Index
A
ACES. See Annual Capital Expenditures Survey
ACS. See American Community Survey program
Administrative Conference, 88
Administrative data, building registers primarily from, 5, 70–71
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 141n
Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), 148–149
Alternative models, building registers primarily from administrative data, 70–71
American Community Survey (ACS) program, 41, 98, 101, 147–148
American Time Use Survey (ATUS), 78, 101, 147, 150, 161
Annual Capital Expenditures Survey (ACES), 35, 58, 97, 153–154
Annual Refiling Survey (ARS), 129
Annual Report on Family Farms, 149
Annual Survey of Manufacturers, 99, 126
Assets, ownership structure of, 37
ATUS. See American Time Use Survey
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 104
Australian Tax Office, 51
B
BEA. See Bureau of Economic Analysis
BED. See Business Employment Dynamics program
Births and deaths, firm
administrative definitions, 33–35
identifying, 29–35, 126, 131, 139
legal and production-oriented concepts, 31–33
BITS. See Business Information Tracking Series
BLS. See Bureau of Labor Statistics
BMF. See Business Master File
Burden budget system, 52
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), 7–9, 24, 65–67, 80–81, 90, 111–113, 149, 153
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 7–8, 14, 24, 33, 41–42, 51, 53–54, 56, 65–66, 70–75, 80–81, 90, 111, 160–162
American Time Use Survey, 78, 101, 147, 150, 161
Business Employment Dynamics program, 14, 36, 70, 75, 77, 83, 131, 133, 135, 160
Current Employment Statistics, 161
Current Population Survey, 28n, 40–41, 59, 78, 98, 101, 139–140, 142–143, 150, 162
industry codes, 82
Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey, 139, 141–142, 162
Longitudinal Database on Businesses, 110
Multiple Worksite Reports system, 33, 42, 72, 81, 128–129
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 78–79, 143
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 7, 35, 71–72, 124, 127–129, 133–134, 160
Quarterly Unemployment Insurance, 124
recommendations for, 5–9, 95–97, 103–107, 110
Business creation
processes of, 69
Business Data Linking Project (UK), 57
Dun and Bradstreet, 167
Federal Reserve Board, 167
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Consortium, 168
Internal Revenue Service, 168
Small Business Administration, 170–171
Standard & Poor’s, 171
U.S. Census Bureau, 163–166, 170–171
concept versus existing data collection, 42–45, 152
defining business units and identifying births and deaths, 29–35
defining business units for the purpose of measuring dynamics, 35–42
defining business units for the purpose of measuring, 35–42
literature on, 36
processes of, 69
Business Employment Dynamics (BED) program, 14, 36, 70, 75, 77, 83, 131, 133, 135, 160
Business Establishment List (BEL). See Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW)
Business identifiers, unique, 54–55
Business Information Tracking Series (BITS), 138, 171
Business list-based sources of longitudinal microdata, 130–136
BLS’s Business Employment Dynamics Program, 14, 36, 70, 75, 77, 83, 131, 133, 135, 160
Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Program, 44, 54, 83, 87, 102, 131, 134–136, 166
National Establishment Time Series, 136
Business lists, 60
Census Business Register, 44, 124–127, 163
Dun’s Market Identifiers, 129–130
Business Master File (BMF), 33, 124, 149
Business owners, surveying, 99–100
building primarily from administrative data, 70–71
consistency and coverage, 69–74
data gaps in, 66
ideal business register characteristics, 53–54
linkages with existing surveys and administrative data, 47
unique business identifiers, 54–55
Business start-ups.
See also Nascent businesses
overestimating, 39
processes of, 69
tools for studying, 135
Business units
administrative definitions, 33–35
legal and production-oriented concepts, 31–33
Businesses.
See also Nascent businesses;
Small businesses;
Young businesses
defining and tracking over time, 53–57
nonemployee, 30
C
Capital expenditures, measuring, 65
CBP. See County Business Patterns
Census Business Register, 44, 88, 124–127, 163
Census of Manufacturers, 77n
Censuses of Retail, 77
Center for Economic Studies, 83, 114, 127, 131
Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy, 16n
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Employer Health Insurance Survey, 141n
CES. See Current Employment Statistics
CIPSEA. See Confidentiality Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act
Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT), 10, 82, 87n, 88, 108
Community Innovation Survey, 59
Company Organization Survey (COS), 42, 72–74, 81, 125–126, 163
Company Statistics Series, 144
Confidentiality
laws on, 89
of microdata, 71
Confidentiality Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act (CIPSEA), 8–9, 23–24, 80, 87, 105–107, 111– 112
Congressional Budget Office, 9
Coordination, of the business lists, 105–107
COS. See Company Organization Survey
Cost efficiency
recommendations concerning, 11
Council of Economic Advisors, 90, 113
County Business Patterns (CBP), 67, 72, 127
CPS. See Current Population Survey
Credit reports, 67
Cross-sectional perspective, 36
Current data collections
business list-based sources of longitudinal microdata, 130–136
counting firms and cataloging essential characteristics, 124–130
data coverage of special sectors, 148– 152
data on the self-employed, entrepreneurs and business gestation, 142–148
data sources designed to improve coverage of small and young businesses, 136–139
employment statistics, 139–142
Current data coverage, stylized depiction of, 68
Current Employment Statistics (CES), 61, 140–141, 161
Employment & Earnings, 141
Current Population Survey (CPS), 28n, 40–41, 59, 78, 98, 101, 139–140, 142–143, 150, 162
Current business data system, 13–15
D
D&B. See Dun and Bradstreet
Data
access issues abroad, 85
gaps in, 151
linking survey and administrative sources, 100–105
survey, 135
Data and statistics on business dynamics, 92–116
changing the data sharing environment to realize systemic efficiency, 110–113
expanding data sources for measuring business dynamics, 94–100
more effective use of existing information, 100–110
recommendation priorities and costs, 113–116
Data coverage of special sectors, 148–152
Agricultural Resource Management Survey, 148–149
nonprofit organizations, 149–151
Data coverage of the self-employed, 142–148
American Community Survey, 41, 98, 101, 147–148
American Time Use Survey, 78, 101, 147, 150, 161
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 146
Panel Study on Entrepreneurial Dynamics, 145
Survey of Business Owners, 79, 144, 166
Data coverage of young and small businesses, 67–76
business register consistency and coverage, 69–74
register-based business dynamics programs, 75–76
Data gaps
in business registers, 66
Data masking, 85
Data sharing among agencies
changing the environment to realize systemic efficiency, 110–113
Data sources designed to improve coverage of small and young businesses, 136– 139
Small Business Administration-funded data sources, 137–138
Survey of Small Business Finances, 79– 80, 129, 136–137, 167
Data sources for measuring business dynamics, 94–100
nascent business activity, 97–99
sampling young and small firms, 94–97
surveying business owners, 99–100
Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS), 129–130
Deactivation, of firms, 32
Deaths. See Births and deaths
Deficiencies, principle of targeting, 4, 26
Defining business units, 28–46
identifying births and deaths, 29–35
identifying nascent businesses, 40–42
for the purpose of measuring dynamics, 35–42
managing respondent burden, 50–53
recognizing and responding to multiple user needs, 48–49
Dow Jones, Venture One, 153
Dun & Bradstreet (D&B), 7, 41, 70, 80, 124, 129–130, 136, 139, 154, 167
Duns Market Identifiers (DMI), 129–130, 167
E
eBay, 28
Economic Planning and Coordination Division (EPCD), 48
Economic Report of the President, 90
Economic Research Service (ERS), 148
Economic Statistics Initiative, 89
Effectiveness of data sharing, 55–57
Effectiveness of use of existing information, 100–110
coordinating the business lists, 105–107
expanding the use of data, 108–110
linking survey and administrative data sources, 100–105
EIN. See Employer Identification Number
Electronic commerce (e-commerce), 62, 151–152
gaps in data on, 151
Employee businesses, 30
Employee Characteristic File, 134
Employee leasing firms, 81
Employer Human Capital File, 134
Employer Identification Number (EIN), 33–34, 70, 73–74, 96–97, 109, 129, 131–133, 151
application information, 125
Employer Quarterly Workforce Indicators, 134
Employment & Earnings, 141
Employment History File, 134
Employment statistics, 139–142
Current Employment Statistics, 140–141
Current Population Survey, 28n, 40–41, 59, 78, 98, 101, 140, 142–143, 150, 162
Job Openings and Labor Turnover Program, 139, 141–142, 162
Enterprise Statistics Program, 67
Entrepreneurial activity, 38, 61, 92
identifying, 78
“screener” questions about, 60
Entrepreneurs
defining, 143
EPCD. See Economic Planning and Coordination Division
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission guidelines, 31
ERS. See Economic Research Service
Establishments, 34
European Union, 59
Expanding Access to Research Data: Reconciling Risks and Opportunities, 82, 88
Extensible business reporting language (XBRL), 51, 104
F
Federal Economics Statistics Advisory Committee, 101, 114
Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, 51
Federal Reserve Board (FRB), 8–9, 13, 21, 25, 81, 167
Survey of Consumer Finances, 86
Survey of Small Business Finances, 79–80, 129, 136–137, 167
Federal Reserve Open Market Committee (FOMC), 21–22
Federal Reserve System, 18, 113
recommendations for, 109
Federal Trade Commission, 35, 91
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 153
Firm-level data, 66
Firms
age of, 40
corporations, 30
deactivation of, 32
defining, 36
employee businesses, 30
employee leasing, 81
new, 38
nonemployee businesses, 30
parent, 37
partnerships, 30
sole proprietorships, 30
venture capital-sponsored, 41
Fixed panel surveys, 63
Flexibility, of business data sets, 46, 49
FOMC. See Federal Reserve Open Market Committee
Food and Agriculture Act, 149
FRB. See Federal Reserve Board
French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, 83
G
GAO. See U.S. General Accountability Office
Germany, 85
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Consortium, 41, 146, 168
Gross domestic income (GDI), 74
Gross domestic product (GDP), 74, 90, 124
H
HM Revenue and Customs (UK), 51
House Subcommittees
of the Census Committee on Government Reform, 91
on Government Management Information and Technology, 91
Household surveys, 5, 142–144, 147
Current Population Survey, 28n, 40–41, 59, 78, 98, 101, 139–140, 142–143, 150, 162
disadvantages of, 79
Kauffman Index of Entrepreneurial Activity, 143–144
“virtual,” 86
Hurricane Katrina, 15n, 17, 22, 49, 94
I
Ideal business data system, 47–64
defining and tracking businesses over time—the business register, 53–57
guiding design principles, 47–53
Ideal business register characteristics, 53–54
Ideal data collection characteristics, 57–64
contents of the ideal business data system, 57–60
how long a sample business should be measured, 62–64
ILBD. See Integrated Longitudinal Business Database
Improving measurement of business dynamics through efficient use of existing information sources, recommendations concerning, 6–7
Imputation methods, 87
Individual proprietorships, 30, 33, 79, 112, 144, 148
Industry codes, 82
Informal funding, 42
Information, effective use of existing, 100–110
Insurance reimbursement codes, 54
Integrated Longitudinal Business Database (ILBD), 75–76, 96, 102, 110, 130– 132, 135, 165
and precursors, 75–76, 131–132
Interagency data, insufficient coordination of, 79–82
Internal Revenue Code, 9, 90, 112
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 7, 41, 43, 51, 70, 89, 104, 124, 126, 168
Business Master File, 33, 124, 149
Statistics and Income Division, 86
Statistics of Income, 153, 168
Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act, 90
International Data Corporation, 152
J
Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program, 139, 141–142, 162
Job vacancies, 142
Johns Hopkins Center for Civic Society Studies, 150
Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT), 90–91
K
Kauffman Financial and Business Database (KFBD), 153, 170
Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS), 138–139, 169
Kauffman Foundation, 78, 124n, 138, 145, 154, 169–170
Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, 169
Kauffman Index of Entrepreneurial Activity, 143–144
L
Labor Market Information Cooperative Agreement, 80n
LBD. See Longitudinal Business Database
LEEM. See Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise Microdata
LEHD. See Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics program
Life-cycle processes, 5, 64, 69, 135
Limitations of the current data system for measuring business dynamics, 65–91
data coverage of young and small businesses, 67–76
gaps in data on business dynamics and
on small, young, and nascent firms, 77–79
Local Employment Dynamics program, 135
Longitudinal Business Database (LBD), 14–15, 70, 75–77, 110, 114, 165
Longitudinal data, 63, 135, 143
Longitudinal Database on Businesses, 110
Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD) program, 44, 54, 75–76, 83, 87, 102, 131, 134–136, 166
Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise Microdata (LEEM), 138, 152.
See also Business Information Tracking Series
Longitudinal microdata, 75
business list-based sources of, 130–136
Longitudinal Research Database (LRD), 131, 164
M
Market transactions, 32
Markets, product, 37
Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 139, 169
Measurement of business dynamics, 64
Measurement units in business statistics, 30
corporations, 30
establishments, 30
firms, 30
industries, 30
lines of business, 30
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 141n
Mergers, horizontal, 39
Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), 125
Micro-macro links, 66
Microdata, 58, 73, 76, 95, 103–104, 150– 151
availability of, 140
synthetic public-use, 86
Microsoft Corp., 152
Military base closings, 22, 94
Morgan Stanley, Inc., 91
Multi-location employees, 128
Multiple user needs, recognizing and responding to, 48–49
Multiple Worksite Reports (MWR) system, 33, 42, 72, 81, 128–129
N
NAICS. See North American Industry Classification System
Nascent businesses, 60
essential role of household-based data, 97–99
prevalence rates for, 145
recommendations concerning expanding data on, 4–6
Nathan Associates, 152
National Academy of Sciences, 90
National Agricultural Statistical Service, 148
National Association for Business Economics (NABE), 91
National drug codes, 54
National Employer Health Insurance Survey, 141n
National Establishment Time Series (NETS), 136
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), 78–79, 143
National Opinion Research Center, 86
National Performance Review (NPR), 89
National Research Council, 81, 87
National Science Foundation, 103, 134
Research and Development Survey, 97
National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE), 150
The Netherlands, 53
New firms, 38
New technologies, 104
NLSY. See National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Non-Employer Statistics (NES), 127
“Nonbusiness” data, 100
Nonemployer businesses, 30, 48, 78, 95, 112, 114, 126, 132, 141
Nonprofit organizations, 149–151
Nontax-exempt organizations, 29n
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), 73, 75, 96, 107, 126–127, 133, 140, 150, 152, 154
Norway, 85
NPR. See National Performance Review
NTEE. See National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities
O
Office of Business Economics, 67
Office of Management and Budget, 113, 124
recommendations for, 104
Office of National Statistics (ONS), 57
Office of Tax Policy, 91
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report, 63n, 146
Organizations
nontax-exempt, 29n
Ownership structure
of assets, 37
of businesses, 55n
P
Panel on Measuring Business Formation, Dynamics, and Performance, 2, 16
Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED), 41n, 60n, 145, 169
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 79
Panel surveys, rotating and fixed, 63–64
Paperwork Reduction Act, 89
Parent firms, 37
Partnerships, 30, 33, 79, 144, 148, 153
Payroll Establishment Survey. See Current Employment Statistics
Payroll processing firms, 50–51, 64
Personal Characteristics File, 134
public purpose, 3–4, 24–25, 93
targeting deficiencies, 4, 26, 93
Principles and Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency, 24, 100, 110
Private Lives and Public Policies: Confidentiality and Accessibility of Government Statistics, 87
PRN (permanent random number) system, 52
Produce price index (PPI), 124
Producers, tracking the history of, 39
Product markets, 37
“Productive organization,” 31–32
Professional employer organizations (PEOs), 81
PSED. See Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics
Public purpose, principle of, 3–4, 24–25, 93
Public-use microdata, synthetic, 86
Q
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 7, 35, 71–72, 124, 127–129, 133–134, 160
limitations of, 128
micro files from, 139
Quarterly Unemployment Insurance, 124
Quarterly Workforce Indicators (QWI), 14, 36, 77, 135–136
R
Railroad Retirement Act, 148
RAND Corp., 124n
RDCs. See Research data centers
for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 5–9, 95–97, 103–107, 110
for the Census Bureau, 5–7, 95–108, 110
costs and priorities, 11, 113–116
expanding data on young and nascent businesses, 4–6
for the Federal Reserve System, 109–110
improving measurement of business dynamics through efficient use of existing information sources, 6–7
improving the business lists through interagency data sharing, 7–9
increasing the value of data collection by expanding use, 9–11
for the Office of Management and Budget, 104
Reconciliation, 107
Register-based business dynamics programs, 75–76
Report on Administrative Procedures of the Internal Revenue Service … to the Administrative Conference of the United States, 88
“Report to Congress on the Availability of Credit to Small Business,” 137, 152
Research data centers (RDCs), 127, 132, 136
Researcher access, inadequate, 82–87
Respondent burden, managing, 50–53
R.G. Dun and Company, 67
S
Sampling errors, 95
SBA. See U.S. Small Business Administration
SBO. See Survey of Business Owners
Scandanavia, 70
Scanner data, 64
SCF. See Survey of Consumer Finances
Schedule C filings, 6, 56, 99, 143, 153
Schedule C-EZ filings, 130
“Screener” questions, about entrepreneurial activities, 5, 60
categories of, 58
initiatives of, 40
SESAs. See State employment security agencies
Small businesses
applications that would be advanced by further development of data on, 21–23
data sources designed to improve coverage of, 136–139
Social Security Administration (SSA), 54, 70, 87, 124, 128, 132, 143, 148
SOI. See Statistics of Income
Sole proprietorships, 30, 33, 79, 112, 144, 148, 153
Special sectors, data coverage of, 148–152
SRS. See Statistical Research Service
SSA. See Social Security Administration
SSBF. See Survey of Small Business Finances
SSEL. See Standard Statistical Establishment List
Standard & Poor’s (S&P), 171
Standard Statistical Establishment List (SSEL), 88, 124, 131
Start-ups. See Business start-ups
State employment security agencies (SESAs), 140
Statistical agencies, 10, 28–29, 43, 59, 65, 93
Statistical Agencies: Proposed Consolidation and Data Sharing Legislation, 89
Statistical Efficiency Act, 91
Statistical Research Service (SRS), 16, 88
Statistics and Income Division (IRS), 86
Statistics Canada, 152
Statistics Denmark, 70–71, 84–85
Statistics of Income (SOI), 153, 168
Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), 5, 70, 75–77, 96, 114, 138, 170
Subchapter S-corporations, 30, 33, 79
Survey of Business Owners (SBO), 79, 97, 99–100, 144, 166
Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), 86
Survey of New Business Dynamics, 62
Survey of Small Business Finances (SSBF), 79–80, 129, 136–137, 167
Surveys.
See also Panel surveys
demographic and economic, 60
Surveys of Minority and Women Owned Business Enterprises, 144
Company Statistics Series, 144
SUSB. See Statistics of U.S. Businesses
“Sweat equity,” 42
Synthetic data approach, 85–86, 110
Synthetic public-use microdata, 86
inadequate researcher access, 82–87
insufficient interagency data coordination, 79–82
T
Technologies, new, 104
Topical modules, 7
Total Entrepreneurial Activity Index, 146
Tracking businesses over time, business list-based sources of longitudinal microdata, 130–136
Transitions, measurement of, 5–6, 58, 94
U
Understanding the Digital Economy conference, 152
Unemployment Insurance (UI) system, 7, 33, 43–44, 54, 72, 81, 127–128
United Kingdom (UK), 52, 55–56
Business Data Linking Project, 57
HM Revenue and Customs, 51
Office of National Statistics, 57
Universal product codes, 54
University of Chicago, National Opinion Research Center, 86
University of Michigan, 169
Institute for Social Research, 145
Panel Study on Entrepreneurial Dynamics, 41n
Urban Institute, 83n
Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy, 16n
National Center for Charitable Statistics, 151
U.S. Census Bureau, 7–8, 24–26, 34–35, 41–44, 51, 53–54, 56, 65–66, 70, 72–76, 80–81, 83, 90, 111, 163–166, 170–171
Business Register, 44, 88, 124–127, 163
Center for Economic Studies, 83, 114, 127, 131
Company Organization Survey, 42, 72–74, 81, 125–126, 163
County Business Patterns, 67, 72, 127
Economic Census, 164
Economic Planning and Coordination Division, 48
Enterprise Statistics Program, 67
Integrated Longitudinal Business Database, 75–76, 96, 102, 110, 130–132, 135, 165
Longitudinal Business Database, 5, 14–15, 70, 75–77, 110, 165
Longitudinal Employer-Household
Dynamics, 44, 54, 75–76, 83, 87, 102, 131, 134–136, 166
Longitudinal Research Database, 131, 164
Non-Employer Statistics, 127
Quarterly Workforce Indicators, 14, 36, 77, 135–136
recommendations for, 5–7, 95–108, 110
research data centers, 127, 132, 136
Standard Statistical Establishment List, 88, 124, 131
Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 5, 70, 75–77, 96, 114, 138, 170
Survey of Business Owners, 79, 97, 99–100, 144, 166
Surveys of Minority and Women Owned Business Enterprises, 144
U.S. Code, Title 13, 125, 132, 144
U.S. Commerce Department, 89
E-Stats web site, 152
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Statistical Service, 148
Statistical Research Service, 16n, 88
U.S. General Accountability Office (GAO), 88–89
U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), 48, 75, 170–171
Business Information Tracking Series, 171
data sources funded by, 137–138
Statistics of U.S. Businesses, 138, 170
U.S. Treasury Department, 89–90, 112
Office of Tax Policy, 91
User needs, multiple, recognizing and responding to, 48–49
V
Value-added tax (VAT), 70
Venture capital-sponsored firms, 41
Venture Economics, 153
Venture One, 153
“Virtual households/businesses,” 86
W
Walls and Associates, 136
Web-based reporting, 104
“Work,” defining, 147
X
XBRL. See Extensible business reporting language (XBRL)
Y
Yankee Group, 152
Young businesses
applications that would be advanced by further development of data on, 21–23
data sources designed to improve coverage of, 136–139
recommendations concerning expanding data on, 4–6
Z
ZIP Code Business Patterns statistical series, 127
