Dr. Wessner, announcing that the luncheon speaker had arrived and that the session would thus have to be concluded quickly, asked Dr. Kuhlmann to be brief in his remarks on the relationship between Europeanization and those national programs still in place within the EU.

Dr. Kuhlmann said he had speculated in a paper published just two weeks before on how “this very contradictory relationship,” so fraught with tension at that moment, might develop in the future.¹⁰ There were some government officials who are opening up to collaboration across borders; there is, in fact, a program called ERA-net that funds only those intergovernmental collaborations aimed at developing joint national programs on a European platform. At the same time, however, other officials still fail to see the value of such efforts, whose very existence, at least partially, call into question their role as national policy makers.