, 390-393, 397-398, 399, 400, 401, 405
task force, 12, 119-120, 134-135, 137, 139, 148, 152, 156, 400
technical assistance from, 109, 127, 128, 153, 213
Federal Highway Administration, 131, 245, 261
Federal Interagency Working Group on Overweight and Obesity, 134, 155, 404
Federal Trade Commission, 116, 117, 118, 130, 156, 168, 170, 195-197, 215, 216, 402, 405, 412
50 Schools in 50 States Initiative, 401
Filipinos, 79
Fit City Madison, 243
Fit, Healthy, and Ready to Learn, 286
Fit WIC, 122, 239, 331, 333, 403
Fitness
award programs, 302
community-based strategies, 236, 258
data collection and analysis, 263
surveys, 313
testing/evaluating, 49-50, 300-301, 304
Fitnessgram®/Activitygram®, 49-50, 66, 301
5 a Day and Fresh from Florida, 289-290
Florida Interagency Food and Nutrition Agency, 141
Food and beverage industries.
See also Advertising and marketing;
Foods and beverages;
Restaurant industry and restaurants;
School food and beverages
advertising and marketing practices, 172, 174, 188, 190, 191, 193-197, 206
AHA recommendations to, 177, 179
branding/branded products, 175, 184, 190, 197-199, 290
consumer information and education, 197-201, 209, 210, 213, 335
corporate foundations, 201-202
corporate social reporting, 204-205
economic characteristics, 172, 174, 179-180
evaluation of changes, 182, 184, 187, 205-207, 208-210, 212
examples of innovations, 45, 182-184
indicators of progress, 206-207, 212-213
Internet marketing, 190
litigation, 188
motivation for change, 185, 213, 220, 422
phases of response to obesity epidemic, 177
product cross-promotions, 191
product development and reformulation, 168, 169, 177-186
public-private partnerships, 183, 191, 198, 199, 418
recommendations to, 168, 169, 177, 179, 418
restrictions on school sales, 291
retailers, 169, 170, 179-180, 184, 191, 199, 200, 205, 213, 219
sales to young consumers, 179-181, 207, 290
targeted marketing of foods, 180
Food and Drug Administration, 177
nutrition labeling regulation, 115, 117-118, 198, 201, 216, 398
nutrition standards, 197
obesity prevention activities, 260, 398-399
Obesity Working Group, 200, 201, 398
recommendations for, 216, 219, 418
Food and Nutrition Service, 121
Food assistance. See Nutrition assistance programs
Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, 404
Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, 403
Food Marketing to Children report recommendations, 167, 169-170, 196, 207, 216
Food security, 90
Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program (FSNEP), 121, 129, 132, 344, 403
Food Stamp Program (FSP), 12, 90, 120, 122, 142, 250, 359, 402
Food Trust of Philadelphia, 247
Foods and beverages.
See also Advertising and marketing;
School foods and beverages
access and opportunity issues, 62, 90, 93, 121, 139, 140, 230, 244, 247-249, 251, 257, 266, 289
away-from-home foods, 177, 186, 187-188, 200, 372;
see also Restaurant industry and restaurants
brand recognition and loyalty, 175
built environment, 93, 244, 247-249, 266
community-based interventions, 90, 93, 139, 140, 230, 237, 247-249, 250-251, 257, 289
consumption drivers, 178-179, 184-186, 188
consumption trends, 84, 175, 187-188, 390-391
convenience products, 180, 187
costs, 178
demand for healthier foods, 183-185, 188
fruits and vegetables, 93, 175, 181, 183, 184, 188, 189, 191, 193, 198, 208, 237, 390-391
gardens and markets, 93, 247, 248, 250-251, 254, 256
grocery store selection and placement of, 169, 170, 184
at home, 260, 329, 333, 336, 337
“house” or value brands, 184
labels and nutrition information, 115, 117-118, 168, 178, 187, 190, 197-199, 200, 201, 206, 213, 216, 382, 399, 402
marketing research data, 207-208
meal planning tools, 199
organic and natural foods, 183
packaging and presentation, 168, 169, 175, 178, 184, 186-187, 206
policy and political considerations, 121, 123, 188, 201
portion/serving sizes, 45, 178, 184, 187, 199, 201, 203, 383
promotion of healthful foods, 175, 183, 189, 197-201
reduced-calorie products, 182, 198
snack foods, 181, 186-187, 191, 213
sodas and fruit drinks, 84, 139, 140, 180-181, 203
taste/flavor, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184-185, 186
taxes on energy-dense foods, 139, 140
vitamin and mineral content, 182
Foundations.
See also individual foundations
community partnerships, 94, 201-203, 229, 239-241
Framework for evaluation
application to interventions, 60-61, 208-212, 252-254, 255-256
communities, 61, 253-254, 255-256
criteria for judging design, quality, or changes, 7, 37-38, 182
crosscutting factors, 5-7, 42, 43, 44, 55
government progress assessment, 148-152
industry progress assessment, 208-212
outcomes, 5, 34, 43, 44, 50-55
questions to guide policies and interventions, 4, 18, 56-61
scope and maturity of program and, 61
strategies and actions, 5, 46-50, 60-61, 209, 210-211
Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP), 120, 123, 290-291, 344, 403
Fruit and Vegetables Galore, 290
Fruits and Veggies—More Matters!™, 175, 198
Funding for programs
assessing progress in, 121, 127
community-based interventions, 115, 117, 153, 201, 231, 239-241, 245, 246, 247, 258-259, 269, 297, 416
cooperative agreements, 121, 124
discretionary or competitive project grants, 120
entitlements, 120
evaluation of adequacy of, 5, 42, 45-46, 60-61, 121, 127, 146, 148-150, 209-211, 240, 241, 266-267
for evaluation studies, 8, 26-27, 28, 38, 41, 42, 62, 64, 69, 119, 125, 214, 219, 247, 258-259, 266, 269, 387, 416
federal, 117, 120-126, 127, 131, 132-133, 146, 148, 155, 397
of food and nutrition programs, 120
formula and block grants, 120, 399
industry, 201-203, 209, 210, 211, 240, 305, 421-422
need-based formula grants, 121
physical activity, 296-297, 401
from private foundations, 201-203
school-related programs, 116, 143-144, 203, 283-284, 286-287, 290, 291, 296-297, 305, 313-314
surveillance and monitoring, 131, 132-133, 142, 262
G
Games for Health, 189
Garden Mosaic Project, 93
Gender and obesity trends, 24, 76, 78, 83
Geographic information systems, 248, 265-266, 270, 378, 419
Georgia, 21-22, 92, 136, 201, 240, 245, 260, 294
Georgia FitKid Project, 298
Girls Health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS), 236-237, 299, 337
GirlSports, 236
Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, 204, 205
Government.
See also Federal government;
Public health programs;
State and local governments
access to commercial data, 207
assessment approaches, 145-148
capacity building, 9-10, 111, 150-152, 153-154, 157
coordination of activities, 11, 117, 129, 134-135, 140-142, 148-150, 152, 155, 402
determinants of progress, 144-145
framework for evaluation, 148-152
implementation actions for, 69, 156-159, 412-413
information sharing and dissemination, 10-11, 158-159
key functions of, 109
leadership and collaboration, 7, 9, 11, 39, 69, 75, 94, 109-110, 148-150, 152-153, 156, 404-405, 412-413
needs and next steps, 11-12, 152-155, 358-359
policy reform, 111-112, 121-122
public health mission, 110-111
recommendations, 9-11, 109-110, 155-159, 412-413
surveillance and monitoring, 10, 150, 154, 155, 157-158
training of program staff, 150, 151
Greater Philadelphia Urban Affairs Coalition, 247
Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA)
guidance on advertising regulation, 194, 213
Health and Wellness Survey, 182, 186, 199
Guidelines for Obesity Prevention and Control, 135
H
Harlem Children’s Zone, 93, 247
Harlem Fitness Zone, 98
Head Start Program, 83, 90, 202, 333-334, 396
Health
costs of obesity, 25-26, 79-80
defined, 378
determinants of, 81, 87, 97, 389
development, 87
impact assessments, 66, 264, 379
life-course perspective, 87, 381
outcomes, 53, 55, 82, 85-86, 149, 150, 151, 379
promotion, 28, 55, 93, 171, 174, 182-184, 190-193, 238, 287, 379, 413
racial/ethnic disparities, 76, 85-87
report cards, 66, 90, 131, 132, 133, 142, 262, 392-393, 398
timing and sequence of life events and, 87
trajectories, 87
upstream determinants, 97, 389
Health and Wellness Coalition of Wichita, 243, 268
Health-care services and providers
accountability, 252
community programs, 90, 229, 231, 237, 241, 249-252
evaluation and surveillance systems, 90, 130
implementation of recommendations, 231
information systems for, 252
insurance coverage and focus, 26, 82, 130, 204, 249, 250
integrated delivery, 203
obesity screening and counseling, 124, 138, 140, 249, 250, 287, 283, 303-304, 331, 335
recommendations, 231
school-based, 138, 140, 250, 281, 283, 287, 303-304
tool kit for obesity counseling, 249, 250
Health Disparities Research Program, 135
Health education
assessment, 50
classroom requirements and practices, 124, 135, 138, 280, 281, 302, 392-393
Health in the Balance report
prevention approach, 19
recommendations, 2, 19, 32, 74, 109-110, 113, 114-116, 119, 121, 123-124, 126-127, 152, 167, 168, 176, 188-189, 196, 200, 229, 230-231, 280, 281, 304, 329, 338
Health Policy Tracking Service, 66
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 336, 399, 405
Healthcare Georgia Foundation, 21-22, 201, 229, 240
Healthful diet, defined, 379
HealthierUS School Challenge, 129, 404
Healthy Arkansas, 185
Healthy Body Healthy Spirit, 237
Healthy Carolinians microgrants program, 46, 257
Healthy communities movement, 241
Healthy Days Measures, 265
Healthy Eating, Active Living (HEAL), 175, 239-240, 251
Healthy Eating Research Program, 240, 247
Healthy People 2010, 24, 46, 64, 84, 329, 400
Healthy Schools Program, 45, 203, 288
Healthy West Virginia Act of 2005, 49
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 201
High-risk populations
examples of programs, 87-96, 239-240
interventions and policy levers, 87-96
research initiatives, 240
state focus on, 136
surveillance and monitoring, 70
Hip-Hop to Health Jr., 333
Hispanics/Latinos.
See also Diverse populations;
High-risk populations;
Race/ethnicity
advocacy groups, 202
defined, 81 n.2
diabetes, 79
immigration issues, 80, 81 n.2, 84, 85
obesity trends, 74, 77, 79, 83, 84, 85
programs for preventing obesity, 93-94, 97-98, 128, 191, 202, 244
socioeconomic status, 82, 83, 305
surveillance and monitoring initiatives, 98
Hollywood, Health, and Society, 192
Home environment.
See also Parents and caregivers
capacity building and implementation, 10, 340-343, 344-345, 417
culturally tailored programs, 332-333
determinants of progress, 337-338
disseminating and using evaluation results, 11, 242-244, 343-344, 346, 422-423
and eating behavior, 337
evaluation of, 10, 332, 335, 336-337, 338-339, 342-343, 344-345, 417
family meals and food rules, 260, 329, 333, 336, 337
framework for evaluation, 337-339
implementation actions for, 344-346, 414, 417, 420-421, 422-423
industry-sponsored initiatives, 335
leadership, commitment, and collaboration, 339-342, 344, 414
meal planning and preparation, 260, 335
monitoring changes, 70, 100, 336, 342-343, 345-346, 420-421
multicomponent integrated approach, 331-332, 333-334, 337, 342
needs and next steps, 15, 339-344, 362
nutrition education, 260, 333, 334-335, 340
opportunities and challenges, 328-334
physical activity, 236-237, 260, 299, 336, 337, 341
public-private partnerships, 335
recommendations, 10, 100, 344-346, 414
research, 343
school-based, 328, 333-334, 336
surveillance and monitoring, 70, 343
television viewing, 329-330, 336, 337
I
Illinois, 202, 243, 246, 283, 288, 304
Immigrants/immigration
acculturation and obesity risk, 83-85
undocumented, 81 n.2
Indian Health Service, 78, 94, 119, 262, 399
Industry.
See also Advertising and marketing;
Food and beverage industries;
Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries;
Media and entertainment industry;
Restaurant industry and restaurants
branding, 175-176, 189-190, 212, 216
capacity building for evaluation, 9, 10, 12-13, 212-214, 218, 415-416, 418-419
collaboration with other sectors, 124, 171-172, 191, 192, 198, 201-203, 204, 209, 210, 211, 212, 297, 418
community-based initiatives, 141, 201-203, 204, 238, 240, 416
consumer education, 197-201, 209, 418
corporate social responsibility, 175-176, 188, 203-205, 216-217, 419
definitions, 173
determinants of progress, 205-207
employee wellness opportunities, 176, 204, 238
expanding consumer demand for healthful products, 184-186
framework for evaluation, 182, 205-212
funding of programs, 201-203, 209, 210, 211, 240, 305, 421-422
health promotion strategies, 171, 174, 182-184, 413, 190-193, 238
implementation actions for, 9, 115, 217-218, 219, 220, 413, 415-416, 418-419, 421-422
incentives and rewards for change, 185, 213, 220, 422
indicators for evaluating programs, 212-213
investments in healthful products, 174
leadership and collaboration, 9, 169-170, 183-184, 191, 209, 212, 217
marketing research data, 207-208
marketplace characteristics. 172-176
measurement of progress, 207-208
needs and next steps, 12-13, 212-217, 359-360
opportunities and challenges, 171-172, 188
physical activity programs, 168, 191, 192, 204, 208-209, 211-212, 297, 418
proprietary data sharing, 13, 173, 174, 207-208, 216, 219-220, 418-419, 421-422
public-private partnerships, 13, 124, 171-172, 191, 192, 198, 201-203, 204, 212, 213-214, 215, 216, 305, 415-416, 421-422
recommendations, 9, 10, 168-170, 216, 217-220, 413
strategies and actions, 209, 210, 211
surveillance and monitoring, 10, 130, 214-217, 218-219, 417, 418-419
trade associations, 169, 177, 194-195, 213, 418
Infants
feeding practice guidelines, 122
Institute of Medicine, 92, 113, 397
Intermountain Healthcare, 315
International Food Information Council (IFIC) Foundation, 199
Internet
advertising and marketing, 190, 196
interactive websites, 335
Inter-Tribal Council of Arizona, 122
Interventions.
See also Community-based strategies;
Evaluation of programs and policies;
Funding for programs;
Home environment;
School programs and policies
channels for, 374
cultural adaptations or targeting, 92-99
defined, 380
examples of progress, 45, 48, 91-96, 124-125, 176-205, 235-252, 288-293
horizontal integration, 140-141, 379
inputs, 380
international efforts, 92
large-scale, 36
multicomponent integrated approach, 75, 331-332, 333-334, 337, 342, 381-382
progress-related issues, 92
public support of, 355
quasi-experimental, 385
research, 155
translation and diffusion of, 134-135
Iowa, 123
J
Jump Up and Go Program, 250
K
Coordinated School Health Program, 48, 49
Department of Education, 286
Department of Health and Environment, 286
Health and Wellness Coalition of Wichita, 243, 268
Health Foundation, 21, 201, 240, 281
Teen Leadership for Physically Active Lifestyles, 236
Keystone Center
Forum on Obesity and Foods Consumed Away From Home, 177, 207, 399
Forum on Youth Nutrition, 399
Keystone Healthy Zone Schools campaign, 142, 315
Kids Walk-to-School program, 246
L
Labeling. See Nutrition labeling
Land use and zoning policies, 112, 140, 153, 233, 244, 248, 257, 380
Latino Childhood Obesity Prevention Initiative, 93-94
Latino Health Access, 93
Latino New Urbanism, 244
Latinos en Movimiento, 204
Laws and regulations. See Policymaking and regulation
Legislation, obesity prevention, 137-139, 140, 147-148, 246, 303
Leisure, entertainment, and recreation industries
physical activity opportunities, 188-190
recommendations to, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 188-189
Let’s Just Play® Go Healthy Challenge, 202-203
Local communities.
See also Built environment;
Community-based strategies
mobilization, 46
policymaking authority, 138
state and federal programs at, 238
Los Angeles County Health Department, 51
Los Angeles County Health Survey, 143, 144
Louisiana, 294
Low-income populations
community-based interventions, 87-96, 100-101, 128, 129, 202, 239-240, 244, 248
food access issues, 62, 129, 230, 247, 248
school-based interventions, 305
surveillance and monitoring, 130
M
MAPP (Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships) tool, 242, 264
Mapping a Shared Vision of Hope, 266
Marketing.
See also Advertising and marketing
defined, 381
research data, 13, 55, 66-67, 207-208, 219, 397, 418
Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 336, 392-393, 399
Media and entertainment industry.
See also Electronic media;
Television
advertising and marketing strategies, venues, and vehicles, 190-193
health promotion, 170, 190-193
public service announcements, 183, 191, 385
unmeasured media, 208, 388-389
Mediator, defined, 33 n.5
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment program, 90
Michigan Fitness Foundation, 302
Survey of the Health of All the Population and the Environment, 143, 144
Mississippi, 123, 290-291, 299
Missouri, 259
Foundation for Health, 201, 240
PedNet Coalition, 245
Moderator, defined, 33 n.4, 381
Monitoring.
See also Surveillance and monitoring
defined, 381
Monitoring the Future survey, 390-391
Montana, 290
Moving School Project, 92
MyPyramid, 118-119, 199, 342, 344, 357, 403
N
National Advertising Division, 194
National Advertising Review Board, 194
National Advertising Review Council, 193, 194, 214, 216
National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity, 237, 286
National Association for Sport and Physical Education, 294
National Association of County and City Health Officials, 14, 264, 267 361
National Association of State Boards of Education, 286
National Business Group on Health, 238
National Cancer Institute, 237, 334, 399
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 112, 132
National Center for Health Statistics, 132, 392-393
National Children and Youth Fitness Study, 313
National Conference of State Legislatures, 144, 294, 296
National Council of La Raza, 202
National Dairy Council, 237
National 5 a Day for Better Health campaign, 51, 183, 214, 237, 344, 397
National Football League, 237
National Governors Association, 136
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 12, 24, 25, 77, 79, 84, 112, 114, 130-131, 132, 133, 158, 261, 313, 390-391, 397
National Health Examination Survey (NHES), 25
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 130, 132, 133, 390-391, 397
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 237, 299, 332, 334, 399
National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), 12, 131, 158, 261, 401
National Initiative for Children’s Healthcare Quality, 252
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 334, 336, 399
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 334, 399
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 400
National Institutes of Health, 92
evaluative research, 155, 216, 247
obesity prevention activities, 191, 192, 296, 399-400, 405
Task Force on Obesity Prevention, 134-135, 400
National Latino Children’s Institute, 202
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 84-85, 390-391
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 84, 131, 392-393, 401
National Network of Statewide Afterschool Networks, 299
National Obesity Action Forum, 405
National Park Service, 401
National PTA, 237
National School Lunch Program, 118, 122, 285, 290, 382, 402-403
National Science Foundation, 216
National Sporting Goods Association, 204
National SRTS Clearinghouse, 298
National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH), 392-393, 399, 405
National Survey of Early Childhood Health (NSECH), 342, 392-393, 399
National Urban League, 202
Native Americans. See American Indians/Alaska Natives
New Jersey, 294
New Urbanism, 244
No Child Left Behind Act, 283
Non-Motorized Transportation Pilot Program grant, 245
North Carolina, 46, 95, 127, 136, 202, 249, 299
North Dakota, 332
Nutrient density of foods, 382
Nutrition Advisory Councils, 289
Nutrition and Physical Activity Legislative Database, 66, 144
Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases, 41, 120, 127-128, 153, 396
Nutrition assistance programs, 90, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121-122, 128, 129, 131, 142.
See also individual programs
Nutrition education
behavioral curricula, 302
community-based interventions, 93-94, 95, 139, 237, 238, 240, 258, 289, 290
consumer utilization of, 357
food industry initiatives, 197-201, 209, 210, 213
funding of programs, 120
home-based, 260, 333, 334-335, 340
by restaurant industry, 139, 140, 169, 178, 187, 199, 200-201, 206, 216
rulemaking and policies, 118
at school, 48, 54, 93-94, 124, 129, 146, 280, 282, 283, 302
Nutrition labeling
branded icons and logos for healthy foods, 197-199, 212
calorie content, 198, 201, 206
consumer understanding and use, 213, 357
evaluation of, 216
Goodness Corner™ logo, 198
Guiding Stars™, 200
health claims, 117-118, 168, 201
nutrient claims, 117-118, 168, 201, 399
Nutrition Facts Panel, 115, 117, 118, 168, 198, 201, 382, 399
regulation, 115, 117-118, 198, 201, 216, 398
restaurant foods, 139, 140, 169, 178, 187
Sensible Solution™ logo, 190, 198
SmartSpot™ logo, 198
USDA program, 402
weighted rating system, 200
Nutrition standards, 119, 131, 138, 197
O
Obesity.
See also Childhood and adolescent obesity;
Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity
acculturation of immigrants and, 84-85
at-risk for, 77 n.1
causes, 62
health problems and comorbidities, 113, 353
perceptions of health risks, 122, 249, 330-331, 356
stigmatization, 54
Obesity Abatement in the African American Community Initiative, 400
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 400
Office of Management and Budget, 146
Office of Minority Health, 400-401
Office of Public Health and Science, 405
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 134
Office of the Surgeon General, 27, 401
Ohio, 123
Outcomes
advertising and marketing changes, 215
behavioral, 53, 54, 97, 210, 211, 212, 254-256, 286, 373
BMI, 128, 210, 211, 212, 250, 253
capacity-building measures, 150-152
cognitive, 52-53, 210, 211, 254-256, 286, 374
community programs and policies, 236, 241, 253, 254-256, 260, 261
data systems for tracking, 131
dietary, 286
environmental, 52, 210, 211, 212, 254-256, 306-308, 377
evaluation, 36, 37, 39, 50-55, 123, 210, 211, 254-256, 383
health, 53, 55, 82, 85-86, 149, 150, 151, 210, 211, 212, 253, 379
individual-level, 54, 306-308, 311
institutional, 51, 52, 148-150, 212, 254-256, 286, 380
intermediate, 8, 28, 97, 253, 306
negative impacts, 54, 303, 339
population-level, 54, 65, 306-308
social, 52-53, 210, 211, 254-256, 386
structural and systemic, 51, 52, 64-65, 140-150, 151, 210, 211, 254-256, 286, 306-308, 386, 387
P
Pacific Islanders. See Asians/Pacific Islanders
Parent Teacher Association, 328
Parents’ Action for Children, 327
Parents and caregivers
and BMI screening for children, 303
checklist for, 342
eating behavior, 333
educational materials for, 204, 238
meal planning tools, 199
media campaigns targeting, 191
mobilizing, 335
monitoring lifestyle changes, 10, 100, 157, 181, 269-270, 419
participation in interventions, 93-94, 203, 298-299, 327-328, 339
perception of weight as health issue, 122, 249, 330-331
physical activity patterns of, 392-393
physician counseling of, 331
promoting healthy food choices, 122, 181, 339, 340
promoting physical activity, 298-299, 340
resources and support, 327-328, 334, 339, 342, 396
role modeling, 123-124, 125, 192, 330, 332-333, 335, 336, 339
toolkit for obesity prevention, 396
worksite health promotion, 204, 238, 339
Parents as Teachers National Center, 327
Parks, playgrounds, and recreational facilities, 242, 244, 245, 257, 264
Partnership for a Healthy West Virginia, 49, 50, 245
PATH Foundation, 245
Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS), 130, 132, 133, 392-393, 398
PE4Life, 204
PedNet Coalition, 245
Pennsylvania, 127, 142, 286, 288, 293, 304, 315
Fresh Food Financing Initiative, 247
Physical activity.
See also Inactivity;
Sedentary behaviors;
Walking and biking opportunities
active living, 98, 175, 240, 372
after-school programs, 297, 298-299, 337
age and, 357
barriers to increasing, 296
behavioral curricula, 302
branded equipment, 189-190, 216, 418
built environment and, 62, 91, 112, 229, 230-231, 244-246, 300
community-based, 90-91, 94, 95, 129, 139, 140, 204, 237, 258, 296, 297, 299
competitive sports, 297
dance classes, 236-237, 297, 299, 337
defined, 383
documentation of programs, 297
effectiveness of interventions, 125, 126
evaluation of programs and policies, 49-50, 54, 64, 92, 124-125, 126, 189, 208-209, 211-212, 293-302
examples of innovative programs, 91-92, 94, 95-96, 124-125, 202
family promotion of, 236-237, 260, 298-299, 336, 337, 340, 341
funding for programs, 296-297, 401
home environment and, 236-237, 260, 299, 336, 337, 341
indicators of program success, 128-129
industry-sponsored efforts, 168, 191, 192, 204, 208-209, 211-212, 297, 418
legislation, 138
in low-income communities, 90-92, 202
PE classes and recess, 91, 92, 138, 282-283, 286, 294-296, 300, 305
public-private partnerships, 204
race/ethnicity and, 55, 91-92, 93-94
safety considerations, 62, 64-65, 91, 138, 230, 233-234, 244, 246
school-based interventions, 48, 49-50, 51, 54, 91-92, 93-94, 95, 112, 129, 138, 204, 234, 237, 246, 281, 292-302, 309, 313
social environment and, 62
socioeconomic status and, 82
state initiatives, 136, 294-296, 300
surveillance and monitoring, 50, 130, 158, 294, 296, 297, 299-301, 313, 390-393
Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC), 92
Physical Activity Policy Research Network, 135
Physical education, 91, 92, 138, 282-283, 286, 294-296, 300, 305
Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, 300
Physical environment. See Built environment
Physical fitness. See Fitness
Physicians for Healthy Communities, 250
Pilot programs, 38, 41, 116, 122, 123, 142, 198, 239, 245, 298, 313, 331
Play Across Boston, 244
Policymaking and regulation
advertising industry, 116, 118, 170, 193-197, 214-215, 216, 413
agricultural policies, 121, 123
evaluation of, 49-50, 59, 61, 66, 146, 305
federal activities, 118, 119, 121, 123, 146, 401, 402
media campaign to support, 123-124
monitoring compliance with, 130
nutrition education, 118
parental role, 328
reforms and revisions, 111-112, 121-122
research network, 135
surveying changes in, 131, 144, 154, 263, 264, 306, 309
tools and toolkits for, 136, 286
Poverty
rates, 82
thresholds, 384
Pre-Assessment of Community-Based Obesity Prevention Interventions Project, 56-57
Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System, 132
Presidential Champions program, 301
President’s Challenge, 301 401
President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, 297, 313, 401
Prevalence of childhood/adolescent obesity
age-related trends, 24, 25, 76
defined, 384
gender differences, 24, 76, 78
international dimension, 353
racial/ethnic disparities, 24, 74, 76, 77-79, 83, 85
regional differences, 77
socioeconomic status and, 24, 26, 76, 77
surveillance and monitoring, 143
tipping point in epidemic, 176, 352
Prevention of childhood/adolescent obesity.
See also Action plan for prevention;
Interventions;
Progress in preventing obesity;
individual sectors and programs
barriers to, 249
collaboration among sectors, 50
comprehensive approach, 20, 75
cross-cutting approaches, 141-142
definitions, 384
evidence-based approach, 8
federal commitment to, 396-405
global dimension, 353, 354-356
individual-level approach, 29
intermediate goals, 29
population-level approach, 29
portfolio approach to planning, 35
promising practices, 8, 27, 34, 37, 129, 384
resource allocation, 8, 9, 45-46
sectors where actions can be taken, 44-45;
see also Government;
Industry
social environment and, 353-358
sociocultural considerations, 55
systems approach, 28, 46, 62, 387
targeted to high-risk populations, 387
underinvestment in, 1
Prevention Research Centers, 41, 135, 397
Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grants, 397
Produce for Better Health (PBH) Foundation, 191, 198, 237-238, 289
Produce Marketing Association, 258
Program, defined, 33 n.3
Program Assessment Rating Tool, 146
Programs.
See also Interventions;
individual programs
defined, 384
Progress in preventing obesity
determinants of, 144-146, 205-207, 252-253, 306-309, 337-338
indicators of, 33-34, 42, 45-46, 64, 66, 67, 68, 93-94, 99, 128-129, 206-207, 213-214, 257, 265, 302, 380
issues in assessing, 1-2, 26-28
measurement challenges, 207-208
needs and next steps, 11-15, 152-155, 212-217, 254, 257-268, 351-361
symposia on, 21-22, 92-93, 171, 198, 236, 237, 240, 260, 281-282, 286, 289, 294, 296, 311
Protective factors, 385
Public education.
See also Nutrition education
evaluation and monitoring component, 61
industry-sponsored, 55, 123-124, 199-201
nutrition and physical activity programs, 199
Public health programs.
See also Health-care services and providers;
Prevention of childhood/adolescent obesity
agricultural policies and, 121
capacity building, 126
community preventive services, 237
evaluation of, 120
funding and resource allocation, 120-121
health screening, 237
horizontal integration, 140-141
social norm changes through, 239
surveillance and monitoring, 130-133
training of staff, 150, 151, 259
vertical integration, 389
Q
Quality of life, 385
Quick-serve restaurants, 385
R
Race/ethnicity.
See also African Americans;
American Indians/Alaska Natives;
Asians/Pacific Islanders;
Diverse populations;
Hispanics/Latinos
defined, 385
and diabetes, 76, 79-80, 89-90, 94, 95, 266
faith-based interventions, 237
industry-sponsored programs, 201-203
interventions targeted to, 92-101, 124-125, 126, 201-203, 400
and physical activity, 55, 90-92, 93-94
prevalence of obesity, 24, 74, 76, 77-79, 83-85
surveillance and monitoring needs, 98-99
U.S. population diversity, 80
Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health ( REACH) 2010, 95, 97, 98, 241, 257
Recommendations. See individual sectors
Regional Community Health Grants Program, 203
Regional differences in prevalence of obesity, 77
Regulation. See Policymaking and regulation
Research, obesity-related.
See also Evaluation of programs and policies
on built environment, 115, 116, 135
clinical practice approach, 238
collaborative, 135
community-based, 57, 89, 98, 99, 155, 234
cost-effectiveness analyses, 154
cultural considerations, 98
data sources, 55, 66-67, 207-208, 397
dietary contributions, 135
disseminating results, 10-11, 68, 135, 158
evaluation of adequacy of, 8, 46, 67-68, 150
evaluative, 150, 154-155, 378, 381
federal activities, 109, 133-135, 396, 397, 400, 403-404
high-risk populations, 240
home environment, 343
leadership and coordination, 134-135, 148, 149
marketing research data, 207-208
natural experiments, 155, 266-267, 270, 382, 419
needs and next steps, 115, 116, 133, 154-155
networks, 135
participatory, 57, 89, 99, 234, 241, 248, 257, 258
prevention-related, 98, 99, 135
quasi-experimental, 267
randomized controlled trials, 385
recommendations, 158
state and local government activities, 135
Restaurant industry and restaurants
advertising and marketing, 175, 188, 192
bans and restrictions on location, number, and density, 248
branding, 175
children’s menus, 200
demand for healthier foods, 185-186
energy density of foods, 187, 188
evaluation of programs, 205, 213, 418
full-serve restaurants, 177, 185, 187, 188, 200, 213, 216
healthier food options, 168, 177, 185-186, 187, 188, 200, 213
incentive/awards programs for, 185
marketing risk and opportunities, 188
nutrition information, 139, 140, 169, 178, 187, 199, 200-201, 206, 216
portion sizes, 187
presentation of foods. 186, 187-188
quick-serve restaurants, 177, 185, 187-188, 200, 205, 213, 248
Rhode Island, 305
Risk factors, defined, 386
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), 1, 19, 45, 56, 183, 191, 201, 203, 229, 237, 240, 247, 281, 288, 385
Role modeling, 123-124, 125, 192, 252, 330, 332-333, 335, 336, 339
S
Safe Routes to School Program, 51, 54, 120, 138, 234, 246, 298, 401
Safety
in built environment, 62, 64-65, 230, 233-234, 244, 246, 298
defined, 386
schools as community centers, 299, 300
Salsa Sabor y Salud, 202
School Breakfast Program, 119, 122, 285, 290, 386, 403
School foods and beverages
access to healthy foods, 48, 49
advertising, 281, 290, 291, 304
after-school programs, 298
agricultural commodity programs and, 112
cafeteria offerings, 45
challenges for food service managers, 289
competitive foods, 118, 119, 140, 146, 242-243, 282, 288, 290, 291, 292, 293, 375, 397
evaluation of innovations, 289, 290-293
examples of improvements, 45, 48, 288-293
farm-to-school and garden programs, 290, 293
federal meal programs, 12, 90, 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 131, 146, 281, 285, 288, 290, 292, 382, 386
fresh fruits and vegetables, 123, 248, 289, 290, 298, 302
funding of meals, 123
garden programs, 248
government accountability for, 146
industry initiatives, 291
meal times, 315
nutrition education programs, 48, 54, 93-94, 124, 129, 146, 280, 282, 283, 302
nutrition guidelines, 203
nutritional quality and standards, 119, 131, 138, 140, 281, 282, 286, 288, 291
pilot programs, 281
portion sizes, 291
restricting sales of, 203, 242-243, 288, 291
revenue issues, 289
standards setting, 138, 140, 288
surveys, 285, 288-289, 291-293, 302, 312-313, 392-393
tools for promoting healthy choices, 290
vending machine, 138, 140, 155, 288, 290, 292, 293, 304, 315, 328, 392-393
School Health Index, 265, 285, 292, 300, 301, 305, 309, 314, 396
School Health Policy and Programs Study (SHPPS), 12, 132, 133, 142, 154, 158, 285, 291-292, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 313, 392-393, 398
School Health Profiles (SHP), 131, 132, 133, 142, 262, 285, 288-289, 292, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 313, 392-393, 398
School Meals Initiative for Healthy Children, 386
School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, 131, 285, 292, 312, 392-393, 404
School programs and policies.
See also School foods and beverages
academic partnerships, 289, 311-312
active transport, 51, 54, 120, 138, 234, 245, 246, 254, 255, 297-298, 309, 401
after-school and extracurricular programs, 91, 95, 146, 236, 297, 298-299, 306-307, 309
behavioral curricula, 302
BMI screening, 138, 140, 287, 283, 303-304
body weight and height screening, 143
built environment and, 112
capacity building, 10, 307-308, 311-312, 317, 416-417
classroom curricula, 91-92, 124, 138, 296, 297, 300
community access to school buildings, 146, 299, 300, 306, 308
community involvement, 289, 290, 298, 299
competitive sports, 297
culturally competent approaches, 298-299
data linkages, 314
determinants of progress, 306-309
disseminating information on, 11, 280, 283, 289, 297, 298, 305, 314-315, 318, 422
evaluation of, 10, 93-94, 123, 280, 284, 286, 299-302, 305, 317, 416-417
fitness screening and counseling, 49-50, 138, 263, 283, 300-301, 303-304
foundation-sponsored, 288
framework for evaluation, 306-309
funding and technical assistance, 116, 143-144, 203, 283-284, 286-287, 290, 291, 296-297, 305, 307-308, 311, 313-314
health education, 135, 138, 280, 281, 302, 392-393
health report cards/profiles, 66, 90, 131, 132, 133, 142, 262, 392-393, 398
health services, 138, 140, 250, 281, 283, 287, 303-304
implementation actions, 10, 41, 305, 306-309, 310-318, 414, 416-417, 419-420, 422
indicators of progress, 93-94, 302
industry partnerships, 203
intramural sports programs, 297, 300
leadership and collaboration, 9, 284, 307-308, 310-311, 316-317, 414
legislative and policy changes, 138, 284-286, 287, 306-309, 312-313
local authority for policy setting, 138
mentoring, 236
needs and next steps, 14, 309-315, 361-362
opportunities and challenges, 283-284, 296-297, 305
outcome measures, 286, 305, 306-309, 311
parental involvement in, 328, 333-334, 336, 339
physical activity opportunities, 48, 49-50, 51, 54, 91-92, 93-94, 95, 112, 129, 138, 204, 234, 237, 246, 281, 292-302, 309, 313
physical education, 91, 92, 138, 282-283, 286, 294-296, 300, 305
progress in obesity prevention, 284-305
public-private partnerships, 237, 287, 312
recommendations, 10, 116, 280, 315-318
self-assessment and planning tools, 10, 49-50, 92, 284, 300-301, 305, 309, 314
siting issues, 112
stakeholders, 282
state policies and standards, 294
surveillance and monitoring, 10, 49-50, 66, 131, 284, 285, 294, 296, 299-301, 309-310, 312-313, 317-318, 392-393, 419-420
wellness policies, plans, and councils, 14, 119, 132, 284-288, 299, 306, 309, 315, 328, 339
Sectors, defined, 386.
See also Government;
Industry
Sedentary behaviors
defined, 386
entertainment guidelines, 118
reducing, 189
Select Metropolitan/Micropolitan Area Risk Trends (SMART), 262
Serving size, 186.
See also Portion sizes
defined, 386
Sesame Workshop, 175, 191, 193
Shape UP!, 236
Shaping America’s Youth, 27
SmallStep, 124, 125, 157, 344, 400
SmallStep Kids!, 124, 157, 344, 400
Smart Growth America, 50
Smart Growth movement, 140, 244, 245, 263
Social determinants, 386
Social marketing
behavioral branding, 124-125, 126, 373
data to inform programs, 207
defined, 386
networks, 129
VERB campaign, 55, 124-125, 126
Social norms and values, 62
adoption by immigrants, 84
defined, 386
family difficulties in changing, 249
progress in changing, 352, 353-358
vehicles for change, 239
Social reporting, corporate, 204-205
Social services providers, 239
Socioeconomic status.
See also Diverse populations;
Low-income populations
and BMI, 83
and community interventions, 96
and diet, 82
and eating behavior, 82
and healthful food access, 82
and obesity prevalence and risk, 24, 74, 81-84, 85
racial/ethnic disparities, 82, 83, 85
Sonoma County (California) Family Activity and Nutrition Task Force, 242
South Dakota, 282
Special Diabetes Program for Indians, 94
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children. See WIC program
Spokane and Kootenai County (Washington) Regional Travel Survey, 261
Spokescharacters, 170, 175, 191, 192, 193, 195, 209, 215
Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK), 298
Stakeholders
collective responsibility of, 351-352
defined, 386
Stanford SMART (Student Media Awareness to Reduce Television), 236
Start Healthy, Stay HealthyTM campaign, 335
State and local governments.
See also individual states
capacity building, 12, 127-128, 129, 141, 148
collaborative efforts, 136
coordination and integration of interventions, 140-142, 149, 159
evaluation of initiatives, 142, 146-148
federal allocations to, 120, 122, 127, 148
funding, 141
implementation actions for, 114, 156, 158
incentives and rewards for, 159
leadership activities, 9, 12, 135, 136-140, 152-153, 311, 412-413
legislation, 66, 137-139, 147-148
nutrition standards, 288
parental advisory role, 328
physical education standards, 294-296, 300
program resources, 116, 140-142
recommendations for, 114, 116, 135-136, 152-153, 156
report cards, 300
research activities, 135
responsibilities, 109, 110-111, 136
surveillance and monitoring, 12, 66, 112, 142-144, 150, 158, 300
task forces and coordinating committees, 137, 156
State-Based Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases, 150, 157
State Child Health Insurance Program, 90
STEPS to a Healthier U.S. Cooperative Agreement Program, 121, 124, 128-129, 153, 157, 238, 396
Students and Parents Actively Involved in Being Fit After-School program, 298-299
Summer Food Service Program, 403
Sunflower Foundation, 201, 240
Support for State Nutrition Action Plans, 204
Surveillance and monitoring.
See also individual surveys
adolescent health and behavior, 84-85, 125, 128, 129, 130, 390-391, 392-393, 398, 401
advertising and marketing practices, 208
body weight and height, 130-131, 143, 390-393
capacity development, 150
collaboration and coordination, 50, 132, 144
community-based strategies, 10, 90, 144, 261-264, 269-270, 419
of compliance with federal regulations and policies, 130
cross-sectional, 66, 376, 390-393
defined, 386
dietary intake, 143, 158, 390-393
diverse populations, 10, 98-99, 417-421
ethnic minority representation, 98-99, 100, 144, 262, 263
evaluation of programs, 1, 8, 39, 50, 62, 63, 66-67, 125, 130, 238, 261-264, 291-293
federal activities, 24, 66, 98, 112, 128, 129, 130-133, 142-143, 144, 145, 154, 155, 158, 262, 285, 390-393, 397-398, 399, 400, 401, 405
funding, 131, 132-133, 142, 262
high-risk populations, 70
implementation actions, 158
industry-based strategies, 10, 130, 214-217, 218-219, 417, 418-419
legislation monitoring, 66, 144
linkages of datasets, 154, 305, 309-310
longitudinal, 66, 381, 392-393
marketing research data, 207-208
measurement tools, 66
needs and next steps, 12, 98-99, 143-144, 154-155
nutrition and health, 50, 130, 131
by parents and caregivers, 100
physical activity and fitness, 50, 130, 158, 294, 296, 297, 299-301, 313, 390-393
policy and regulatory changes, 131, 144, 154
prevalence of obesity, 143, 158
public availability of data, 125
recommendations, 10, 70, 100, 130, 157-158, 417-421
sedentary behaviors, 158
by state and local governments, 66, 112, 142-144, 154
supermarket scanner point-of-sale data, 207-208
systems dynamics simulation modeling, 66
technical assistance for, 142
T
Table Talks, 260
Task Force on Community Preventive Services, 257
Taxation and pricing interventions, 139, 140
Team Nutrition: Local Wellness Policy database, 129, 286, 290, 293, 403
Technical
assistance, 109, 127, 128, 387
capacity, 387
Television
bedroom sets, 330
commercials, 174, 190-191, 208
and eating behavior, 85
health promotion initiatives, 191
interventions to reduce time, 54, 329-330, 336, 337
mealtime viewing, 330
and obesity prevalence, 85
targeting children, 191
Texas, 81, 136-137, 140, 241-242, 243, 247, 260, 282, 286, 296, 298, 328
Tobacco control analogies, 145
Trade associations, 169, 177, 194-195, 213, 418.
See also individual associations
Transportation-related issues, 244, 247
Travel surveys, 261
Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls, 296
Triple Play: A Game Plan for the Mind, Body, and Soul, 236
TRUCE Fitness and Nutrition Center, 93
Trust for America’s Health (TFAH), 66, 144, 263, 282-283, 294, 296
U
Underweight, prevalence trends, 77
United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association, 258
Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Program, 401
U.S. Census Bureau, 131
U.S. Conference of Mayors, 136
Agricultural Marketing Service, 123
Agricultural Research Service, 403
Cooperative Extension Service, 402
coordination and collaboration among programs, 12, 129
dietary guidelines, 118-119, 121-122, 199
Economic Research Center, 208
evaluation of programs, 146, 216, 315
Food and Nutrition Service, 121, 123, 334
food assistance and nutrition programs, 12, 90, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121-122, 123, 129, 131, 141, 239, 285, 290-291, 297, 331, 359
industry collaboration with, 199, 418
obesity prevention activities, 117, 122, 123, 134, 239, 258, 402-404
recommendations for, 12, 129, 152, 156, 216, 291
research activities, 134
State Nutrition Action Plans, 141
surveillance and monitoring activities, 131, 132, 154, 172, 174, 285, 392-393
technical assistance for schools, 119, 311
wellness policy database, 286
U.S. Department of Defense, 12, 114, 156, 359, 404, 412
U.S. Department of Education, 12, 51, 114, 116, 119, 146, 152, 156, 237, 296-297, 359, 401, 404, 405, 412
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
advertising and marketing guidelines, 117, 118, 195-197
collaboration with CDC, 128
corporate partnerships, 115, 202, 265, 418
funding of community-based health efforts, 117, 231
obesity prevention activities, 124, 128, 134, 359, 396-398, 404
Office of Science Technology, and Policy, 404
recommended role, 12, 114, 115, 117, 123-124, 152, 156, 157, 168, 216, 265, 291, 359, 412
Small Steps campaign, 124, 125, 157, 400
Strategic Plan FY 2004–2009, 119
technical assistance for schools, 119
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 12, 114, 359
U.S. Department of the Interior, 12, 14, 114, 146, 156, 265, 359, 361, 401, 412
U.S. Department of Labor, 131, 392-393, 401
U.S. Department of Transportation, 14, 115, 116, 117, 146, 156, 231, 265, 359, 361, 401, 412
U.S. Government Accountability Office, 145-146
U.S. Surgeon General, 27, 113, 401
Blueprint to Promote Healthy Weight for Children, Youth, and Adults, 141
Gold Medal Schools program, 315
V
VERB™ campaign, 12, 55, 124-125, 126, 130, 158, 175, 397
Videogames, 188, 189, 297, 337
Viral marketing, 190
W
W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 237, 240
Walk and Talk program, 95
Walkable Communities Workshops, 245
Walking and biking opportunities
assessing opportunities for, 264, 265, 300
Bike, Walk, and Wheel Week, 245
built environment and, 112, 139, 140, 244, 245, 246, 254, 255, 261, 264, 298
to and from school, 51, 54, 120, 138, 234, 245, 246, 254, 255, 297-298, 309, 401
Walking School Bus program, 245
Washington, 127, 248, 261, 268
We Can! (Way to Enhance Children’s Activity & Nutrition), 199, 334, 344, 399
Weight. See Body weight
Well-being, defined, 389
Wellness policies, plans, and councils, 96, 119, 132, 176, 201, 204, 238, 239, 250, 260, 268, 284-288, 299
West Virginia, 49, 136, 282, 283, 297, 299, 300
Action for Healthy Kids Team, 49
Department of Education, 49, 297
Health Education Assessment Project, 50
State Medical Association, 49
Walkable Communities Workshops, 245
WV Walks, 142
West Virginia University, 142, 297
Whites.
See also Diverse populations;
Race/ethnicity
diabetes, 79
obesity prevalence, 76, 77, 79, 84
U.S. population, 81
WIC program, 12, 78-79, 90, 120, 121-122, 130, 131, 132, 141, 143, 144, 238, 344, 359, 402
Wilkes (Georgia) Wild About Wellness, 260
William J. Clinton Foundation, 45, 201, 202, 288
Wisconsin, 243
Women’s National Basketball Association, 238
Worksite initiatives, 176, 229, 238, 250-251, 338
World Health Organization, 204, 205, 353
WV Walks, 142
Y
YMCA, Activate America™, 202, 236
Youth Media Campaign Longitudinal Survey, 12, 125, 130, 158, 392-393, 398
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), 12, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 142-143, 154, 158, 262, 285, 294, 301, 312, 313, 342, 358, 392-393, 398
Youth Sports National Report Card, 297
Z
Zuni Indian Tribal Organization, 123