|
Items in cart [1] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 195
E
Glossary
Accelerometry In the measurement of physical activity, the use of ac-
celerometers (devices that detect and quantify body movement). Fre-
quently used as a pedometer to count the number of steps taken
throughout the day.
Activities of daily living Activities related to personal care that in-
clude bathing or showering, dressing, getting in or out of bed or a
chair, using the toilet, and eating.
Aerobic capacity (power) An indicator of endurance capacity or fit-
ness. It is a measure of the body's ability to process oxygen. It involves
a combination of lung capacity, the size of the capillaries, the pumping
action of the heart, and the transfer of oxygen from red blood cells to
target tissues. It is frequently referred to as maximal oxygen uptake or
VO2max.
Balance A skill-related component of physical fitness that relates to
the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving.
Body composition A health-related component of physical fitness that
relates to the relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital
parts of the body.
Bone mineral content The amount of mineral at a particular skeletal
site, such as the femoral neck, lumbar spine, or total body.
195
OCR for page 196
196 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WORKSHOP
Bone mineral density Determined by dividing the bone mineral content
by the area of a scanned region.
Cardiorespiratory endurance A health-related component of physical
fitness that relates to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory sys-
tems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity. Also called
cardiorespiratory fitness or aerobic capacity.
Children Persons ages 2 to 11 years. In this summary, refers mainly to
persons ages 6 to 11 years.
Disability A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits or
restricts the condition, manner, or duration under which an average
person in the population can perform a major life activity, such as
walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, learning, working, or
taking care of oneself.
Duration The length of time spent participating in physical activity
(e.g., 30 minutes per occasion).
Endurance activities Repetitive, aerobic use of large muscles (e.g.,
walking, bicycling, swimming).
Evidence-informed The accumulation of data from a wide variety of
research designs and clinical experiences used to reach a solid con-
clusion.
Exercise Planned, structured, and repetitive bodly movement done
to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness.
In this summary, the term is used interchangeably with physical
activity.
Flexibility A health-related component of physical fitness that relates
to the range of motion available at a joint.
Frequency The number of times spent participating in physical activity
over a specified period (e.g., two times per week).
OCR for page 197
197
APPENDIX E
Intensity A characteristic of a physical activity that represents how
"hard" it is performed or perceived by a person. Examples of inten-
sity categories of a physical activity are light, moderate, or vigorous.
Kilocalorie (kcal) A unit of measurement for energy, either consumed
through food and beverages or expended both through physical activ-
ity and basal metabolic processes. 1 kilocalorie = 1 calorie = 4,184
joules = 4.184 kilojoules.
Metabolic equivalent (MET) A unit used to estimate the metabolic
cost (oxygen consumption) of physical activity. One MET equals the
resting metabolic rate of approximately 3.5 ml O2 * kg-1 * min-1.
Moderate intensity A general descriptor of the physical activity inten-
sity that causes some increase in heart rate and breathing rate but at
which the person feels comfortable exercising for an extended period
of time. A benchmark of moderate-intensity activity for a healthy
middle-aged adult would be brisk walking.
Muscle fiber An individual muscle cell.
Overtraining The attempt to do more work than can be physically
tolerated.
Period The time span that is covered by a survey or other measurement
instrument (e.g., the last week).
Physical activity Bodily movement that is produced by the contraction
of skeletal muscle and that increases energy expenditure.
Physical fitness A set of attributes or conditions that allows an indi-
vidual to carry out daily activities without undue fatigue and with
sufficient reserve to enjoy leisure pursuits. Physical fitness is as-
sessed through many components, including muscular strength and
endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance, body composition,
agility, balance, and speed.
Physical inactivity The state of doing no or very little activity (being
sedentary).
OCR for page 198
198 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WORKSHOP
Power A skill-related component of physical fitness that relates to the
rate at which one can perform work.
Resistance training Training designed primarily to increase muscle
strength, power, and endurance.
Sarcopenia Age-related degenerative decreases in skeletal muscle
mass.
Strain An injury resulting from overstretching and tearing a muscle. A
strain can occur through an accident or through improper use or
overuse of a muscle.
Strength The ability of the muscle to exert force.
Strength of evidence A general indication of how confident one can
be that there is a causal relationship between an exposure (e.g.,
physical activity) and a specific health or fitness outcome. The
strength of evidence will be determined by the number, type, and
quality of the studies that have been conducted addressing the rela-
tionship, the consistency of the results among studies, and the effect
size (or magnitude of the relationship).
Vigorous intensity A general descriptor of the physical activity inten-
sity that causes large increases in heart rate and breathing rate and
that causes fatigue within a short period of time. A benchmark of
vigorous-intensity activity for a healthy middle-aged adult would be
running at 8–10 mph.
VO2 The amount of oxygen consumed per minute by an individual
while performing an activity.
VO2max The maximal capacity for oxygen consumption by the body
during maximal exertion.
Youth Younger and older adolescents or teens, ages 12 to 19 years.
For convenience in this summary, the term youth is often used to re-
fer to school-aged children and adolescents.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
bone mineral
