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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

Index

A

Abt Associates Inc., 165, 169, 170

Access to tobacco products

adolescent perceptions of, 167

community mobilization, 205

Internet sales, 11-12, 20, 207-210

minimum age, 206

price and, 42

recommendations, 10-11, 20, 205, 210

youth restrictions, 118-119, 120, 159, 167, 203-206

Action on Smoking and Health, 110

Addictiveness of tobacco products. See Nicotine

adolescents, 89, 118-119

atypical patterns of smoking and, 93, 95

and cessation, 5, 117

conditioning, 79, 80

deception by tobacco industry, 7, 33, 35, 114, 121-122, 125, 127, 146, 148

environmental and personal factors, 80, 81, 201

flavorants and additives and, 283

genetic factors, 79, 82, 86-87, 96-97

industry acknowledgment of, 125

and litigation, 119, 121-122

nature of, 77-82

and paternalism issue, 151-152

as “pediatric disease,” 119, 148

physiological effects of smoke, 79

public understanding of, 7-8, 33, 35, 89, 108, 147

risk perception, 90, 91, 93

sensorimotor factors, 81

and tobacco control movement, 111-112, 116-118, 119

warning labels, 298

Adolescent tobacco use

alcohol policy compared, 153

cessation programs, 21

effectiveness of programs on, 11, 68, 124-125, 201

exposure to advertising, 320, 322-323

glamorization of smoking in movies and, 330-333

household bans on smoking and, 201-202

illegal sales, 164, 203

initiation rates, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 31, 34, 35, 45-46, 49, 51, 56-57, 70, 98, 112, 147-148, 149, 150-151, 167, 200

invulnerability concept and, 88, 89

media glamorization of smoking and, 330-333

mental illness and, 95

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

motivation, 92-93, 98, 183

paternalism issue and, 34, 150-151

prevalence, 31, 46, 52-54, 124, 167-168, 169, 170-171

prevention interventions, 8, 11, 123

price of cigarettes as deterrent, 9, 183-184

restricted access to tobacco and, 118-119, 120, 159, 167, 203-206

risk perceptions and, 4, 5, 6, 8, 35, 88-93, 98, 149, 150-151, 187, 297

and smoking career, 58, 98

targeting by tobacco industry, 50, 112, 129, 148, 327-330

Adult tobacco use.

See also Young adult tobacco use

cessation rates, 4, 5, 49, 57, 66-67

ever smoked, 49

never smoked, 45

per capita consumption, 45, 54, 56, 168

prevalence, 1, 4, 5, 13, 29, 32, 45, 48, 51-52, 62, 64, 65, 66, 124, 125, 146, 166, 168, 170-171, 231, 278

risk perception and, 80, 90, 91, 151

Advertising. See Marketing and advertising

Advocacy.

See also Antitobacco activism;

Community mobilization

grassroots, 119, 147, 189, 196, 241-243, 244

African Americans, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 94, 161, 171, 185, 247

Age.

See also Adolescent;

Adult;

Young adult tobacco use

and initiation of smoking, 81, 94-95

minimum for tobacco purchases, 206

and nondaily smoking, 94

and prevalence of smoking, 52, 53, 58-59

Alabama, 174, 309, 311, 315

Alaska, 174, 309, 311, 315

Alcohol

excise taxes, 193

policy changes, 153, 241, 242, 273, 304-306

shipping restrictions, 210

American Academy of Family Physicians, 21, 222

American Academy of Pediatrics, 21, 222

American Cancer Society, 109, 110, 120, 179

American College Health Association, 20, 198, 199

American College of Emergency Physicians, 221

American College of Physicians, 21, 222

American Correctional Association, 19, 194-195, 196

American Heart Association, 109, 179

American Indian and Alaska Natives, 60, 62, 63, 64

American Jail Association, 194-195

American Legacy Foundation, 2, 123, 124, 129, 130, 133, 229-231, 243

American Lung Association, 109, 179

American Medical Association, 21, 109, 117, 120, 222

American Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation, 198

American Nursing Association, 21, 222

American Psychiatric Association, 117

American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST), 120, 121, 159, 163, 172, 241-242, 243, 244, 246

Annenberg Tobacco Survey, 89, 90

Antidepressants, 87

Antitobacco activism, early movements, 34, 107-108, 109-110, 115

Arizona, 115, 119, 160, 172, 174, 309, 311, 315

Arkansas, 66, 172, 309, 311, 315

Asians, 60-61, 62, 63, 64, 94, 161, 247

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 96

Australia, 83, 201, 291, 292, 295

Austria, 213

B

Ballin, Scott, 117

Bangladesh, 292

Bans on smoking. See Restrictions on smoking

Banzhaf, John F., 110

Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 46, 65, 93, 164, 165

Botvin, Gil, 212

Brain-derived neurotropic factor, 82

Brandt, Allan, 107

Brazil, 292, 293, 295, 297

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

Bright Futures, 219

Brown and Williamson Company, 43, 209, 287

Bupropion treatment, 82, 87, 233

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, 209, 304

Bush Administration, 123

C

California

adolescent smoking, 167

Adult Tobacco Survey, 164

bans on smoking, 192, 195, 196, 202-203, 214, 245

cessation rates, 67, 136

Department of Education, 161

Department of Health Services, 161, 164

effectiveness of programs, 166-168, 169, 184, 192, 226, 242-243

evaluation of programs, 164, 165

excise taxes, 160, 161, 177, 184, 311

funding for tobacco control, 161-162, 166, 167, 175, 180, 315

Healthy Kids Program, 161

heart disease mortality, 166-167

marketing violations by industry, 320, 328

media campaigns, 120, 161, 184, 224-226, 227

MSA allocations, 178, 180, 320

nonsmokers’ rights movement, 147

per-capita cigarette consumption, 166, 167

prevalence of smoking, 66, 67, 94, 136, 165, 166, 167-168, 169, 170, 171

retail environment, 299-300

revenues and expenditures for tobacco control, 174, 177, 178, 180, 309

school-based interventions, 212, 214

Smokers’ Helpline, 161

Student Tobacco Survey, 168

Tobacco Control Program, 119, 120, 124-125, 157, 159, 160, 161-162, 163, 164, 165, 174

Tobacco Survey, 94, 164

youth access law, 208

Youth Tobacco Survey, 164

California Apartment Association, 196

Carlin, John, 305

Camel cigarettes, 43

Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, 179, 285

Canada

bans on smoking, 202

excise taxes, 183

health warnings on tobacco products, 291-292, 295

regretful smokers, 83

risk perceptions, 297

Cancer, 29, 30, 44, 89, 92, 108, 110, 115, 116, 125, 127, 191, 226, 247, 280, 297, 335, 337

Cardiovascular disease, 29, 30, 95, 110, 166-167, 191, 215-216, 247

Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene, 82

Center for Tobacco Prevention and Control, 163

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21, 29, 128, 161, 192, 193, 224, 228, 238, 242, 244

Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs, 159, 175, 176, 242, 335

BRFSS, 46, 65, 93, 164, 165

goals for tobacco control, 249

Guidelines for School Health Programs to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction, 109

IMPACT program, 120, 159, 246

Office on Smoking and Health, 22, 159, 172, 246

recommended funding level for state programs, 9, 19, 172-173, 175-176, 181-182, 308, 309-310

YRBSS, 46, 53, 171

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 126

Cessation attempt fatigue, 86

Cessation of smoking

abstinence defined, 85

access to programs, 12-13, 21-22, 84, 126, 129, 185

addictiveness of nicotine and, 5, 117

adolescent programs, 21

age trends, 58, 59

airway sensory replacement and, 81

behavioral and counseling interventions, 80, 87, 109, 126, 160, 161, 219, 220, 221, 222, 232, 233, 236, 240

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

challenges, 84, 235-236

clinical practice guidelines, 87, 126, 129, 240

community mobilization, 222, 234, 236-237, 238

components of care management, 232

cost-effectiveness to interventions, 239-241

delivering services, 238-239

demand for programs, 234, 235-236

disseminating programs, 12, 13, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24, 87, 234, 235, 236-238, 303

duration of quit attempts, 85, 86

education about quitting process, 235-236

effectiveness of programs, 6, 12, 13, 68, 87, 159, 232-234, 236, 239-231

environment and, 16, 17, 24, 84, 86, 160, 192, 193, 201

ethical context for policies, 14, 34, 149-150

funding programs, 187, 240

gender differences, 62

genetic factors, 82, 97

geographic differences, 64, 65, 66-67

hardcore smokers, 6, 233, 234

health improvements, 231

industry discouragement of, 24, 323

initiation age and, 59

intensity of smoking and, 59, 85, 86-87, 97

intensity of treatment and, 232-233, 234

interventions, 6, 12, 21, 22, 120, 231-241

“light” cigarettes and, 297

limitations of programs, 234

mental illness and, 68, 69

motivation, 83, 109, 184, 221

nicotine replacement therapies, 17, 82, 87, 117, 147, 185, 233, 234

nondaily smoking and, 94

paternalism issue and, 149-150

pharmacotherapies, 82, 87, 109, 119, 126, 147, 233, 234, 240, 281-282

physician participation in, 83-84, 129, 219-222

and prevalence of smoking, 232, 235, 249, 250, 251-252

price of cigarettes and, 182-183, 184

quitlines, 21, 84, 126, 133, 161, 221, 236, 237

quitting attempts, 5-6, 65, 85-87, 97, 233, 234

surveillance and monitoring, 239

race/ethnicity and, 61

rates, 4, 5, 12, 45, 49, 57, 58, 62, 66-67, 82-83, 193

recommendations, 12, 21, 22, 236, 239

reimbursement for treatment, 12, 13, 22, 84, 126, 234, 238, 239-241

relapses, 86, 97, 193, 201, 233, 234

and smokeless tobacco use, 2, 3

socioeconomic status and, 63

Stages of Change model, 84-85

stepped-care approach, 232, 233, 234, 235, 239

trends, 31, 57, 77

warning labels on packages and, 295

Children, exposure to secondhand smoke, 115, 192, 199, 200-201

Chinese Americans, 61

Cigar smoking, 30, 41, 43, 198

Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 110, 273, 300-301, 319

Cigarette manufacturing, 41-42, 107, 152

Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969, 110, 319

Cipollone, Rose, 113

Clinician’s Handbook of Preventive Services, 219

Clinton Administration, 119, 123

Clonidine, 87

Coalition for Tobacco-Free Colorado, 245

Coalition on Smoking OR Health, 109, 117

College, 20, 198, 199.

See also Young adult tobacco use

Colorado, 174, 243, 245, 309, 311, 315

Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT), 83, 87, 192

Community mobilization

action projects, 213-214

alcohol policy compared, 241

cessation programs, 222, 234, 236-237, 238

education programs, 215-216, 230, 231

effectiveness, 215, 242, 244, 246

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

evaluation of programs, 242, 246

expenditures, 175

funding, 159, 163, 244, 246

grassroots advocacy, 119, 147, 189, 196, 241-243, 244

lobbying challenge from tobacco industry, 121, 241, 243-244

local health departments, 161, 163

maintaining momentum, 244-246

recommendations, 246

school programs combined with, 214, 215-217, 218, 231

smoking bans, 115, 119, 189, 196, 203, 244-246

state strategy, 120-121, 154, 241-242

youth access restriction, 205

Comprehensive Smoking Education Act of 1984, 110

Comprehensive state programs.

See also Excise tax rates;

Restrictions on smoking;

individual states

CDC best practices, 159, 175, 176, 242

community mobilization strategy, 22, 120-121, 154, 241-242, 246

description, 160-163

effectiveness, 67, 68, 120, 124-125, 136, 157-158, 159, 160, 161, 165-172

elements of, 120, 152, 160

evaluation of, 120, 159-160, 164-165, 171-172

expenditures, 30, 158, 163, 173-176, 226, 309-310, 315-316

funding, 120, 128, 157, 158-159, 172-182, 226-227, 308-319

intensity of, 160

interventions, 158, 159

media campaigns, 119, 120, 159, 160, 161, 162-163, 224-229

monitoring and surveillance, 164

MSA allocations, 128, 178-181

public health partnerships, 154

recommendations, 181-182

revenue sources, 158, 176-181

youth access restrictions, 120, 159

Conduct disorders, 95

Congress.

See also Legislation

authority over states, 188 n.3

Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 110, 273, 300-301, 319

Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969, 110, 319

Fair Housing Act, 197

Federal Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, 126, 206, 275

Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 117, 126, 152

proposed legislation, 275, 283-285, 307

Connecticut, 66, 67, 115, 125, 309, 311, 315

Consumer Product Safety Commission, 111

Consumer sovereignty issue, 7, 8, 32, 111, 114, 117, 145-146, 150-152.

See also Paternalism issue

Controlled Substances Act, 112, 152

Correctional facilities. See Inmates

Council for Tobacco Research, 111, 123

Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, 221

Crawford, Victor, 226

Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement, 46, 64, 96

Current smokers/smoking

cessation attempts, 82

correlates of, 57-68

decline in, 45

defined, 47, 166 n.2

intensity of smoking, 55

prevalence, 48, 51

CYP2A6 gene, 82

CYP2B6 gene, 97

D

Daily smoking/smokers, 52-53, 54, 55, 65, 95, 217

Davis, Ronald, 109

Deaths, 1-2, 29, 30, 34, 89, 113, 116, 126, 130, 166-167, 226, 228, 231

Decarboxylase, 82

Decisional Balance Inventory, 92

Decline in smoking

health scares and, 44, 109

Healthy People 2010 goals, 124

industry response to, 44, 46-51

maintaining momentum, 6-7, 30-31

media campaigns and, 124, 160, 184, 217, 218, 223, 225-226, 227, 228, 229, 230-231

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

policy changes and, 130, 145

smoking bans and, 10, 94, 125, 184, 185, 191-202

trends, 4-5, 45-46, 70

Delaware, 125, 128, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 245, 308, 309, 311, 315

Denmark, 213

DHL, 209

Disabled individuals, 95

Discount brands, 133

Dopamine, 79, 80, 82, 97

Drug Abuse Resistance Education, 211

E

Eclipse cigarette, 127

Economic effects of tobacco use, 2, 30, 192, 195, 200, 239

Educational attainment

and nondaily smoking, 94

and prevalence of smoking, 6, 62-64, 65, 67, 96, 187

Educational initiatives, 109-110.

See also Media campaigns;

School-based interventions

community mobilization, 215-216, 230, 231

effectiveness, 70, 198

Emergency Medicine Residents Association, 221

Emergency Nurses Association, 221

Employee Retirement and Income Security Act, 273

Environmental tobacco smoke. See Secondhand smoke

Epidemiology of tobacco use.

See also Cessation of smoking;

Decline in smoking;

Initiation of smoking;

Intensity of smoking;

Prevalence of smoking

atypical patterns of smoking, 94

cessation rates, 82

decline in use, 4-5, 45-51

growth of problem, 4, 41-44

recent trends, 51-68

European Union, 292

Excise tax rates

and adolescent smoking, 183-184

appropriate level of, 159, 181, 182, 185-187, 249

avoidance, 9, 177, 184, 185-186, 188, 207

cessation services funded with, 187, 240

and cigarette use, 182-184

congressional authority over states, 188 n.3

disparities among states, 9, 176-177, 182, 186, 188-189, 308, 310-311

and expenditures for tobacco control, 178

external costs of consumption and, 186-187

federal, 10, 19, 50, 125, 185, 188, 189

funding tobacco control with, 9, 19, 159, 160, 162, 176, 177-178, 181, 182, 188-189, 218, 224, 227, 314-317

impacts of, 9, 170, 181, 182, 184, 185, 249, 250

interaction with other antismoking measures, 184-185

Internet retail shipments and, 185, 186, 207, 209, 210

new measures, 36, 188-189

recommendations, 9, 10, 17-18, 19, 25, 182, 189, 318

regressivity concerns, 187

revenues, 9, 174-175, 176, 177, 178

state, 9, 19, 119-120, 125, 158, 159, 160, 162, 170, 176-178, 182-189, 310-311

tax-exempt outlet sales and, 185, 207

F

Fair Housing Act, 197

Fairness Doctrine, 110, 113-114, 223-224

Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, 126, 206, 275

FDA Tobacco Rule, 126

Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994, 243

Federal Bureau of Prisons, 195

Federal Communications Commission, 110, 223

Federal Express, 209

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 117, 126, 152

Federal Trade Commission, 47, 110, 112, 113, 287, 299, 301

Fetal growth retardation, 110

Field Institute, 164

Filtered cigarettes, 44, 70, 323

Finland, 215

Firearms policy, 153

Florida

bans on smoking, 245

effectiveness of programs, 171-172, 229

excise tax rates, 311

funding for programs, 227, 315

media campaigns, 120, 224, 227-229

Medicaid litigation, 122-123

revenues and expenditures for tobacco control, 174, 224, 309

tobacco control program, 125, 128, 160, 174, 227-228

Youth Tobacco Survey, 228

Food and Drug Administration

authority, 17, 25, 36, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 126-127, 154, 203, 272, 275-277, 283-285, 307-308

integrity, 287-288

Tobacco Rule, 203, 205, 206, 276, 319, 323, 347

youth-oriented policy, 148, 276

Former smokers, 47, 57 n.7, 65

Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, 3, 34, 289, 292

Freedom of Information Act, 121, 243

Funding tobacco control.

See also Excise tax rates

allocation formula, 311-312, 314-318

American Legacy Foundation, 129

budgetary constraints, 9, 128, 157, 160, 161-162, 165, 166, 167, 171, 172, 180, 224, 226-227

and effectiveness of state programs, 160

federal role, 22, 159, 246, 308-319

MSA allocations, 9, 128, 129, 158, 163, 173, 174, 178-181, 227-228, 308-319

philanthropic, 22, 120, 246

prevalence-based penalties, 318-319

recommended and proposed spending, 9, 17-18, 19, 25, 172-173, 175-176, 181-182, 308, 309-310

remedial assessment on cigarettes, 312-313

state programs, 120, 128, 157, 158-159, 172-182, 224, 226-227, 308-319

G

Gallup Organization, 164, 167

Gamblers, 95

Gamma-aminobutyric acid 2 gene, 82

Gender differences.

See also Women, as marketing target

cessation of smoking, 62

initiation of smoking, 81

natural history of smoking, 58

motivation to smoke, 183

prevalence of smoking, 51, 58, 60-62

Generic brands, 50

Genetic vulnerability, 79, 82, 86-87, 96-97

Georgia, 174, 309, 311, 314, 315, 316, 317

Germany, 213

Glamorization of smoking, 6, 42, 110, 330-333

Gori, Gio, 287

Grassroots activism, 119, 147, 189, 196, 241-243, 244.

See also Antitobacco activism;

Community mobilization

Great Depression, 44

Group Against Smokers’ Pollution (GASP), 115

Growing Up Today Study, 183

Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 219

Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services, 219

Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 219

H

Hard-core smokers, 6, 8, 69, 96-97, 98

Harm reduction policies, 282

Hawaii, 174, 245, 309, 311, 315

Health Belief Model, 88

Health care expenditures, 2, 30

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

Health Supervision Guidelines, 219

Healthy People 2010, 7, 13, 52, 124, 133, 135, 136, 199, 250, 251

Heavy smokers, 47, 54, 61, 68, 69, 95, 96, 145

Hispanics, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 94, 161, 247

History of tobacco use, 107-108

Home production of cigarettes, 185, 186

Homeless individuals, 6, 95, 96, 248

Hong Kong, 292

Hutchinson Project, 211

I

Idaho, 174, 245, 309, 311, 315

Illinois, 174, 309, 311, 315

Impotence, 294

Income

expenditures on cigarettes, 51

and prevalence of smoking, 6, 44, 62-64, 65, 67, 187

Inconsistent preferences, 151

India, 292

Indian reservations, 24, 185, 207

Indiana, 174, 213, 309, 311, 315

Industry. See Tobacco industry

Infant exposure to tobacco smoke, 29

Infectious diseases, 29

Initiation of smoking

adolescents, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 31, 34, 35, 45-46, 49, 51, 56-57, 70, 98, 112, 147-148, 149, 150-151, 167, 200

age and, 81, 94-95

defined, 56 n.6

deterrents, 7, 12-13

environment and, 200, 219

gender differences, 81

genetic influences, 81

psychiatric and behavioral comorbidities, 95-97

racial/ethnic differences, 69

regret among smokers, 5, 83, 88, 93, 97, 151

risk perceptions and, 6, 88-93

socioeconomic status and, 63

trends in rates, 13, 31, 45, 46, 49, 56-57, 77, 252

young adults, 5, 6, 45-46, 49, 57, 69, 70, 94-95, 167

Initiatives to Mobilize for the Prevention and Control of Tobacco (IMPACT) program, 120, 159, 246

Inmates, 6, 95, 96, 194-196

Institute of Medicine, 118, 119, 125, 130, 148

Insurance coverage, 12, 13, 22, 84, 126, 234, 238, 239-241

Intensity of smoking

age at initiation and, 98

and cessation, 59, 85, 86-87, 97

gender differences, 61-62

genetic factors, 81

per-capita consumption, 45, 54, 56, 166, 168-169

price of cigarettes and, 182, 183

and risk perception, 90

and smoking career, 59, 85, 98

socioeconomic status and, 69

trends, 5, 6, 45, 54-56

Interagency Committee on Smoking and Health, 126, 129

International Agency for Research on Cancer, 191

International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey, 294, 295, 297

International comparisons, 3, 34-35, 193, 291-293, 329

Interventions. See Cessation of smoking;

Prevention interventions

Iowa, 174, 213, 309, 311, 315

Ireland, 193

J

Jenkins Act, 207, 304

Joe Camel character, 50, 112

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Facilities, 194

K

Kansas, 174, 179, 216, 305, 309, 311, 315

Kentucky, 65, 66, 94, 134, 135, 174, 176, 309, 311, 315

Kessler, David, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 148

Kessler, Gladys, 127-128, 287, 297-298, 318, 345

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

Kluger, Richard, 107

Kool cigarettes, 43

Koop, C. Everett, 115, 122

Korean Americans, 61, 247

L

Legacy Media Tracking Surveys, 229

Legislation

advertising restrictions, 110, 118

bans on smoking, 36

exemptions for tobacco industry, 111-112

FDA empowerment, 126-127, 279-280, 283-285

proposed, 122, 276, 279-280, 283-285, 286-287, 295, 301

public health gains, 113

state excise taxes, 119, 210

warning labels, 110, 113, 126, 154, 273, 295

youth access control, 118, 210

Lethality of smoking, beliefs about, 89-90

Leukoplakia, 30

“Light” cigarettes, 89, 91-92, 112, 122, 123, 127, 280-281, 286, 287, 288, 296, 297-298, 303, 323, 325, 329

Light smokers (chippers), 95

Life Skills Training (LST), 211, 212-213

Litigation, 33

addictiveness of nicotine and, 119, 121-122

antilobbying challenge by industry, 121, 241, 243

class action suits, 121-122

common-law lawsuits, 196, 197

MSA, 50, 56, 122-123, 124, 125, 128, 129, 157, 178

Medicaid-related, 7, 122-123, 148, 157, 178

punitive damages, 128

regulatory challenges by industry, 119, 209

RICO, 123, 127-128, 157, 280-281, 287-288, 297-298, 318, 319, 345, 346

smokeless tobacco products, 127

tort claims, 113, 114, 121-122, 147, 197, 291

Lobbying

advocacy groups falsely accused of, 121, 241, 243-244

by tobacco industry, 111, 122, 157

Lorillard, 329

Louisiana, 174, 245, 309, 311, 315

Low-nicotine cigarettes, 48, 346-353

Low-tar cigarettes, 44, 48, 112, 117, 122, 280, 287, 296, 297, 298, 323

Low-yield products, 48, 280, 349

Lucky Strike cigarettes, 43

Luxembourg, 213

M

Maine, 124, 125, 128, 160, 173, 174, 208-209, 245, 308, 309, 311, 315

Malaysia, 292

Marketing and advertising

black-and-white text only, 302, 319, 323-327

constitutionality issues, 324-327

current practices, 48, 319-323

deceptive health claims, 43, 44, 117, 123, 125, 296-298

developing countries, 113

discount prices/coupons, 48, 50-51, 61, 302

effects of, 42, 43, 50-51, 61, 152, 321-323

expenditures by industry, 47-48, 114, 129, 299, 300, 302, 319-320

Fairness Doctrine, 110, 113-114, 223-224

in magazines, 300, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 331

point-of-sale, 16-17, 24, 114, 273-274, 299-301, 303, 319, 320-321, 322

promotional activities, 20, 50-51, 114, 118, 119, 123, 126, 129, 154, 184, 199, 289, 299-300, 301-303, 322

recommendations, 16-17, 18, 24, 25, 303, 324, 329

restrictions, 16-17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 48, 50, 110, 113-114, 119, 120, 123, 129, 154, 158, 159, 198, 199, 223-224, 273-275, 277, 287, 289, 300-301, 303, 324, 319-330

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

sponsorships, 322

targeting women, 43, 50, 112

targeting youth, 20, 50, 112, 129, 148, 198, 199, 226, 287, 320, 323-324, 327-330

warnings on advertisements, 113

Marlboro Friday, 50

Marlboro Man, 226

Maryland, 174, 309, 311, 315

Massachusetts

Adult Tobacco Survey, 184

bans on smoking, 197, 245

community mobilization, 242

Department of Public Health, 162

effectiveness of programs, 165, 166, 168-171, 184, 227, 242-243

evaluation of programs, 164-165

excise taxes, 160, 162, 170, 177, 184, 311

funding for tobacco control, 162, 163, 172, 177, 315

media campaigns, 120, 133, 162, 184, 224, 226-227

per-capita cigarette smoking, 168-169, 170

prevalence of smoking, 165, 166, 168-171, 172

Prevalence Study, 171

revenues and expenditures for tobacco control, 163, 174, 224, 309

Smoker’s Quitline, 163

Tobacco Control Program, 119, 125, 128, 157, 160, 161, 162-163, 242-243

Tobacco Survey, 164

Try to Stop Resource Center, 163

Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), 9, 50, 56, 122-123, 124, 125, 128, 129, 157, 158, 163, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178-180, 181, 185, 206, 243, 287, 299, 313, 319-320, 322, 330

McCain, John, 122

McClarren, Wayne, 226

McHugh, John, 210

Media campaigns

American Legacy Foundation’s truth­® Campaign, 124, 229-230, 332

effectiveness, 124, 160, 184, 217, 218, 223, 225-226, 227, 228, 229, 230-231, 249

elimination, 133, 223-224

evaluation, 225-226, 229, 231

expenditures, 226, 229, 230

exposure and receptivity, 227

Fairness Doctrine, 223-224, 229

funding, 11-12, 224, 225, 226-227, 238

goals, 225, 226

recommendations, 11-12, 20, 21, 218, 231, 238

school-based programs combined with, 11-12, 21, 215-218, 230-231

social marketing of cessation interventions, 237-238

state, 119, 120, 159, 160, 161, 162-163, 224-229, 241-242

youth-oriented, 11-12, 21, 57, 215-218, 224, 227, 228, 229

Medicaid, 12, 22, 30, 122-123, 148, 178, 240, 314

Medicare, 12, 22, 236, 240

Mental illness

and cessation therapy, 233, 234, 247

and prevalence of smoking, 6, 68, 69, 70, 95-96, 98

Menthol cigarettes, 43, 44, 48, 61

Michigan, 173, 174, 176, 179, 196-197, 308, 309, 311, 314, 315, 316, 317

Midwestern Prevention Project, 215, 216-217

Military personnel, 95, 107-108, 248

Minnesota, 93, 115, 122-123, 160, 174, 196, 309, 311, 314, 315, 316, 317-318

Class of 1989 project, 215-216

Smoking Prevention Program, 216

Mississippi, 122-123, 128, 160, 174, 308, 309, 311, 315

Missouri, 173, 174, 308, 309, 311, 315

Models. See Policy simulations

Monitoring the Future, 46, 52, 169

Montana, 174, 175, 245, 309, 311, 315

Moore, Michael, 122

Motion Picture Association of America, 25-26, 332-333

MSA. See Master Settlement Agreement

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

N

National Academy of Sciences, 115

National Action Plan for Tobacco Cessation, 126

National Association of State Attorneys General, 209-210

National Cancer Institute, 21, 69, 238

ASSIST program, 120, 121, 159, 163, 172, 241-242, 243, 244, 246

Smoking and Tobacco Control Program, 109

Tobacco Working Group, 287

National Cancer Policy Board, 125

National Committee for Quality Assurance, 239

National Health Interview Survey, 46, 48, 49, 52, 53, 55, 59, 60, 62, 63, 82, 85, 94, 95, 199

National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 63

National Institutes of Health, 34, 128, 182-184, 201-202, 204, 211, 230, 235, 240

National Quitline Network, 21, 126, 221, 237, 318

National Research Council, 115, 125

National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 45, 46, 56, 58, 61, 63

National Survey on Environmental Management of Asthma and Children’s Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke, 199

National Youth Tobacco Survey, 199

Natural history of smoking, 58-59

Nebraska, 174, 309, 311, 315

Nevada, 174, 179-180, 309, 311, 315

New Hampshire, 173, 174, 308, 309, 311, 315

New Jersey, 174, 176, 189, 245, 309, 311, 315

New Mexico, 174, 309, 311, 315

New York, 122, 125, 172, 174, 185, 181, 182, 193, 207, 209, 210, 213, 245, 309, 311, 315

New Zealand, 292

Nicotine

addiction/addictiveness, 5, 77-82, 95, 97, 111-112, 116-118, 119, 121-122, 125, 146, 147, 148, 151-152

drug classification, 152

FDA regulation, 117-118, 119, 125

filtered cigarettes, 44

flue curing and, 42-43

illegal drugs compared, 58, 153

industry manipulation of levels, 118, 152

“light” cigarettes, 92, 112

low-level exposures, 95

maintenance approach to policies, 278

medicinal alternatives, 281-282, 283

menthol cigarettes, 61

neuroadaptation, 80

priming effect on children of smokers, 201

product differences, 43

and quitting, 4, 5, 97

reduction strategy, 154, 281, 282-283, 346-353

replacement products, 17, 82, 87, 117, 147, 185, 233, 234

and smoking career, 59, 97

tolerance to, 82

withdrawal, 80

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4 gene, 82

NNK, 280

Nondaily smoking, 93-95, 166

North Carolina, 174, 176, 180, 309, 311, 315

North Dakota, 174, 175, 245, 309, 311, 315

North Karelia project, 215

Nortriptyline, 87

O

Ohio, 66, 174, 200, 309, 311, 315

Oklahoma, 66, 174, 309, 311, 315

Oregon, 160, 172, 174, 177, 185, 201, 242, 309, 311, 315

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

P

Packaging of tobacco products.

See also Warning labels

corrective communications, 24, 298-299

misleading messages, 24, 289, 296-298

other health information, 296

promotional, 289

recommendations, 16, 23, 24, 298

regulation of, 24, 289, 296-298

Parental smoking, 29, 110, 186-187, 200-201, 218, 219

Paternalism issue, 7, 111, 149-152, 202.

See also Consumer sovereignty issue

Pennsylvania, 174, 176, 213, 305, 309, 311, 315

Philip Morris, Inc., 50, 112, 121, 122, 125, 126-127, 313, 326, 328, 345

Physicians

antismoking, 111

prosmoking, 108

screening, educating, and counseling smokers, 83-84, 129, 219-222

Poland, 291

Policy analysis and development.

See also Policy simulations

incentives for manufacturers, 345-346

innovations worthy of study, 344-346

nicotine content reduction, 154, 346-353

recommendations, 26, 342

wholesale purchasing monopsony, 344-346

Policy framework.

See also Regulation of tobacco;

Restrictions on smoking;

Tobacco control measures

alcohol policy compared, 152

blueprint outline, 3, 35-36, 154

charge to committee, 31-35

consumer sovereignty issue, 7, 8, 146-147, 150-152

context for, 7-8, 146-148

ethical context, 33-34, 148-150

federal role, 154, 272-275

firearm policy compared, 152

goals, 32, 278-279

horizon for projections, 32

inherent dangers of tobacco and, 8, 152-153

paternalism problem, 7, 33-34, 111, 146, 147, 149-152

product safety problem, 8, 145-146

slippery slope argument, 153

state role, 154

youth-oriented, 8, 147-148, 153

Policy simulations

black and gray market behavior, 343

health outcomes tracking, 343-344

industry response element, 343

intensities of smoking in, 343

models, 342-344

reduced-nicotine cigarette, 154, 351-352

SimSmoke model, 130-133, 134, 249-251

state-dependent or endogenous transition rates, 342

steady-state scenario, 4, 6-7, 131-133, 136, 249, 250

strengthened policies (best-case), 4, 12-13, 137, 249-253

System Dynamics Model, 130-133, 134, 135, 136, 251-252

uncertainty in, 130-131, 133

worst-case scenario, 4, 6-7, 133-137, 250

Potential reduced-exposure products (PREPs), 15, 23, 282, 284-285, 286, 288, 289, 302-303, 344-346

Pregnancy, smoking during, 29, 110, 187, 200, 234

Prevalence of smoking.

See also Decline in smoking

adolescents, 31, 46, 52-54, 124, 167-168, 169, 170-171

adults, 1, 4, 5, 13, 29, 32, 45, 48, 51-52, 62, 64, 65, 66, 124, 125, 146, 166, 168, 170-171, 231

age and, 52, 53, 58-59, 278

bans on smoking and, 192-193, 198, 201

cessation rates and, 232, 234, 251-252

defined, 97

nondaily patterns, 93-94

educational attainment and, 62-64, 65, 67, 96, 187

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

gender and, 51, 52, 53, 61-62

geographic differences, 64-68, 134, 273

income and, 62-64, 65, 67, 187, 248

initiation rates and, 251-253

goals, 251

Master Settlement Agreement and, 56

media campaigns and, 160

mental illness and, 6, 68, 69, 70, 247

and motivation to quit, 85

penalties based on, 318-319

price of cigarettes and, 56, 170, 182-184

projections, 12-13, 231, 249-253, 271;

see also Policy simulations

race/ethnicity and, 60-61, 62, 64, 247

trends, 6-7, 52-54

surveillance and monitoring, 333-335

young adults, 198

Prevention interventions.

See also Media campaigns;

School-based interventions

for adolescents, 8, 11, 123

applicable tobacco products, 32

cost-effectiveness, 149

delivery of services, 221-222

expenditures on, 2

health care-based, 20-21, 210, 219-222

implementation, 32, 214

parent- or family-based, 11, 210, 218-219, 222

recommendations, 20-21, 222

synergistic effects, 184-185

for vulnerable populations, 247-248

Price of cigarettes, 5, 7, 9, 10, 16, 24, 42, 44 n.1, 48, 50, 56, 94, 120, 125, 129, 132, 133, 136, 170, 182-185, 186, 187, 191, 226, 236, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 311, 314, 320, 321, 323, 324.

See also Excise tax rates

Project SHOUT, 211, 213-215

Project STAR, 216

Promotions. See Marketing and advertising

Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, 110

Public health remedies

educational initiatives, 109-110

secondhand smoke campaign, 114-116

tobacco industry response, 110-114

Puerto Ricans, 61

Puerto Rico, 66, 94, 185

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, 149, 274

Put Prevention into Practice, 219

Q

Quitlines, 21, 84, 126, 133, 161, 221, 236, 237

Quitting. See Cessation of smoking

R

Rabin, Robert, 122

Race/ethnicity

and cessation of smoking, 61

and initiation age, 69

and intensity of smoking, 69

and mortality related to smoking, 61, 247

and nondaily smoking, 94

and prevalence of smoking, 60-61, 62, 63, 64, 247

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), 123, 127-128, 280-281

Reduced-nicotine cigarette strategy

feasibility, 347-351

impact, 351-352

nicotine content warnings, 352

recommendations, 26, 352-353

taxation based on nicotine content, 352-353

Regret, 5, 83, 88, 93, 97, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 187

Regulation of tobacco

alcohol experience compared, 304-306

cigarette testing methods, 15, 23, 281, 284, 287, 288, 296

content disclosure, 23, 283-284, 288

enforcement practices, 10, 203-205, 207

exemptions for tobacco industry, 111-112

FDA empowerment, 14-15, 22, 119, 275-277, 288-289

federal authority, 36, 111, 158, 272-275, 283-285, 307-308

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

federal-state relationship, 158, 272-275

goals of, 277-279, 281-283

harm reduction from continued use, 278, 281-282, 286

Internet sales and delivery, 207-210

“legitimization” concerns, 277, 285

nicotine content, 15, 119, 281-283, 284

packaging characteristics, 276, 289-299

potential reduced-exposure products, 15, 23, 282, 284-285, 286, 288, 289, 302-303

product characteristics, 15, 23, 111, 279-289

product standards, 15, 23, 276, 284, 288-289

proposed legislation, 275, 283-285

public health concerns, 277, 285-286

recommendations, 14-18, 22-26, 275, 288-289

retail environment, 10-11, 20, 203-210, 273, 277, 283, 299-308

risks and benefits, 286-289

state authority, 272, 273

warning labels, 110, 113, 126, 154, 273, 276, 290-296

Respiratory diseases and disorders, 29, 30, 108, 110, 181-182, 200, 220-221, 222

Restrictions on smoking.

See also Secondhand smoke

on airlines, 115, 116, 121-122

in child care facilities, 116, 190

and cigarette consumption by

smokers, 192-193, 201

on college campuses, 198-199

in correctional facilities, 190, 194-196

constitutionality, 195

coverage of state laws, 189, 190

effects of, 10, 94, 125, 184, 185, 191-202

grassroots activism, 115, 119, 152, 189, 196, 244-246

in hospitals and health care facilities, 19, 190, 194

and initiation of smoking, 201-202

industry response to, 121

legislation, 36

in multiunit residential locations, 196-197

and nonsmoker health, 191-192

in outdoor spaces, 202-203

in privately owned vehicles, 20, 199-202, 222

in public buildings, 147, 184, 189-191, 193-194

on public transportation, 115, 116, 121-122, 189, 190

recommendations, 10, 19, 20, 194, 196, 197, 199, 202, 203

in residences, 20, 199-202, 219, 220, 222

in restaurants and bars, 115, 125, 190, 191, 193-194, 245

statewide, 125

in workplaces, 115, 147, 184, 189-194, 201, 245

Retail environment

adult purchases for minors, 206

age verification, 207-209, 327, 328

alcohol experience compared, 304-306

buydowns, 301-302

on college campuses, 198

federal role, 307-308

on Indian reservations, 24, 304

Internet sales, 11-12, 20, 133, 185, 186, 207-210

licensing mechanisms, 10, 20, 204, 206, 304-305, 306-307

models for regulation, 304-307

monitoring compliance, 10, 203-205, 206

monopoly systems, 304-306

promotional activities, 289, 299-303, 322;

see also Marketing and advertising

promotional allowances, 50-51, 301-303

point-of-sale advertising, 114, 299-301

recommendations, 10-12, 16-17, 20, 24, 205, 210, 303, 307

restructuring options, 306-307

self-service displays and vending machines, 10, 205, 206

slotting fees, 301, 302-303

Rhode Island, 125, 174, 175, 176, 208, 245, 309, 311, 315

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

Risk perceptions

addiction and cessation, 90, 91, 93

adolescents, 4, 5, 6, 8, 35, 88-93, 98, 149, 150-151, 187, 297

adults, 80, 90, 91, 151

effects of smoking, 89-91

level and stage of smoking and, 90, 95

“light” cigarettes, 91-92, 296-297

media campaigns and, 160

optimism bias, 89, 150, 151-152

and paternalism issue, 150-151

smokeless tobacco, 2, 31

warning labels on cigarettes and, 293

R.J. Reynolds Company, 43, 48, 50, 112, 118, 127, 313, 320, 326

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 120, 159, 161, 164, 243, 244

S

Sackman, Janet, 226

Safe and Drug-Free School Act, 11, 20, 218

School-based interventions.

See also individual programs

CDC guidelines, 109

community mobilization component, 214, 215-217, 218, 231

effectiveness, 211-217, 249-250

evaluation of, 212, 213, 216

funding, 11, 218

media campaign combined with, 215-218, 230-231

recommendation, 11, 20, 21, 218-219

school-only programs, 211-215

social competence approach, 212-213

social influences approach, 211-212, 216, 217

Schroeder, Steven, 120

Secondhand smoke, 34.

See also Restrictions on smoking

campaign against, 35, 114-116, 147, 159, 163, 226

children exposed to, 115, 192, 199, 200-201

common-law lawsuits, 196, 197

deaths, 1-2, 29, 88, 116

economic costs, 30, 192, 195, 200

effects of smoking bans, 125, 191-202

and external costs of cigarettes, 186-187

harm reduction products, 127

health hazards, 115, 147, 191, 192, 200

monitoring exposure, 165, 229

and paternalism issue, 147, 149, 150, 152

tort litigation, 121-122, 147

warning labels, 298

Self-Regulation Theory, 88

Serotonin, 79, 82, 97

Singapore, 292

Smokeless cigarette, 117, 325

SmokeLess States program, 120, 159, 161, 243-244, 246

Smokeless tobacco, 2-3, 30, 31, 41, 127, 281

Smokers, defined, 47

Smuggling and black markets, 3, 14, 34, 177, 185, 186, 188, 189, 195, 278, 279, 289, 350-351

Social costs of smoking, 30, 33-34, 146, 148-149, 152, 186-187

Social norms

antismoking, 5, 7-8, 115, 246

prosmoking, 6, 98, 129

Socioeconomic status

See also Educational attainment;

Income

and access to interventions, 247-248

Some-day smokers, 65 n.11, 93-94

South Africa, 292

South Carolina, 173, 174, 176, 188 n.3, 308, 309, 311, 315, 317

South Dakota, 174, 175, 245, 309, 311, 316

Spain, 213

Stanford University, 164, 167

States.

See also Comprehensive state programs;

individual states

early smoking bans, 152

excise tax revenues by, 177

MSA allocations by, 179

nondaily smoking rates, 94

prevalence of smoking by, 64-68

tobacco control revenues and expenditures by, 174-175

variation in policies among, 9, 176-177, 182, 186, 188-189, 273

Sudden infant death syndrome, 29, 192, 200

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

Surgeon General’s reports, 4, 35, 45, 70, 77, 78, 79, 88, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 122, 147, 148, 151, 158, 242

Survey of Health-Related Behaviors Among Active Duty Military Personnel, 248

Synar Amendment, 118, 203-204

T

Taiwan, 292

Tar, 92.

See also Low-tar cigarettes

Teen Tobacco Summit, 228

Tennessee, 66, 173, 174, 308, 309, 310, 311, 316

Terry, Luther, 113

Texas, 122-123, 160, 174, 193, 310, 311, 316

Thailand, 291, 292, 295

Theory of Planned Behavior, 88

Thompson, Tommy, 126

Tobacco and Alcohol Prevention Project (TAPP), 211-212

Tobacco control measures.

See also Community mobilization;

Comprehensive state programs;

Excise tax rates;

Funding tobacco control;

Policy simulations;

Regulation of tobacco

campaign against secondhand smoke, 114-116

effectiveness, 5, 6, 7, 68, 94, 124-128

evaluation of, 6, 333-335

expenditures, 30, 128

future of, 4, 128-136

inherent danger of tobacco products and, 152-153

international, 3

legislation, 110, 111-112

litigation strategies, 113-114, 121-123

modern movement, 108, 109-116

nicotine as addictive drug and, 116-118

political momentum, 2, 124-128, 157

retail shipments, 207-210

smuggling as threat to, 3

special populations, 247-248

state actions, 119-121;

see also Comprehensive state programs

status of, 138-129

status-quo policies, 4, 6-7, 131-133

strengthened policies, 4, 8-12, 249-253

surveillance and monitoring, 26, 120, 333-335

weakened policies, 4, 6-7, 133-136

youth access restrictions, 118-119, 203-206

youth exposure restrictions, 330-333

Tobacco industry.

See also Litigation;

Marketing and advertising

cigarette mass production, 41-42, 107, 152, 327-330

deceptive practices, 7, 33, 35, 114, 121-122, 125, 127, 146, 148, 225, 226, 228, 274-275, 280-281, 285-286, 298, 345-346

discouraging cessation, 24

economic assistance to growers, 126, 180

mandatory payments for tobacco control, 308-319

motivating conduct changes, 345-346

new product development, 46, 48, 112, 127, 145

nicotine manipulation, 117

political and commercial power, 157

pricing strategies, 46, 48, 50-51

profits, 313

public relations and lobbying campaigns, 110-114, 121, 123

response to decline in product use, 44, 46-51

response to public policy advocacy, 121, 241, 243-244

transnational companies, 34, 113

youth education and prevention programs, 327-330

Tobacco Institute, 111, 115, 123

Tobacco Related Disease Research Program, 161

Toxic Substances Control Act, 111, 152

Transtheoretical Model of Change, 88

U

U.S. Department of Defense, 248

U.S. Department of Education, 11, 20, 218

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
×

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 21, 203-204, 238, 333

Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence, 87

Healthy People 2010, 7, 13, 52, 124, 133, 135, 136, 199, 250, 251

National Quitline Network, 126, 237

U.S. Department of Justice, 280, 318, 346

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 116, 147, 199

U.S. Government Accountability Office, 180

U.S. Postal Service, 209-210

U.S. Public Health Service, 240

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 313

United Kingdom, 83, 295, 297

University of California, 161

San Diego, 164

University of Massachusetts Medical School, 163

University of Southern California, 164, 167

UPS, 209

Utah, 67, 94, 125, 174, 177, 245, 310, 311, 316

V

Varenicline, 87, 233

Venezuela, 292

Vermont, 67, 125, 127, 175, 245, 310, 311, 316

Mass Media Project, 215, 217

Veterans Health Administration, 248

Vietnamese Americans, 61, 247

Virgin Islands, 66

Virginia, 175, 180, 310, 311, 316

Virginia Slims, 50, 112

Vulnerable populations, 6, 22, 57, 69, 95-97, 98, 247-248, 334

W

Warnings labels.

See also Packaging of tobacco products

on advertisements, 113, 154, 290

black-and-white text, 291, 295

Canadian experience, 16, 23, 291-292, 295, 296

on carton wrappers, 292

current policy, 290-291

effectiveness, 294-296

graphic/pictorial, 15-16, 23, 291-293, 294, 295, 296

health risks, 110, 113, 126, 154, 276, 290-293

industry endorsement of, 126

international comparisons, 291-293

legislation, 110, 113, 273

recommendations, 15-16, 23, 296

size and placement, 292-293

and tort claims, 291

smuggling, 289

Washington, D.C., 94, 115, 128, 159 n.1, 170, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 190, 191, 207, 224, 245, 308, 309, 311, 315, 318, 319

Washington state, 125, 175, 196, 207, 245, 310, 311, 316

We Card program, 327, 328

West Virginia, 65, 94, 175, 310, 311, 316

Winston cigarettes, 48

Wisconsin, 175, 310, 311, 316

Women, as marketing target, 43, 50, 112

Women’s liberation movement, 112

World Health Organization, 3, 34, 113, 117, 289, 292, 347

World War I, 43

World War II, 44, 152

Wyoming, 175, 304, 310, 311, 316

Y

Young adult tobacco use

on college campuses, 198-199

initiation of smoking, 5, 6, 45-46, 49, 57, 69, 70, 94-95, 98, 167

prevalence, 46, 58, 70, 167

prevention interventions, 11

price of cigarettes as deterrent, 50, 183, 184

targeting by industry, 50

Youth.

See also Adolescent tobacco use correctional facilities, 195

Youth Behavior Risk Surveillance System (YRBSS), 46, 53, 171

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 2007. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11795.
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Next: Appendix A: Comprehensive Smoking Cessation Policy for All Smokers: Systems Integration to Save Lives and Money »
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The nation has made tremendous progress in reducing tobacco use during the past 40 years. Despite extensive knowledge about successful interventions, however, approximately one-quarter of American adults still smoke. Tobacco-related illnesses and death place a huge burden on our society.

Ending the Tobacco Problem generates a blueprint for the nation in the struggle to reduce tobacco use. The report reviews effective prevention and treatment interventions and considers a set of new tobacco control policies for adoption by federal and state governments. Carefully constructed with two distinct parts, the book first provides background information on the history and nature of tobacco use, developing the context for the policy blueprint proposed in the second half of the report. The report documents the extraordinary growth of tobacco use during the first half of the 20th century as well as its subsequent reversal in the mid-1960s (in the wake of findings from the Surgeon General). It also reviews the addictive properties of nicotine, delving into the factors that make it so difficult for people to quit and examines recent trends in tobacco use. In addition, an overview of the development of governmental and nongovernmental tobacco control efforts is provided.

After reviewing the ethical grounding of tobacco control, the second half of the book sets forth to present a blueprint for ending the tobacco problem. The book offers broad-reaching recommendations targeting federal, state, local, nonprofit and for-profit entities. This book also identifies the benefits to society when fully implementing effective tobacco control interventions and policies.

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