Index
A
ABS. See Australian Bureau of Statistics
“Absent Family Schedule,” 30n
Absent person who usually lives here in sample unit, in residence rules for the Current Population Survey, 55
Accuracy and Coverage Evaluation (A.C.E.) Program, 46, 152, 211, 228, 253
ACS. See American Community Survey
Address verification, 215–216
Administrative Protective Act, 42
Administrative records, using to help locate and count overseas Americans, 337
“Advance Census Report,” 189, 192
Advance letters, developing, 187–189
“Advance Schedule of Population,” 30n
African Americans
foster child population, 103
inner-city areas, 125
Agricultural workers. See Farm workers
Alabama, 125
Alaska Natives, 144
foster child population, 103
Alaska TEAs, remote, 32
Algorithms, developing and implementing unduplication, 187
Alternative Questionnaire Experiments (AQE), 165, 169, 202, 270
Alternative questionnaire tests and approaches, 202–203
Alzheimer’s disease, 81
Ambiguity due to housing stock issues, 156–165, 186
hotels and motels, 159–161
people dislocated by disasters, 161–165
American Citizens Abroad, 328n
American civilians residing overseas, 327–338
the 1990 census, 331–334
the 2000 census, 334–335
the 2004 overseas census test, 335–336
concepts in counting, 336–338
treatment in past censuses, 328–331
American Community Survey (ACS), 50, 54, 118, 163, 174, 176–178, 181, 190, 225, 265
household roster question and instructions from the 1996-1998, 263
household roster question and instructions from the 2005, 260
“Your Guide for the ACS,” 261
American Indians. See Native Americans
American Statistical Association, census fellowships, 270
“Any residence elsewhere” (ARE), 5–6, 240, 243, 249, 265, 267
allowing, 238
collection of, 212–215
April 1, as “Census Day,” 29, 247
AQE. See Alternative Questionnaire Experiments
ARE. See “Any residence elsewhere”
Assessment
of the 2000 census residence rules, 31–33
in plans for 2010, 51–57
Assisted living options, 43
“At Sea” groups, 109
Australia, 202
residence concepts and questions in, 305–308
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 305
B
Babies and young children, missed by census questions and operations, 155–156
Bachelor officers’ quarters (BOQ), 69
Barracks, 108
Base housing, personnel stationed at domestic bases or living in nearby housing, 62, 106–109
Basic residence instructions, 1970 census questionnaire, 194
Basic residence question, 26
1970 census questionnaire, 194
1980 census questionnaire, 196
1990 census questionnaire, 198
2001 census of population, Canada, 310
advance materials distributed prior to enumerator visits, 1960 census, 193
“Be Counted” program, 49, 156–157
Beggars, 147
Births and deaths in the United States
on Census Day, 52
by month, 2004, 154
BJS. See Bureau of Justice Statistics
Boarding schools, 76–77
students at, 52
BOQ. See Bachelor officers’ quarters
Borough of Bethel Park v. Stans (1971), 70, 72, 88, 98
Brennan Center for Justice, 85
Bureau of Consular Affairs, 328
Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 83
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 74–76
Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), 82, 92, 95
C
C2SS. See Census 2000 Supplementary Survey
California, 86, 112, 128, 130, 134, 138, 243, 328
California state definitions of residence, 39–40
residence for in-state college tuition, 39
residence for obtaining a driver’s license, 40
residence for taxation purposes, 40
residence for voting purposes, 40
residence concepts and questions in, 308–311
Canadians, 117–118
CAPI. See Computer-assisted personal interviewing instruments
CATI. See Computer-assisted telephone interviewing instruments
CEFU. See Coverage edit follow-up operation
Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS), 254, 268
Census Act, 72
Census Bureau. See U.S. Census Bureau
Census Bureau’s difficulties measuring residence, 33–44
changing norms and living situations, 41–43
definitional challenges, 33–37
discrepant standards, 37–41
inherent tie to geography, 43–44
Census data, refining the Bureau’s routines for editing, 189
“Census Day,” 28–29, 78, 111–112, 117, 130, 151–155, 197, 211–213, 216, 295–301
births and deaths missed by census questions and operations, 153–155
movers missed by census questions and operations, 151–153
people living in special places on, 188
people whose living situation changes on, 188
response problem, 220–222
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP), 102, 176, 239–240
Census schedule, versus school schedules, 76
Census taking
babies and young children, 155–156
Census Day births and deaths, 153–155
Census Day movers, 151–153
changes in, 30
improving accuracy of, 57
lessons from a review of living situations, 166–173
needed research on living situations, 174–178
people missed by, 151–156
Central America, 127
Central Statistical Office of Ireland, 313
Child Trends, 138
Children
custody arrangement types, 135, 139
divided custody, 135
handicapped, schools for, 35
sole custody, 135
split custody, 135
under age 18, by household composition, 132
young, missed by census questions and operations, 155–156
Children in Custody Census, 102n
Choice, as a factor in defining residence, 98
CJRP. See Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement
Cognitive testing, 269
comprehension of the questions, 269
decision processes, 269
response processes, 269
retrieval from memory of relevant information, 269
Cohabiting couples, 41, 140–141
children of, 140
College dormitories (including college quarters off campus), 35
College housing types and options, variation in, 73–75
College tuition, California residence definition for in-state, 39
Colleges and universities, 67–76
census schedule versus school schedule, 76
student independence versus parents’ enduring ties, 71–73
variation in college housing types and options, 73–75
Colonias, 143
Committee on National Statistics, 174, 251
Commuter workers and commuter marriage partners, 120–123
Complex and ambiguous living situations, 113–163
ambiguity due to housing stock issues, 156–165
and the changing nature of families, 131–146
the homeless population, 146–151
multiple residence and highly mobile populations, 113–131
people missed by census questions and operations, 151–156
Complex household structures, 131–146
children in joint custody, 133–139
cohabiting couples, 140–141
issues unique to Native Americans, 144–146
recent immigrants, 141–144
Comprehension, of the questions, 269
Computational capacity, advances in, 214
Computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) instruments, 256
Computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) instruments, 255
Conducting the count, 238–241
different forms for different settings, 240–241
facility and administrative records, 238–240
Confidentiality issues, 337–338
“Congregate foster care,” 105
Congressional Record, 332–333
COPAFS. See Council of Professional Associations on Federal Statistics
Correctional facilities, 35, 82–103
for adults, defined, 234–235
juvenile facilities, 101–103
Council of Professional Associations on Federal Statistics (COPAFS), 77n, 112, 121, 133, 165, 181–182, 208, 213
Count Question Resolution Program, 226–227
Country-specific problems, 336
Coverage edit follow-up (CEFU) operation, 49
Coverage follow-up plans, for the 2010 census, 217
Coverage probes, 21, 197–201, 216–217
candidate sets, 205
Coverage treatment groups, in the 2005 National Census Test, 206–207
CPS. See Current Population Survey
Cross-border commuters, 320
Cross-divisional ties, facilitating, 175–176
Current Population Survey (CPS), 54, 56, 136, 138, 156, 163, 174, 176–178, 237
need for a supplemental module to, 178
“Current residence” standard, 56, 262
Custody versus jurisdiction, 91–92
D
Data. See Internal data;
Self-report data
De facto residence, 28, 53, 56, 161, 184–185, 256, 271, 305, 312–313, 316–317, 319, 321, 324
De jure residence, 53, 56, 161, 184, 256, 271, 308, 312, 314–315, 321, 323
Decision processes, 269
Definitions
from the 2006 census test, 234–237
challenges posed by, 33–37
new approaches, 7–8
Delivery Sequence File, 227
Demographic analysis, 48
Department of Children and Family Services (Illinois), 104
Design
of the MAF, 250
of new experiments, 176
of public outreach programs, 189
Destination communities, 116
Disasters, people dislocated by, 161–165
Discrepant standards, 37–41
enduring ties, 38–41
residence in administrative records, 41
“Disregard,” of instructions on questionnaires, 191
District of Columbia v. U.S. Department of Commerce (1992), 90–91
Divided custody arrangements, 135
Divorces, by whether and to whom physical custody of children was awarded, selected states, 1989 and 1990, 137
“DO NOT LIST” population, 192, 259, 297, 300–301
in the 1990 census, 171–172
in the 2000 census, 301
DoD. See U.S. Department of Defense
Dormitories, 35
military, 108
Doubtful cases, residence rules for the Current Population Survey, 55
Driver’s licenses, California residence definition for obtaining, 40
Dunn v. Blumstein, 37
Duplication, 47
E
ECUs. See Extended care units
Embedded housing units, 161
“Emergency shelters,” 162
Employment and Training Administration, 128
“Enduring ties”
among Native Americans, 146
argument for prisoners’ “homes,” 38–41, 93, 95, 97, 304, 334
Enumeration area types. See Types of enumeration areas in the 2000 Census
ERP. See Estimated resident population
ESCAP. See Executive Steering Committee on A.C.E. Policy research program
Estimated resident population (ERP), 306
Estonia, residence concepts and questions in, 312
Ethnographic Evaluation of the Behavioral Causes of Census Undercount, 167
Ethnographic research in the census, 141, 144, 165, 167
Evaluation Review, 149
Exceptions, residence rules for the Current Population Survey, 55
Executive Steering Committee on A.C.E. Policy (ESCAP) research program, 47–48
Experimentation and testing for the future, 10–12
to be performed during a decennial census, 189
Extended care units (ECUs), 79
Extended-stay hotels
proliferation of, 160
F
Facility and administrative records, 238–240
Families
the changing nature of, 131–139
desire to preserve, 45
FAQs. See “Frequently asked questions”
Farm workers
classification of, 129
migrant, 127–131
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 83
Federal civilian personnel, stationed overseas, 186
Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, 125
Federal Highway Administration, 122
Findings, 33, 50, 53, 174, 191, 232–233, 242, 250, 270
Follow-the-crop migrants, 128
Follow-up letters, 222
Foreign census questionnaires, 201–202
Foreign students, studying in the U.S. on Census Day, 71
Foster care
“congregate,” 105
Franklin v. Massachusetts (1992), 38, 41–42, 93, 123, 304
“Frequently asked questions” (FAQs), 187
application as the basis for, 188
Further Study of Person Duplication, 47, 253
G
Geographical database systems, 23, 26
Geographical factors, 43–44
poor handling of, 226–228
GI Bill, 70
Green bill, 91
the concept of, 62–67
correctional facilities for adults, 234–235
definitions from the 2006 census test, 234–237
enumerating, 50
group homes and residential treatment centers for adults, 235
health care facilities, 236
juvenile facilities, 235
length of stay, 63
new approaches, 7–8
other facilities, 237
people in prisons, 8–10
refusals from, 232
in residence rules for the ACS, 257
residential school-related facilities, 235–236
service-based enumeration facilities, 236
Group quarters categories for the 2000 census, 22, 35
college dormitories (including college quarters off campus), 35
correctional institutions, 35
dormitories and other group quarters, 35
group homes, 35
halfway houses, 35
hospices, 35
hospitals/wards, 35
juvenile institutions, 35
military quarters, 35
nursing homes, 35
schools for the handicapped, 35
service-based facilities, 35
Group quarters population
by group quarters type, 2000 census, 64–65
institutionalized population, 64–65
noninstitutionalized population, 65
UHE allowed in the 2000 census, 298–299
UHE not allowed in the 2000 census, 299–300
Group quarters questionnaires
ineffective processing of, 230–231
records in the Non-ID Process by form type, 2000 census, 231
H
Handicapped children, schools for, 35
Hard-to-count populations, 170
Health care facilities, 77–82
defined, 236
intermediate care, 78
residential care, 78
skilled care, 78
High levels of imputation, 232
High mobility rates, among Native Americans, 145–146
Historical development, 26–29
“Home”
for a prisoner, 93–97
for a released prisoner, 97–98
“Home of record,” 66, 109, 328, 332–333
Homeless population, 146–151
Hospices, 35
Hospitals/wards, 35
Hotel populations, 160–161
Hotels and motels, 159–161
embedded and associated housing units, 161
hotel populations, 160–161
proliferation of extended-stay hotels, 160
House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, 332
House Subcommittee on Census and Population, 91, 332–334
Household count question, in the 2005 American Community Survey, 259
Household population, in the 2000 census, 295–298
Household roster question and instructions
from the 1996–1998 American Community Survey, 263
from the 2005 American Community Survey, 260
“Households”
defining, 34–36
as a polythetic category, 45
varying concepts of, 45
Housing units
defining, 157
in residence rules for the ACS, 257
Hurricane Camille, 161
Hurricane Floyd, 161
Hurricane Katrina, 161–162
I
ICRs. See Individual Census Reports
“Ignoring,” of instructions on questionnaires, 191
Immigrants
children of, 141
recent, 141–144
Implementation problems in the 2000 census, 226–233
failure to reconcile group quarters roster with MAF, 226
failure to unduplicate within the group quarters population, 232–233
high levels of imputation, 232
ineffective processing of group quarters questionnaires, 230–231
lack of coverage measurement and use of reported “usual home elsewhere” addresses, 228–230
poor handling of geographic location, 226–228
poor levels of full, self-report data, 228
Improvements for the future, 179–272.
See also Findings;
Recommendations
nonhousehold enumeration, 225–248
operations, research, and testing, 249–272
residence principles for the decennial census, 181–223
In-state college tuition, California residence definition for, 39
Inaccessibility by common techniques, 119–120
Include and Exclude Instructions, in the 1950 Census, 173
Individual Census Reports (ICRs), 67–69, 150, 212, 228–230, 240
Institute of Medicine, 102
Institutionalized population, 64–65
Instructions and residence questions in recent censuses and tests, 192–208
alternative questionnaire tests and approaches, 202–203
coverage probes, 197–201
foreign census questionnaires, 201–202
mid-decade census tests, 203–208
previous U.S. censuses, 192–197
those not following, 45–46
Intermediate care facilities, 78
Internal data, making fuller use of, 174–175
Internet data, collection responses, 49, 306
Interview techniques, 269
Intrastate distortion, 89–91
Ireland, residence concepts and questions in, 313–314
Israel, residence concepts and questions in, 314–315
Italy, residence concepts and questions in, 315
J
Japan, residence concepts and questions in, 315–316
Japanese Statistics Bureau, 315
Joint custody arrangements, 135
JRFC. See Juvenile Residential Facility Census
“Just for work” living situations, discounting, 45
Juvenile facilities, 35, 101–103
defined, 235
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, 101
Juvenile Residential Facility Census (JRFC), 102–103
K
Kansas, census adjustment, 247
Kentucky, 227
King v. Smith, 125
Kinship and economic contribution, 44
L
Language differences, among Native Americans, 145
Legal standards, varying, 45
“Life course” framework, for multiple residences, 118
“Linguistic isolation,” 142
List/enumerate TEAs, 32
Living Situation Survey (LSS), 126, 165, 168, 178, 213
Living situations
basic research on, 176–178
changing, 41–43
complex and ambiguous, 113–163
lessons from a review of, 166–173
Local Update of Census Addresses program, 252
Loma Prieta earthquake, 161
Long-form replacement. See American Community Survey
Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Study, 176
LSS. See Living Situation Survey
M
MAF. See Master Address File
MAF/TIGER Enhancements Program, 20, 44, 250
Mail-and-field tests, 21
Mailed questionnaires, 30
Mailout/mailback TEAs, 32, 199
conversion to update/leave TEAs, 32
Marriage. See Commuter workers and commuter marriage partners;
Divorces
Massachusetts, 333–334
Massachusetts v. Franklin, 334
Master Address File (MAF), 6, 20, 23, 26, 43, 108, 159, 169, 174, 190, 214, 226, 230, 240, 250–252
design, 250
evaluation, 250–251
scope, 250
updating, 187
Master address list, ensuring a complete count without, 337
MCRs. See Military Census Reports
Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, 81
Medicare Enrollment Files, 81
Memory of relevant information, retrieval from, 269
“Methods panel,” 265–266
Mid-decade census tests, 203–208
Migrant farm workers, 127–131
Military and seaborne personnel, 35, 105–112, 186
in barracks, 108
on domestic bases or living in nearby housing, 62, 106–109
in dormitories, 108
in officer housing, 108–109
on-base and off-base housing for families and dependent children, 109
public partnerships to house, 109
shipboard personnel, 110–112
TEAs, 32
Military Census Reports (MCRs), 68–69, 107–108, 240
Military Housing Privatization Initiative, 109
Minnesota, 138
Minority men, 124–127
“Mission Night” operation, 148
Missouri, 227
Mobile populations. See Multiple residence and highly mobile populations
Mode of completion, group quarters individual census reports in the 2000 census, 229
Monthly cycles, in residence rules, 296
“Most of the time,” where people spend, 119–120
“Motor Voter” Act. See National Voter Registration Act
“Mover probe” procedure, 153
Movers on Census Day, 52
Multi-unit dwellings, criteria for distinguishing separate units in, 1850–2000, 158
Multiple residence and highly mobile populations, 113–131
commuter workers and commuter marriage partners, 120–123
“life course” framework for, 118
migrant farm workers, 127–131
minority men, 124–127
recreational vehicle users, 118–120
residential ambiguity due to occupation, 123–124
“snowbirds” and “sunbirds,” 114–118
N
National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS), 128, 130
National Census Test, 20, 208, 214, 217–218, 268
National Center for Education Statistics, 74–76
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 79, 136
National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), 80, 176
National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), 122
National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty v. Kantor, 149
National Nursing Home Surveys (NNHS) rounds, 79–80
National Postsecondary Student Aid Survey, 74
National Research Council, 20, 48, 102, 133, 232, 252, 255
National Science Foundation, census fellowships, 271
National Survey of Families and Households, 176
National Survey of Family Growth, 140
National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients (NSHAPC), 147
National Survey of Recreation Vehicle Owners, 119
National Voter Registration Act, 38
Native Americans
“enduring ties” among, 146
foster child population, 103
fundamental difference in “house-hold” concept, 144–145
high mobility rates, 145–146
issues unique to, 144–146
language differences, 145
resistance to or reluctance to federal government questioning, 145
NAWS. See National Agricultural Workers Survey
NCHS. See National Center for Health Statistics
Nevada, 99n
New Immigrant Survey, 176
New Jersey, 128
New York, 89, 98, 104, 116–117, 128, 246
New York University School of Law, 85–86, 89
New Zealand, 201–202
residence concepts and questions in, 316–319
Newly released state prisoners
time served by, 1993-2002, 95
time served by offense type, 1993 and 2002, 96
NHDS. See National Hospital Discharge Survey
NHTS. See National Household Travel Survey
NNHS. See National Nursing Home Surveys rounds
No clearly defined cycle, in residence rules, 296
“Nondwelling-unit quarters,” in 1950 census, 62
Nonhousehold enumeration, 225–248
allowing “any residence elsewhere,” 238
conducting the count, 238–241
counting prisoners in the census, 241–248
implementation problems in the 2000 census, 226–233
rethinking the concept, 233–238
Nonhousehold population, 61–112
children in foster care, 103–105
the concept of “group quarters,” 62–67
correctional facilities, 82–103
health care facilities, 77–82
military and seaborne personnel, 105–112
students, 67–77
“Noninstitutional group quarters,” 63
Noninstitutionalized population, 65
Nonpermanent residents, 114
Nonseasonal addresses, 117
Norms, changing, 41–43
NSHAPC. See National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients
Nursing homes, 35
O
Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom), 321, 324–325
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), 102, 239
Office of Personnel Management, 331
Officer housing, 108–109
OJJDP. See Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Omission and duplication, 46–50
On-base and off-base housing for families and dependent children, 109
“One rule” proposed residence rules revision, in plans for 2010, 51
Operations, research, and testing, 249–272
the Census Bureau Research and Testing Program, 267–272
clashing residence standards between the census and the American Community Survey, 254–266
Master Address File, 250–252
testing and research in 2010 and beyond, 266–267
unduplication methodology, 252–254
Oregon, 88
Overcounts
in the 2000 Census, 48
identified by the A.C.E. program, 46–47
Overrepresentation, of minority children in foster care, 103
Overseas population, in the 2000 census, 300
P
Panel to Review the 2000 Census, 133, 252
Paperwork Reduction Act, 190
Parents’ enduring ties, versus student independence, 71–73
Parole restrictions, 97
Patient discharges and distribution of current nursing home residents, 81
Person Duplication Studies, 253
Pew Commission on Children in Foster Care, 103
Philippines, 329
Plans for 2010 census, 20–21, 51–57
assessment, 51–57
proposed residence rules revision, 51
“PLEASE BE SURE TO LIST,” 192
Point-in-time phenomena, 146
Point prevalence rates, 147
Political tension, over counting prisoners, 86
Population
data, 337
defining, 336
Post-Enumeration Survey, 228, 252
Presentation of residence concepts, to respondents and enumerators, 189–192
Previous U.S. censuses, 18–19, 192–197
Primary selection algorithm (PSA), 253
Principles
approach to residence based on, 2–3
a core set of, 182–186
products for implementation of, 186–189
Principles and Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency, 174
Prison-hosting communities, 242
Prison Policy Initiative, 89
“Prisoner Census Adjustment Act,” 246
Prisoners, 8–10
ambiguity of their residence, 84
counting in the census, 241–248
political tension over counting, 86
choice as a factor in defining residence, 98
considered “home” for a prisoner, 93–97
custody versus jurisdiction, 91–92
and “home” for a released prisoner, 97–98
legal standards on residence and voting, 98–99
potential for intrastate distortion, 89–91
sentence length, 92–93
Privacy issues, 337.
See also Social Security Number, Privacy Attitudes, and Notification Experiment
Privatization, increased, 92
Products for implementation of the principles, 186–189
designing public outreach programs, 189
developing and implementing unduplication algorithms, 187
developing experiments to be performed during a decennial census, 189
developing the advance letter, 187–189
refining the Bureau’s routines for editing census data, 189
Proposed changes to residence situation applications, 52
births and deaths on Census Day, 52
boarding school students, 52
movers on Census Day, 52
Proposed form of basic usual residence questionnaire item (UR1), 2006 Census of Population and Housing, Australia, 307
PSA. See Primary selection algorithm
Public partnerships (in military housing), 109
Public safety personnel, long shifts worked by, 124
Q
“Quasi-households,” in 1930 and 1940 censuses, 62
Questionnaires, 190
2005 American Community Survey, 262, 264
ignoring and disregard of instructions on, 191
items to collect primary and secondary address information, 2000 census of population, Switzerland, 320
questions, not instructions, 4–5, 210–211
simplifying, 223
telephone assistance with, 186
R
Recommendations, 174–175, 177–178, 184, 212–213, 216, 218–219, 221–222, 241, 243, 251–252, 265–266, 271
Recreational Vehicle Industry Association, 119
Recreational vehicles (RVs), 118–120
dedicated users of, 185
incomplete inventory of campsites, 120
Reference period, in residence rules for the ACS, 258
“Report for Military and Maritime Personnel” questionnaires, 107
Research Data Centers, enhancing, 271
Research needed, 222–223
building and strengthening ties to external, 176
fuller use of internal data, 174–175
on living situations, 174–178
monitoring social trends, 175–176
Residence, 37
in administrative records, 41
ambiguity due to occupation, 123–124
and the census, 13–57
Census Bureau’s difficulties measuring, 33–44
choice as a factor in defining, 98
legal standards on, 98–99
respondents’ difficulties defining, 44–46
Residence concepts and questions in selected foreign censuses, 303–325
Australia, 305–308
Canada, 308–311
Estonia, 312
Ireland, 313–314
Israel, 314–315
Italy, 315
Japan, 315–316
New Zealand, 316–319
South Africa, 319–320
Switzerland, 320–321
United Kingdom, 321–325
United Nations/Economic Commission of Europe Guidelines, 303–305
United Nations Statistics Division, 305
Residence information collection, 3–6, 208–219.
See also Basic residence question
accuracy issues, 175
“any residence elsewhere” and other questions, 5–6
the Master Address File, 6
mode effects, 217–218
from prisoners, 187
questions, not instructions, 4–5, 210–211
related census operations, 6
the short form as too short, 5–6, 211–217
testing ARE in 2010, 218–219
Residence principles for the decennial census, 181–223
application as the basis for “frequently asked questions,” 188
the Census Day response problem, 220–222
a core set of principles, 182–186
getting the right residence information, 208–219
instructions and residence questions in recent censuses and tests, 192–208
people living in special places on Census Day, 188
people whose living situation changes on Census Day, 188
people with more than one residence, 188
people with only one residence, 188
presentation of residence concepts to respondents and enumerators, 189–192
products for implementation of the principles, 186–189
research needs, 222–223
suggested statement of, 184
U.S. citizens living outside the United States, 188
in the 1990 census, 171–172, 183
in the 2000 census and the 2000 alternative questionnaire experiment, 204
in the 2001 Census of Population, Canada, 309
assessment of the 2000 census residence rules, 31–33
the Census Bureau’s difficulties measuring residence, 33–44
challenges in defining residence, 59–178
the changing role of, 29–31
complex and ambiguous living situations, 113–163
complexities of, 46–50
consequences of residence complexities, 46–50
group quarters enumeration, 50
guiding principles as they apply to individual(s) with multiple residences, 296
historical development, 26–29
monthly cycles, 296
need for, 24–25
need for residence rules, 24–25
no clearly defined cycle, 296
the nonhousehold population, 61–112
omission and duplication, 46–50
plans for 2010, 51–57
respondents’ difficulties defining residence, 44–46
time split equally among two or more residences, 296
weekly cycles, 296
yearly cycles, 296
Residence rules for the 2000 census, 295–301
do not list population, 301
group quarters population, UHE allowed, 298–299
group quarters population, UHE not allowed, 299–300
household population, 295–298
overseas population, 300
Residence rules for the American Community Survey (ACS), 257
group quarters, 257
housing units, 257
reference period, 258
Residence rules for the Current Population Survey, 55
absent person who usually lives here in sample unit, 55
exceptions and doubtful cases, 55
persons staying in sample unit at time of interview, 55
Residence standards, the U.S. census versus the American Community Survey, 254–266
Residential ambiguity due to occupation, 123–124
Residential facilities
extended care, 78
school-related, 235–236
treatment centers for adults, 235
Resistance to or reluctance to federal government questioning, among Native Americans, 145
Respondents’ difficulties defining residence, 44–46
desire to preserve the family unit, 45
discounting “just for work” living situations, 45
kinship and economic contribution, 44
social ties, 44
those not following instructions, 45–46, 156
varying concepts of “household,” 45
varying legal standards, 45
Response Mode and Incentive Experiment, 268
Response processes, 269
Restrictions, requirements of other countries limiting the Bureau’s ability to conduct a count, 337
Rhode Island, 245
Rural update/enumerate TEAs, 32
RVs. See Recreational vehicles
S
S-night (Shelter and Street Night) operations, 148–149, 151
Scope, of the MAF, 250
SCR. See Shipboard Census Report
Seasonal residents, 115
Self-administered responses, 30, 219
Self-enumeration, effect on the process of a census, 189
Self-report data, poor levels of, 228
Semipermanent living quarters, 170
Semiresidential long-term care options, 43
Sentence length, 92–94
Service-based enumeration, 150
Settings, different forms for, 240–241
Shipboard Census Report (SCR), 68, 240
Shipboard personnel, 106, 110–112
“any residence elsewhere” collection, 212–215
coverage and housing type probes, 216–217
verifying addresses, 215–216
Shuttle migrants, 128
Single room occupancy (SRO) hotels, 160n
SIPP. See Survey of Income and Program Participation
Skilled care facilities, 78
“Snowbirds” and “sunbirds,” 114–118, 176
Social Security Administration, 338
Social Security Number, Privacy Attitudes, and Notification Experiment, 268
Social ties, 44
Social trends
analyzing Census Bureau data, 175–176
building and strengthening ties to external research, 176
designing new experiments, 176
facilitating cross-divisional ties, 175–176
monitoring, 175–176
Sole custody arrangements, 135
South Africa, residence concepts and questions in, 319–320
“Special class” circumstances, 107
Split custody arrangements, 135
Splitting time equally, among two or more residences, 296
SRO. See Single room occupancy hotels
Standards. See Discrepant standards;
Legal standards;
Residence standards
State definitions of residence (California), 39–40
residence for in-state college tuition, 39
residence for obtaining a driver’s license, 40
residence for taxation purposes, 40
residence for voting purposes, 40
Statistical Office of the European Communities, 303
Statistics Canada, 308, 310–311
Statistics New Zealand, 319
Stay in group quarters, length of, 63
“Street people,” 147
Students, 67–77
in boarding schools, 76–77
in colleges and universities, 67–76
foreign, 71
independence of versus parents’ enduring ties, 71–73
Subsistence activities, 146
“Supermax” security areas, 243
Survey of English Housing, 325
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), 54, 56, 131, 152
Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 95
Surveys of Consumers program, 119
Switzerland, 201
residence concepts and questions in, 320–321
T
2000 Census
types of enumeration areas in, 32
undercount and overcount in, 48
Task-order relationships, improving, 271
Taxation purposes, California residence definition for, 40
TEAs. See Types of enumeration areas in the 2000 Census
Telephone, questionnaire assistance by, 186
“Temporary absences,” 37
Temporary residents, 114, 262, 315
“Tenement houses,” 158
Testing and research in 2010 and beyond, 266–267
testing ARE in 2010, 218–219
Texas, 86–87, 104, 116–118, 328
“Think-aloud interviewing,” 269
TIGER. See Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing system database
Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) system database, 20, 44, 226, 250
Transient Night (T-Night), 148, 151
Treatment groups, 208
Types of enumeration areas (TEAs) in the 2000 Census, 32
list/enumerate, 32
mailout/mailback, 32
mailout/mailback conversion to update/leave, 32
military, 32
remote Alaska, 32
rural update/enumerate, 32
update/leave, 32
“urban” update/enumerate, 32
“urban” update/leave, 32
U
UHE. See “Usual home elsewhere” addresses
U.N. Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), guidelines from, 303–305, 312
U.N. Statistics Division, residence concepts and questions from, 305
Undercounts, 177
in the 2000 Census, 48
probing for, 199
Undergraduate college housing, 2003-2004, 75
Unduplication
in the 2000 census, 253
developing and implementing algorithms for, 187
methodology for, 252–254
UNECE. See U.N. Economic Commission for Europe
Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act, 134
United Kingdom, 202
residence concepts and questions in, 321–325
Universities, 67–76
University of Michigan Survey Research Center, 119
Update/leave TEAs, 32
“Urban” update/enumerate TEAs, 32
“Urban” update/leave TEAs, 32
U.S. Attorney General, 330
U.S. Census Bureau, 20, 23–25, 33–36, 42–56, 61–62, 66, 73, 79–80, 85–88, 102, 126, 131, 138, 144, 147–148, 151, 161, 165, 174–178, 187, 191, 208, 216, 218, 226, 233, 239–240, 246–248, 251, 265–272, 331, 336
proposed 2010 Census Residence Rule, 52
proposed changes to residence situation applications, 52
requirements of other countries limiting their ability to conduct a count, 337
research and testing program, 267–272
U.S. censuses
1950, 192
1960, 192–193
1970, 192–195
1980, 195–196
1990, 196–198
2000, 197
U.S. citizens living outside the United States. See American civilians residing overseas
U.S. Conference of Mayors, 149
U.S. Constitution, 72
12th Amendment, 123n
U.S. Department of Commerce, 332–334
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), 328–329, 331–333, 338
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 147
U.S. Department of Labor, 128
U.S. General Accounting Office, 336
U.S. Government Accountability Office, 255, 328n, 335–336
U.S. House of Representatives, 24
U.S. Justice Department, 330
U.S. Maritime Administration, 112, 329
U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 190
U.S. Postal Service, 227
U.S. State Department, 328–330, 334n, 338
U.S. Supreme Court, 24, 38, 42, 46, 70, 123, 125, 335
“Usual home elsewhere” (UHE) addresses, 33, 150, 238, 297
collecting, 212
use of reported, and lack of coverage measurement, 228–230
“Usual residence” categories, 22, 33, 36, 45, 61, 91, 105, 127, 305, 317
as delineated by the Census Order 2000, United Kingdom, 322
enduring concept of, 272
guidelines in defining, 26–27, 184
as individual-level attributes, 185, 266
V
Vacation homes, 262
Verbal probing, 269
Vermont, 99
Visual cues, 192
Voting
California residence definition for, 40
legal standards for, 98–99
W
Weekly cycles, in residence rules, 296
Work-related issues. See Commuter workers and commuter marriage partners;
Farm workers;
Residential ambiguity due to occupation
Work-study release centers, 83
“Worksheet” treatment, 211, 268
Y
Yearly cycles, in residence rules, 296