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U.S.–Russian Collaboration in Combating Radiological Terrorism
F
Contents of the Report to the President and the U.S. Congress Under Public Law 109-58, The Energy Policy Act of 2005: The Radiation Source Protection and Security Task Force Report1
CONTENTS
Executive Summary
vii
1
Introduction
1
1.1
Background
1
1.1.1
Understanding the Need to Protect and Secure Radioactive Sources
1
1.1.2
Understanding the Regulatory Framework for Radioactive Materials
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U.S.–Russian Collaboration in Combating Radiological Terrorism
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Contents of the Report to the President and the U.S. Congress Under Public Law 109-58, The Energy Policy Act of 2005: The Radiation Source Protection and Security Task Force Report1
CONTENTS
Executive Summary
vii
1
Introduction
1
1.1
Background
1
1.1.1
Understanding the Need to Protect and Secure Radioactive Sources
1
1.1.2
Understanding the Regulatory Framework for Radioactive Materials
3
1.2
Overview of Task Force Activities
7
1.3
Stakeholder Interactions
8
1.4
Report Layout
8
2
Radiation Source Usage
9
2.1
IAEA Code of Conduct Use Categories
9
2.2
Panoramic and Underwater Irradiator
11
2.3
Self-Shielded Irradiators
12
2.4
Gamma-Knives
12
1
Radiation Source Protection and Security Task Force. 2006. The Radiation Source Protection and Security Task Force Report. Report to the President and the U.S. Congress Under Public Law 109-58, The Energy Policy Act of 2005. Washington, D.C. Available online at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/congress-docs/correspondence/2006/president-08-15-2006.pdf. Accessed February 23, 2007.
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2.5
Teletherapy
13
2.6
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators
13
2.7
Radiography
14
2.8
Well-Logging
14
2.9
Source Manufacture
15
3
Radioactive Source Lists
16
3.1
Background
16
3.2
Radioactive Source Lists
16
3.2.1
IAEA Code of Conduct
16
3.2.2
DOE Radiological Threat Reduction Program
18
3.2.3
DOE/NRC Radiological Dispersal Devices Report
20
3.2.4
U.S. Import/Export Controls
21
3.2.5
National Source Tracking System
21
3.2.6
NRC Security Orders
22
3.2.7
NRC Standards for Protection Against Radiation
23
3.2.8
DOE Occupational Radiation Protection
24
3.2.9
DOT Transportation Rules
24
3.3
Conclusions
26
3.4
Summary of Recommendations
27
4
Security and Control of Radioactive Sources
28
4.1
Introduction
28
4.2
Current Programs for Security and Control of Radioactive Material
29
4.2.1
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Program
30
4.2.2
Department of Energy Program
37
4.2.3
Department of Defense Program
42
4.2.4
Department of Homeland Security Program
44
4.2.5
Federal Bureau of Investigations Program
46
4.2.6
Department of Transportation Program
46
4.3
Discussion
46
4.4
Conclusions
51
4.5
Summary of Recommendations
51
5
Transportation Security of Radioactive Sources
53
5.1
Overview of Radioactive Material Transport Safety Program
53
5.1.1
Overview of the Domestic Transport Safety Program
53
5.1.2
Overview of the International Transport Safety Program
54
5.2
Overview of Federal Radioactive Material Transport Security Programs
54
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5.2.1
DOT Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration Transport Security Program
54
5.2.2
DOT Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Transport Security Program
55
5.2.3
DOT Federal Railroad Administration Transport Security Program
57
5.2.4
DOT Federal Aviation Administration Transport Security Program
58
5.2.5
Transportation Security Administration
58
5.2.6
U.S. Coast Guard Transport Security Program
59
5.2.7
NRC Transport Security Program
60
5.3
Discussion
61
5.4
Conclusions
65
5.5
Summary of Recommendations
66
6
Background Checks
67
6.1
Introduction
67
6.2
Types of Background Checks and Investigations
67
6.3
Summary of Current Programs
68
6.3.1
Department of Energy Program
68
6.3.2
Department of Homeland Security Program
68
6.3.3
Federal Bureau of Investigation Program
69
6.3.4
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Program
70
6.4
Stakeholder Interactions
70
6.5
Discussion
70
6.6
Conclusions
74
6.7
Summary of Recommendations
75
7
Storage of Radioactive Sources
75
7.1
Background
75
7.2
Summary of Storage Requirements
75
7.2.1
NRC Requirements Regarding Storage
75
7.2.2
DOE Requirements Regarding Storage
77
7.3
Descriptions of Storage Conditions
78
7.3.1
Sterilization (wet, panoramic) Irradiator
78
7.3.2
Self-Shielded Irradiator
79
7.3.3
Gamma-Knives
80
7.3.4
Teletherapy
80
7.3.5
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators
80
7.3.6
Radiography
81
7.3.7
Well-Logging
81
7.3.8
Manufacturers and Distributors
82
7.3.9
Waste Encapsulation and Storage Facility
82
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7.3.10
Off-Site Source Recovery Project
83
7.3.11
Other DOE Facilities
83
7.3.12
Storage Time Limits
83
7.4
Conclusions
84
7.5
Summary of Recommendations
84
8
National System for Recovery of Lost and Stolen Sources
85
8.1
Introduction
85
8.2
Regulatory Framework
85
8.2.1
Scope of the Problem—Radioactive Source Loss and Theft
85
8.2.2
Loss and Theft Notification Requirements
86
8.2.3
Law Enforcement Investigations—Lost or Stolen Sources Involving Terrorism or Criminal Intent
87
8.2.4
Illicit Trafficking Interdiction
88
8.2.5
Orphan Radioactive Materials
88
8.2.6
Additional Controls for Small Quantities
89
8.3
Federal Outreach, Training, and Awareness
89
8.4
Programs for Radioactive Material Recovery
90
8.4.1
Regulatory Roles
90
8.4.2
Proactive Radioactive Source Recovery
90
8.5
Lost and Stolen Sources Response
92
8.5.1
NRC Emergency Response Protocol to Lost and Stolen Sources
92
8.5.2
Federal Radiological Response Assets
93
8.6
Conclusions
94
8.7
Summary of Recommendations
94
9
National System to Provide for the Proper Disposal of Radioactive Sources
95
9.1
Introduction
95
9.2
Current Disposal System
96
9.2.1
Laws Governing the Disposal of Sealed Sources
96
9.2.2
Disposal Requirements for Commercial (NRC- or Agreement State-Licensed) Sealed Sources
101
9.2.3
Disposal Requirements for DOE Sealed Sources
102
9.2.4
Relevance of IAEA Categorizations to NRC Disposal Requirements
102
9.2.5
Available Disposal Options
102
9.2.6
DOE Initiative to Develop Disposal Capability for GTCC LLRW
106
9.2.7
Disposal Initiatives for Lower-Activity Sealed Sources
106
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9.2.8
Financial Assurance to Ensure Proper Disposal of Disused Sealed Sources for Which Recycling, Reuse, or Return Is Not an Option
106
9.3
Discussion
107
9.4
Conclusions
111
9.5
Summary of Recommendations
111
10
Import and Export Controls for Radioactive Sources
112
10.1
Background
112
10.2
Summary of Current Programs
113
10.2.1
NRC Radioactive Source Import/Export Program
113
10.2.2
DOE Radioactive Source Import/Export Program
115
10.2.3
Stakeholder Interactions
115
10.3
Discussion
116
10.4
Conclusions
119
10.5
Summary of Recommendations
120
11
National Source Tracking System
121
11.1
Background
121
11.1.1
Summary of the NSTS Program
122
11.1.2
Additional Stakeholder Interactions
124
11.2
Discussion
124
11.3
Conclusions
126
11.4
Summary of Recommendations
126
12
Alternative Technologies
127
12.1
Background
127
12.2
Sources and Alternative Technologies
128
12.2.1
Industrial and Research Irradiators
128
12.2.2
Industrial Radiography
128
12.2.3
Medical Uses
130
12.2.4
Power Sources
131
12.2.5
Measuring Devices
131
12.3
Summary of Current Programs on Alternative Technologies
132
12.3.1
Department of Energy
132
12.3.2
Department of Health and Human Services
132
12.3.3
Department of Homeland Security
133
12.3.4
Department of State
133
12.3.5
Environmental Protection Agency
134
12.3.6
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
135
12.3.7
National Academy of Sciences Study
136
12.4
Discussion
136
12.5
Conclusions
141
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12.6
Summary of Recommendations
141
13
Conclusions, Recommendations, and Actions
142
13.1
Conclusions
142
13.2
Summary of Recommendations and Actions
143
14
Bibliography
147
Appendices
A
Acronyms and Abbreviations
A-1
B
Glossary
B-1
C
Task Force Charter
C-1
D
Task Force Membership
D-1
E
Public Comment
E-1
Tables
1.1
Energy Policy Act Topics
7
2.1
IAEA Category 1-3 Common
10
3.1
Code of Conduct Sources (Annex I of the Code)
17
3.2
IRTR/Code of Conduct Comparison
19
3.3
Code of Conduct High-Risk Radionuclides for Domestic Shipments Comparison
26
4.1
Comparison of Category 2 Threshold and 10 CFR 30.72 Schedule C Values
35
6.1
Summary of Current Background Check Elements
71
8.1
Summary of NRC Regulatory Requirements for Radioactive Material Loss and Theft Reports
86
8.2
Types of Radioactive Sources Recovered and Stored by OSRP
91
9.1
Key U.S. Laws Concerning Sealed Source Disposal
98
9.2-A
U.S. Commercial LLRW Definitions
99
9.2-B
DOE Radioactive Waste Definitions
99
12.1
Comparison of Industrial Radiography with Alternative Technologies
129
12.2
Applications and Numbers of Devices Using NRC-Regulated Radioactive Sources
132
13.1
Regulatory Change Recommendations
143
13.2
Other Recommendations
143
13.3
Actions
144
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Figures
2.1
Commercial Irradiator
11
2.2
Self-Shielded Irradiator
12
2.3
Gamma-Knife Device
13
2.4
Radiography Camera
14
2.5
Well-Logging Device
14
8.1
Summary of Radioactive Sealed Sources Recovered by OSRP
92
9.1
Summary of Available Disposal Options for Disused Commercial Sealed Sources
97
9.2
Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Compact Membership
100
9.3
Location of Commercial LLRW Disposal Facilities, DOE LLRW Disposal Facilities, and DOE Defense Transuranic Waste Disposal Facility
103
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