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Once, Only Once, and in the Right Place: Residence Rules in the Decennial Census
Once, Only Once, and in the Right Place
Residence Rules in the Decennial Census
Panel on Residence Rules in the Decennial Census
Daniel L. Cork and Paul R. Voss, Editors
Committee on National Statistics
Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
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Once, Only Once, and in the Right Place: Residence Rules in the Decennial Census
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
The project that is the subject of this report was supported by contract no. YA132304CN0005 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Census Bureau. Support of the work of the Committee on National Statistics is provided by a consortium of federal agencies through a grant from the National Science Foundation (Number SBR-0112521). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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Library of Congress Control Number 2006935988
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
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Copyright 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Suggested citation: National Research Council (2006). Once, Only Once, and in the Right Place: Residence Rules in the Decennial Census. Panel on Residence Rules in the Decennial Census. Daniel L. Cork and Paul R. Voss, eds. Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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Once, Only Once, and in the Right Place: Residence Rules in the Decennial Census
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating societyof distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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Once, Only Once, and in the Right Place: Residence Rules in the Decennial Census
PANEL ON RESIDENCE RULES IN THE DECENNIAL CENSUS
PAUL R. VOSS (Chair),
Department of Rural Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison (emeritus)
JORGE CHAPA,
Center on Democracy in a Multiracial Society, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
DON A. DILLMAN,
Social and Economic Sciences Research Center and Departments of Sociology and Community and Rural Sociology, Washington State University
KATHRYN EDIN,
Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania
COLM A. O’MUIRCHEARTAIGH,
National Opinion Research Center and Harris School of Public Policy, University of Chicago
JUDITH A. SELTZER,
Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles
C. MATTHEW SNIPP,
Department of Sociology, Stanford University
ROGER TOURANGEAU,
Joint Program in Survey Methodology, University of Maryland, and Survey Research Center, University of Michigan
DANIEL L. CORK, Study Director
MICHAEL L. COHEN, Senior Program Officer
AGNES E. GASKIN, Senior Program Assistant
BARBARA A. BAILAR, Consultant
MEYER ZITTER, Consultant
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COMMITTEE ON NATIONAL STATISTICS 2005–2006
WILLIAM F. EDDY (Chair),
Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University
KATHARINE G. ABRAHAM,
Joint Program in Survey Methodology, University of Maryland
ROBERT M. BELL,
AT&T Labs—Research, Florham Park, New Jersey
ROBERT M. GROVES,
Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, and Joint Program in Survey Methodology, University of Maryland
JOHN C. HALTIWANGER,
Department of Economics, University of Maryland
PAUL W. HOLLAND,
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey
JOEL L. HOROWITZ,
Department of Economics, Northwestern University
DOUGLAS S. MASSEY,
Department of Sociology, Princeton University
VIJAYAN NAIR,
Department of Statistics and Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering, University of Michigan
DARYL PREGIBON,
Google, New York, New York
SAMUEL H. PRESTON,
Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania
KENNETH PREWITT,
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University
LOUISE RYAN,
Department of Biostatistics, Harvard University
NORA CATE SCHAEFFER,
Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison
CONSTANCE F. CITRO, Director
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Acknowledgments
THE PANEL ON RESIDENCE RULES in the Decennial Census of the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) is pleased to submit this final report and wishes to thank the many people who have contributed to our work over the panel’s lifetime.
We thank the staff of the U.S. Census Bureau, under the leadership of director C. Louis Kincannon, deputy director Hermann Habermann, and associate director for decennial census Preston Jay Waite, for their accessibility and cooperation in providing information and materials to the panel and for several valuable interactions with the panel. Philip Gbur and Frank Vitrano acted superbly as lead liaisons between the Census Bureau and the panel, and Vitrano was a particular pleasure to work with as the lead technical contact between the panel and the Bureau. Ed Byerly, head of the Census Bureau’s internal residence rules working group, merits recognition for guiding panel members and other participants through lengthy, comprehensive “walk-through” sessions at two of the panel’s five public meetings. In plenary sessions and in smaller working group activities, the panel also benefited from its interaction with other talented members of the Census Bureau staff, including Robert Fay, Eleanor Gerber, Nancy Gordon, Deborah Griffin, Karen Humes, Elizabeth Krejsa, John Long, Sue Love, Elizabeth Martin, Louisa Miller, Laurel Schwede, Dave Sheppard, Annetta Clark Smith, and Maria Urrutia.
Our Panel on Residence Rules on the Decennial Census was one of three simultaneous CNSTAT panels studying different topics related to the upcoming 2010 census and the emergence of the American Community Survey as a data collection vehicle. As our work has progressed, we have found multiple points of overlap with the other two panels—the Panel on the Functionality and Usability of Data from the American Community Survey and the Panel on Coverage Measurement and Correlation Bias in the 2010 Census. We have
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benefited from our interaction with our colleagues on these panels, and we particularly thank their respective chairs, Graham Kalton and Robert Bell, for their cooperation with activities of our panel.
To assist in its work, the panel commissioned two papers for presentation at its meetings and to inform our deliberations. Terri Ann Lowenthal, an independent consultant and a former congressional staff member with expertise in the census, outlined the congressional and regulatory perspectives on census residence issues and reviewed legislative and judicial precedents. We thank her for her contribution, as well as for her ongoing work of informing the broader census stakeholder community of legislative developments in her series of “News Alerts” from the Census Project (http://www.censusproject.org). In the second paper, futurist Joseph F. Coates reviewed broad societal trends that may complicate the definition and interpretation of residence in the next 25 years. His paper provoked a stimulating discussion at the panel’s December 2004 meeting, and we appreciate his work.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the Report Review Committee of the National Research Council (NRC). The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.
We thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Margo Anderson, History and Urban Studies, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee; Beth Osborne Daponte, Institution for Social and Policy Studies, Yale University; Vincent Fu, Department of Sociology, University of Utah; Kimberly Goyette, Department of Sociology, Temple University; Martha Jones, Division of Workers’ Compensation Research Unit, Department of Industrial Relations, State of California; Steven Ruggles, Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota; Nora Cate Schaeffer, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison; and John H. Thompson, Office of the Executive Vice President, National Opinion Research Center, Chicago, Illinois.
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of the report was overseen by Kenneth Wachter, Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley, and Stephen E. Fienberg, Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University. Appointed by the NRC, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of the report was carried out in accordance with institutional proce-
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dures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring panel and the institution.
In addition to the Census Bureau staff, we wish to thank the other expert speakers who contributed to our plenary meetings: Patricia Allard, Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law; Robert Goldenkoff, U.S. Government Accountability Office; David McMillen, National Archives (formerly with the U.S. House Committee on Government Reform); Jim Moore, U.S. House Committee on Government Reform; and Peter Wagner, Prison Policy Initiative.
Our meeting drew attendants from several other federal agencies and interested groups. We can not list them all, but we do wish to thank those whose active contributions helped further the work of the panel: Allen Beck, Bureau of Justice Statistics; John Drabek, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Robert Parker, U.S. Government Accountability Office (retired); D.E.B. Potter, National Center for Health Statistics; Susan Schechter, U.S. Office of Management and Budget; Ed Spar, Council of Professional Associations on Federal Statistics; and Katherine Wallman, U.S. Office of Management and Budget.
The panel appreciates the efforts of the reports office of the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Eugenia Grohman provided careful editing of the manuscript, Kirsten Sampson-Snyder patiently shepherded the report through scheduling and review processes, and Yvonne Wise managed the production of the finished volume.
Logistical support for the panel was provided with great skill and cheerfulness by Agnes Gaskin, senior program assistant. Research assistance was provided by Marisa Gerstein prior to her resumption of graduate studies in early 2005. The panel also benefited greatly from the long experience and wise counsel of CNSTAT consultants Barbara Bailar and Meyer Zitter. The panel is particularly indebted to the regular and active participation in its meetings of Constance Citro, director of CNSTAT. We simply could not have wished for a more experienced and talented group of committee staff as we worked our way through the history of residence rules in the census and particular problems regarding the concept of residence and its implementation in the 2000 census, and as we explored alternative ways to better ensure that future censuses will count each person living in the country once, and only once, and in the correct place.
I speak for the entire panel in expressing our profound gratitude to the panel’s study director, Daniel Cork. His uncanny ability to somehow bring to the screen exactly the relevant paragraph from some obscure report or a needed statistic from some data set regularly delighted panel members and routinely kept us on task. He carefully guided the panel during the process of coming to consensus regarding a final set of recommendations, and he drafted
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the text of our report during a time when his efforts were also very much in heavy demand by another CNSTAT panel.
Finally, I thank my fellow panel members for their generous contributions of time and expert knowledge. We worked extraordinarily well together, somehow always maintaining a wonderful sense of spirited camaraderie despite occasional disagreements over matters of emphasis or substance.
Paul R. Voss, Chair
Panel on Residence Rules in the Decennial Census
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Contents
Executive Summary
1
I
Residence and the Census
13
1
Introduction
15
1–A The Panel and Its Charge
17
1–B Previous Efforts
18
1–C Plans for the 2010 Census
20
1–D Overview of the Report
21
2
Residence Rules: Development and Interpretation
23
2–A Why Are Residence Rules Needed?
24
2–B What Are the Residence Rules?
25
2–B.1 Historical Development
26
2–B.2 The Changing Role of Residence Rules: From Enumerator Interviews to Self-Response
29
2–B.3 Assessment of the 2000 Census Residence Rules
31
2–C Why Is Measuring Residence Difficult for the Census Bureau?
33
2–C.1 Definitional Challenges
33
2–C.2 Discrepant Standards
37
2–C.3 Changing Norms and Living Situations
41
2–C.4 Inherent Tie to Geography
43
2–D Why Is Defining Residence Difficult for Respondents?
44
2–E Consequences of Residence Complexities
46
2–E.1 Omission and Duplication
46
2–E.2 Group Quarters Enumeration
50
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2–F Plans for 2010
51
2–F.1 One Rule: Proposed Residence Rules Revision
51
2–F.2 Assessment
51
II
Residence Rules Meet Real Life: Challenges in Defining Residence
59
3
The Nonhousehold Population
61
3–A The Concept of “Group Quarters”
62
3–B Students
67
3–B.1 Colleges and Universities
67
3–B.2 Boarding Schools
76
3–C Health Care Facilities
77
3–D Correctional Facilities
82
3–D.1 Prisons
84
3–D.2 Jails
99
3–D.3 Juvenile Facilities
101
3–E Children in Foster Care
103
3–F Military and Seaborne Personnel
105
3–F.1 Personnel Stationed at Domestic Bases or Living in Nearby Housing
106
3–F.2 Shipboard Personnel
110
4
Complex and Ambiguous Living Situations
113
4–A Multiple Residence and Highly Mobile Populations
113
4–A.1 “Snowbirds” and “Sunbirds”
114
4–A.2 Modern Nomads: Recreational Vehicle Users
118
4–A.3 Commuter Workers and Commuter Marriage Partners
120
4–A.4 Residential Ambiguity Due to Occupation
123
4–A.5 Minority Men
124
4–A.6 Migrant Farm Workers
127
4–B Complex Household Structures: The Changing Nature of Families
131
4–B.1 Children in Joint Custody
133
4–B.2 Cohabiting Couples
140
4–B.3 Recent Immigrants
141
4–B.4 Issues Unique to Native Americans
144
4–C The Homeless Population
146
4–D People Missed by Census Questions and Operations
151
4–D.1 Census Day Movers
151
4–D.2 Census Day Births and Deaths
153
4–D.3 Babies and Young Children
155
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4–E Ambiguity Due to Housing Stock Issues
156
4–E.1 Hotels and Motels
159
4–E.2 People Dislocated by Disasters
161
5
Mirroring America: Living Situations and the Census
165
5–A Lessons from a Review of Living Situations
166
5–B Needed Research on Living Situations
174
5–B.1 Fuller Use of Internal Data
174
5–B.2 Monitoring Social Trends
175
5–B.3 Basic Research on Living Situations
176
III
Improvements for the Future
179
6
Residence Principles for the Decennial Census
181
6–A A Core Set of Principles
182
6–B Products for Implementation of the Principles
186
6–C Presentation of Residence Concepts to Respondents and Enumerators
189
6–D Instructions and Residence Questions in Recent Censuses and Tests
192
6–D.1 Previous U.S. Censuses
192
6–D.2 Coverage Probes
197
6–D.3 Foreign Census Questionnaires
201
6–D.4 Alternative Questionnaire Tests and Approaches
202
6–D.5 Toward 2010: Mid-Decade Census Tests
203
6–E Changing the Strategy: Getting the Right Residence Information
208
6–E.1 Questions, Not Instructions
210
6–E.2 The Short Form Is Too Short
211
6–E.3 Mode Effects
217
6–E.4 Testing ARE in 2010
218
6–F A Violation by Design: The Census Day Response Problem
220
6–G Research Needs
222
7
Nonhousehold Enumeration
225
7–A Implementation Problems in the 2000 Census
226
7–B Rethinking the Concept
233
7–C Allow “Any Residence Elsewhere”
238
7–D Conducting the Count
238
7–D.1 Facility and Administrative Records
238
7–D.2 Different Forms for Different Settings
240
7–E Counting Prisoners in the Census
241
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8
Operations, Research, and Testing
249
8–A Master Address File
250
8–B Unduplication Methodology
252
8–C Clashing Residence Standards: The Census and the American Community Survey
254
8–D Testing and Research in 2010 and Beyond
266
8–E The Census Bureau Research and Testing Program
267
References
273
Appendixes
293
A
Residence Rules of the 2000 Census
295
B
Residence Concepts and Questions in Selected Foreign Censuses
303
B.1 United Nations/Economic Commission of Europe Guidelines
303
B.2 United Nations Statistics Division
305
B.3 Australia
305
B.4 Canada
308
B.5 Estonia
312
B.6 Ireland
313
B.7 Israel
314
B.8 Italy
315
B.9 Japan
315
B.10 New Zealand
316
B.11 South Africa
319
B.12 Switzerland
320
B.13 United Kingdom
321
C
Americans Residing Overseas
327
C.1 Treatment in Past Censuses
328
C.2 The 1990 Census
331
C.3 The 2000 Census
334
C.4 The 2004 Overseas Census Test
335
C.5 Concepts in Counting American Civilians Overseas
336
D
Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff
339
Index
343
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List of Figures
2-1
Basic residence question (Question 1), 2000 census questionnaire
26
6-1
Basic residence question, advance materials distributed prior to enumerator visits, 1960 census
193
6-2
Basic residence instructions and Question 1, 1970 census questionnaire
194
6-3
Basic residence question (Question 1), 1980 census questionnaire
196
6-4
Basic residence question (Item 1), 1990 census questionnaire
198
6-5
Coverage probe questions, 1970 census questionnaire
200
6-6
Coverage probes (Questions H1–H3), 1980 census questionnaire
201
6-7
Coverage treatment groups, 2005 National Census Test
206
6-8
Coverage probe questions, 2005 National Census Test
209
8-1
Introductory household count question, 2005 American Community Survey
259
8-2
Excerpt of household roster question and instructions, 2005 American Community Survey
260
8-3
Excerpt of household roster question and instructions, 1996–1998 American Community Survey
263
8-4
Question 25, 2005 American Community Survey
264
B-1
Proposed form of basic usual residence questionnaire item (UR1), 2006 Census of Population and Housing, Australia
307
B-2
Residence instructions, 2001 Census of Population, Canada
309
B-3
Basic residence questions, 2001 Census of Population, Canada
310
B-4
Questionnaire items to collect primary and secondary address information, 2000 Census of Population, Switzerland
320
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List of Tables
2-1
Residence Rules for the Current Population Survey
55
3-1
Group Quarters Population by Group Quarters Type, 2000 Census
64
3-2
Undergraduate College Housing, 2003–2004
75
3-3
Patient Discharges and Distribution of Current Nursing Home Residents, by Length of Stay (in percent)
81
3-4
Sentence Length for Most Serious Individual Offense, New Court Commitments to State Prisons, by Offense, 1993 and 2002
94
3-5
Time Served by Newly Released State Prisoners, 1993–2002
95
3-6
Time Served by Newly Released State Prisoners, by Offense Type, 1993 and 2002
96
4-1
Classification of Farm Workers
129
4-2
Children Under Age 18 by Household Composition, 1996 and 2001 (in thousands)
132
4-3
Divorces by Whether and to Whom Physical Custody of Children was Awarded, Selected States, 1989 and 1990
137
4-4
Type of Child Custody per Most Recent Agreement, 1994–1998 (in percent)
139
4-5
Births and Deaths in the United States by Month, 2004, Provisional Vital Statistics Data
154
4-6
Criteria for Distinguishing Separate Units in Multi-Unit Dwellings, 1850–2000
158
7-1
Mode of Completion, Group Quarters Individual Census Reports, 2000 Census
229
7-2
Group Quarters Questionnaire Records in the Non-ID Process by Form Type, 2000 Census
231
B-1
Usual Residence Categories as Delineated by the Census Order 2000, United Kingdom
322
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List of Boxes
2-1
Why Is April 1 “Census Day”?
29
2-2
Types of Enumeration Areas (TEAs), 2000 Census
32
2-3
Group Quarters Categories for the 2000 Census
35
2-4
State Definitions of Residence: California
39
2-5
Franklin v. Massachusetts (1992)
42
2-6
Undercount and Overcount in the 2000 Census
48
2-7
Census Bureau’s Proposed 2010 Census Residence Rule
52
3-1
Individual, Military, and Shipboard Census Reports
68
3-2
Borough of Bethel Park v. Stans (1971)
72
3-3
District of Columbia v. U.S. Department of Commerce (1992)
90
4-1
Types of Child Custody Arrangements
135
4-2
Colonias
143
4-3
S-Night
149
4-4
Service-Based Enumeration
150
5-1
Ethnographic Research in the Census
167
5-2
Living Situation Survey
168
5-3
Alternative Questionnaire Experiments
169
5-4
Residence Rules for the 1990 Census
171
5-5
Include and Exclude Instructions in the 1950 Census
173
6-1
Illustration of Application of Residence Principles as the Basis for “Frequently Asked Questions”
188
6-2
Residence Question and Instructions in the 2000 Census and the 2000 Alternative Questionnaire Experiment
204
6-3
Coverage Follow-Up Plans for the 2010 Census
217
7-1
2006 Census Test Group Quarters Definitions
234
7-2
Kansas Census Adjustment
247
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8-1
Unduplication in the 2000 Census
253
8-2
Residence Rules for the American Community Survey
257
8-3
Cognitive Testing
269
A-1
Guiding Principles for the Residence Rules as They Apply to Individual(s) with Multiple Residences
296
