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International Benchmarking of U.S. Chemical Engineering Research Competitiveness
3
Benchmarking Results: Assessment of U.S. Leadership in Chemical Engineering at Large
Chapters 3 and 4 present the results of the benchmarking exercise that the Panel undertook in assessing the international competitiveness of U.S. research in chemical engineering. Chapter 3 summarizes the results for chemical engineering at large, while Chapter 4 presents the results for each subarea of chemical engineering. The approach that the Panel followed for the benchmarking exercise was outlined in Section 2.2.
The presentation of results in this chapter is structured as follows: Section 3.1 describes the composition of the Virtual World Congress (VWC) for each subarea of chemical engineering and draws conclusions on the leadership of U.S. chemical engineering research at large. The detailed analysis of the VWC composition for each subarea is given in Chapter 4. Section 3.2 summarizes the analysis of chemical engineering publications and citations, while Section 3.3 presents the results of a patent analysis. Section 3.4 examines the distribution of prizes, awards, and other recognitions, and Section 3.5 summarizes the Panel’s assessment of the current health of U.S. research in chemical engineering at large.
3.1
VIRTUAL WORLD CONGRESS
Table 3.1 summarizes the results of the Virtual World Congress for all subareas of chemical engineering. The table has three parts (from left to right):
The third column of the table presents the total and the relative numbers of U.S. and non-U.S. experts for each subarea.
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TABLE 3.1 Data for the Virtual World Congress of Chemical Engineering
Area
Subarea
Engineering Science of Physical Processes
Transport processes
Thermodynamics
Rheology
Separation
Solid particles technology
Engineering Science of Chemical Processes
Catalysis
Kinetics and reaction eng.
Polymerization reaction eng.
Electrochemical processes
Engineering Science of Biological Processes
Biocatalysis and protein eng.
Cellular and metabolic eng.
Bioprocess engineering
Systems, computational, and synthetic biology
Molecular and Interfacial Science and Engineering Materials: Molecular Design, Morphology, Processing
Molecular and Supramolecular Assemblies, Micro-Nanopatterned Surfaces and Thin Films
Polymers
Inorganic & ceramic materials
Composite
Nanostructured materials
Biomedical Products, Bio-inspired materials, Biomaterials and Biohybrids Energy
Drug targeting and delivery systems
Biomaterials
Materials for cell and tissue engineering
Fossil energy extraction and processing
Fossil fuel utilization
Non-fossil energy
Environmental Impact and Management: Safety and Health
Air pollution
Water pollution
Green engineering
Aerosol S&E
Process Systems Development and Engineering
Process development and design
Dynamics, control, and operational optimization
Safety and operability of chemical plants
Computational tools and information technology
TOTAL
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Organizers of Virtual World Congress
Virtual World Congress Speakers (including duplications in nominations)
Virtual World Congress Speakers (excluding duplications in nominations)
No. of Experts Polled
U.S.
Non-U.S.
% U.S.
No. of Nominations
U.S.
Non-U.S.
% U.S.
No. of Unique Speakers Proposed
U.S.
Non-U.S.
%
7
5
2
71
113
92
21
81
65
50
15
77
11
11
0
100
217
148
69
68
114
70
44
61
8
6
2
75
113
70
43
62
66
34
32
52
9
9
0
100
158
116
42
73
63
41
22
65
6
5
1
83
113
65
48
58
70
36
34
51
7
7
0
100
144
81
63
56
66
33
33
50
8
7
1
88
142
98
44
69
81
51
30
63
11
10
1
91
165
80
85
48
89
39
50
44
5
3
2
60
67
38
29
57
52
26
26
50
7
6
1
86
130
70
60
54
72
30
42
42
8
6
2
75
123
92
31
75
57
43
14
75
7
5
2
71
153
105
48
69
104
65
39
63
9
9
0
100
145
115
30
79
83
65
18
78
15
14
1
93
268
186
82
69
166
105
61
63
20
19
1
95
341
254
87
74
151
102
49
68
14
12
2
86
269
184
85
68
169
106
63
63
10
9
1
90
141
107
34
76
113
79
34
70
14
13
1
93
247
183
64
74
134
88
46
66
11
8
3
73
187
126
61
67
94
60
34
64
10
8
2
80
170
134
36
79
77
62
15
81
6
6
0
100
116
91
25
78
73
55
18
75
4
4
0
100
58
42
16
72
58
42
16
72
8
6
2
75
113
60
53
53
116
65
51
56
6
4
2
67
90
43
47
48
87
43
44
49
7
6
1
86
120
68
52
57
114
65
49
57
7
7
0
100
118
95
23
81
93
78
15
84
10
6
4
60
146
83
63
57
110
74
36
67
5
3
2
60
117
67
50
57
96
57
39
59
16
10
6
63
258
148
110
57
124
73
51
59
12
8
4
67
212
122
90
58
75
49
26
65
11
10
1
91
179
137
42
77
102
70
32
69
7
5
2
71
118
74
44
63
63
41
22
65
296
247
49
83
5051
3374
1677
67
2997
1897
1100
63
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The fourth column shows the total number and the percentages of U.S. and non-U.S. participants (speakers) in the VWC for each subarea. These numbers include duplications, i.e., if a specific person was recommended by two experts for the same congress, the entry in the totals is 2.
The fifth column is based on the same information as the middle section, but each participant has been counted once, even if he/she was proposed by several experts.
A total of 296 experts in various areas of chemical engineering were engaged to organize the VWC (see Appendix 3A at the end of this chapter): 83% from the United States and 17% from other countries. For the various subareas the percentage of U.S. organizers ranged from 60% (electrochemical processes; green engineering) to 100% (thermodynamics; separation; catalysis; systems, computational, and synthetic biology; materials for cell and tissue engineering; fossil energy extraction and processing; water pollution), depending on the specific subarea. The preponderance of U.S. names is not surprising given the historical strength of chemical engineering in the United States.
The composition of the resulting Virtual World Congresses, overall and for the various subareas, is the outcome of significance for this benchmarking exercise. As Table 3.1 indicates, 2,997 researchers were recommended for inclusion in the VWC: 1,897 (63%) from the United States and 1,100 (37%) from other countries. The 63% overall U.S. representation in the VWC is in line with the fractional U.S. representation in the list of most-cited publications for 2000-2006 (74%, see Table 3.3), which is a metric that also denotes relative quality and impact. Consequently, the overall composition of the VWC suggests that U.S. chemical engineering research, at large, is “Dominant, at the Forefront” of developments in the discipline.
When we examine the U.S. fractional representation in the VWC for each subarea, we notice that it varies from 42% (biocatalysis and protein engineering) to 77% (transport processes) of all participants, suggesting that U.S. research in every subarea of chemical engineering is either “Dominant, at the Forefront” (65% or more of participants) or “Among World Leaders” (42% to 65% of participants).
In Chapter 4, the specific numbers of Table 3.1 for each subarea are analyzed in conjunction with other information, in order to draw conclusions on the relative position of U.S. chemical engineering research in the corresponding subarea.
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3.2
JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS
In this section we will discuss the macroscopic trends, on a worldwide basis, of the publications and citations data collected for five time periods from 1980 to 2006 for the field of chemical engineering at large. Appendix 3B lists all the journals that were considered. They were grouped in the following three categories:
journals with broad coverage of chemical engineering research
journals with broad coverage of sciences and engineering disciplines, in which chemical engineers publish
leading journals for each subarea of chemical engineering
The total number of papers published was found by searching the Web of Science (http://portal.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi) for all publications during the corresponding period, with the requirement that a co-author had a chemical engineering affiliation in the address field. For the United States, a chemical engineering affiliation is a good indicator that a researcher is involved in chemical engineering research. Recent changes in the affiliation of academic researchers from chemical engineering departments to biological engineering or biomedical engineering departments have been taken into account; biological and biomedical engineering departments populated recently by the transfer of chemical engineers were included in the search and the lists were pruned by eliminating the faculty members in these departments who did not hold a Ph.D. in chemical engineering.. However, for non-U.S. researchers with research activities within the scope of chemical engineering as understood in the United States, the corresponding affiliation is not a very good indicator. Many such researchers are affiliated with departments that do not contain “chemical engineering” in their name. Particular attention on select very active universities in Europe and Japan (e.g. ETH-Zurich and Kyoto University, respectively), was given to include the contributions of the non-U.S. researchers who would qualify as chemical engineers, but the numbers of papers by non-U.S. chemical engineering researchers should be viewed as lower bounds.
3.2.a
Summary of the Macro Trends
Analysis of publications and citations by chemical engineers in all three groups of journals has revealed the following trends:
Trend 1: The relative volume of the U.S.-originated journal publications by chemical engineers, as a fraction of the worldwide total, has been halved over the past 20 years.
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Trend 2: U.S. publications in chemical engineering continue to exercise academic leadership with strong scientific and technological impact worldwide. The relative degree of leadership has been decreasing over the past 10 years.
Trend 3: The relative volume (as a fraction of the total) of U.S.-originated publications in broadly based chemical engineering journals has been reduced by 25%-30% over the past 10-15 years.
Trend 4: The fraction of U.S.-originated contributions, in broadly based chemical engineering journals, with research subjects in the classical coreareas of transport processes, thermodynamics, kinetics and reaction engineering, and process systems engineering, has been reduced by more than the overall fraction in Trend-3, i.e., 50%-60% versus 25%-30% reductions.
Trend 5: The fraction of the top-cited (in the top 100 most-cited papers) U.S.-originated publications in broadly based chemical engineering journals has been reduced by one-third over the past 10-15 years.
Trend 6: The fraction of chemical engineering contributions in broadly based scientific journals, e.g., Science, Nature, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has roughly doubled in the past 5-10 years. Among such contributions U.S.-originated publications represent about 90% of the total.
Taken together, the implications from the above trends are clear:
Implication 1: The volume of research in chemical engineering around the world, especially in the European Union and Asia has been increasing at a higher (European Union) and frantic (Asia) rate compared to that in the United States, but the quality and impact still trail appreciably that in the United States.
Implication 2: Research in U.S. chemical engineering has been driven away from the historical core of chemical engineering toward the periphery, where it meets and overlaps with a variety of other sciences (primarily) and engineering disciplines (secondarily).
Implication 3: While the quality and impact of U.S. research in chemical engineering is still dominant and at the forefront of developments, this leadership position has been weakened over the past 10-15 years, especially in the core areas of the discipline.
In the following paragraphs we will present the details of the data analysis that led to the formation of the above trends and implications.
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3.2.b
Analysis of Publications and Citations from All Journals
The number of papers from U.S. chemical engineering researchers has dominated the world output over the past 20 years, as Table 3.2 and Figure 3.1 indicate. However, although the number of U.S.-originated publications has increased by a factor of 3.7, its relative contribution to the world total during the past 20 years has been roughly halved from 71% in the period 1980-1984 to 37% in the period 2000-2006 (Trend 1). This is due to a significantly faster growth in the number of publications from chemical engineering researchers across the world. For example, the factor of growth between the 1980-1984 and 2000-2006 periods for various geographic regions is as follows:
Asia (China, Korea, Taiwan, India): 35
Central and South America: 23
European Union (25 countries): 15
Japan: 4
The 3.7-fold increase in the volume of U.S. publications is primarily the result of an impressive growth in productivity of U.S. researchers, given the fact that the yearly rate of growth in the number of researchers has not increased by a similar factor (see Chapter 5 for trends in numbers of PhD graduates). In contrast, most of the gains in the growth of Asian and European Union publications have come as a result of a significant yearly rate of growth in the number of researchers.
While the relative volume of U.S.-originated chemical engineering publications, as fraction of the world total, has been halved, the academic impact and leadership of the U.S. chemical engineering output has remained at fairly high levels (Trend 2). For example:
TABLE 3.2 Number of Published Papers Originated from Researchers with Chemical Engineering Affiliation at Various Geographic Regions
1980-1984
1985-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2006
United States
8,933
14,230
17,528
21,334
32,899
European Union
890
1,715
3,470
7,015
13,442
Japan
1,647
2,386
3,209
4,022
6,978
Canada
1,182
1,617
2,234
2,605
4,246
South America
81
121
271
651
1,863
Asia (China, Korea, Taiwan, India)
958
1,837
3,907
9,930
33,124
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International Benchmarking of U.S. Chemical Engineering Research Competitiveness
FIGURE 3.1 Number of published papers in chemical engineering from various geographic regions.
NOTE: Asia comprises China, Korea, Taiwan, and India, and the European Union is 25 countries.
Table 3.3 shows that U.S.-originated publications completely dominated the list of the 100 most-cited publications when the analysis was carried out for the period 1985-1990: 86 of the top 100, 46 of the top 50, 19 of the top 20, and 10 of the top 10. The analysis for the period 2000-2006 indicates a continued but weaker dominance of U.S. publications in the list of the 100 most cited: 73 of the top 100, 37 of the top 50, 13 of the top 20, and 6 of the top 10. It is worth noting that of the 86 most-cited U.S. publications with U.S. chemical engineers as co-authors (period, 1985-1990), 73 had a chemical engineer as the corresponding author, while 13 had a U.S. nonchemical engineer as the corresponding author. In the period 2000-2006, of the 74 most-cited U.S. papers, the corresponding numbers are 50 with a chemical engineer as the corresponding author and 24 with a nonchemical engineer as the corresponding author, indicating an appreciable expansion in interdisciplinary research collaboration. This feature of substantial interdisciplinarity will become more evident later on in this report in Chapter 4. It is also noteworthy that in the period 2000-2006, no
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TABLE 3.3 Most-Cited Papers by Researchers with Chemical Engineering Affiliation (1985-1990 and 2000-2006)
1985-1990
2000-2006
U.S.
EU
Canada
Japan
Australia
U.S.
EU
Canada
Switzerland
Asia
Top 100
86
2
5
5
2
Top 100
73
10
3
1
13
Top 10
10
0
0
0
0
Top 10
6
3
1
Top 20
19
0
1
0
0
Top 20
13
4
1
2
Top 30
28
0
1
1
0
Top 30
20
4
2
1
3
Top 50
46
1
1
1
1
Top 50
37
6
2
1
4
Japanese contributions were in the top 100 and Asian contributions came from Korea and China.
Table 3.4 shows the distribution of the most-cited papers among the various subareas, used to characterize chemical engineering for the purposes of this report, thus underlining the shifts in research emphasis during the past 15-20 years. From the entries of the table it is very clear how the research emphasis has shifted from Area-1 to Areas- 3, 5, and 6. Clearly, numbers of citations vary significantly among the various subareas and may cause uncertainty on the validity of the observed trends. However, these trends will be confirmed with additional data in subsequent paragraphs.
It is also interesting to see in what journals the most-cited papers were published. Table 3.5 shows the distribution of the most-cited papers among different groups of papers. These trends will be confirmed with additional data in subsequent paragraphs.
The graphs in Figures 3.2 and 3.3 show the evolution of the percentages of published papers from each geographic region with more than 200 and 100 citations, respectively, during the last 20 years. The graph of Figure 3.4, percentage of papers with more than 10 citations, shows a relative parity among the various regions, but this is the group of publications of lesser impact. Note: The numbers in Figures 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 are percentages of the total number of papers from a given geographic area that satisfy the corresponding citations thresholds.
Clearly, the U.S. dominance in academic impact and leadership, demonstrated by the tables and figures is partly due to historical reasons, that is, to the earlier activity of U.S. researchers compared to that of their Asian and EU counterparts. One would expect that as non-U.S. contributions to archival journals increase, their relative impact will increase as well. Indeed, it noteworthy that of the top 100 most-cited papers, 13 have come from
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TABLE 3.4 Distribution of 100 Most-Cited Papers Among the Areas of Chemical Engineering Considered in This Report
Area
Subarea
1985-1990 100 Most-Cited Papers
2000-2006 100 Most-Cited Papers
Engineering Science of Physical Processes
1a
Transport processes
14
2
1b
Thermodynamics
24
10
1c
Rheology
7
5
1d
Separation
10
5
1e
Solid particles technology
2
0
Engineering Science of Chemical Processes
2a
Catalysis
12
11
2b
Kinetics and reaction eng.
9
4
2c
Polymerization reaction eng.
2
6
2d
Electrochemical processes
0
0
Engineering Science of Biological Processes
3a
Biocatalysis and protein eng.
1
3
3b
Cellular and metabolic eng.
0
6
3c
Biochemical engineering
3
0
3d
Systems, computational, and synthetic biology
0
2
Molecular and Interfacial
4a
10
12
Science and Engineering Materials
5a
Polymers
13
7
5b
Inorganic and ceramic materials
3
19
5d
Composite
2
4
5e
Nanostructured materials
1
11
Biomedical Products and Biomaterials
6a
Drug targeting and delivery systems
3
3
6b
Biomaterials
1
5
6c
Materials for cell and tissue engineering
1
7
Energy
7a
Fossil energy extraction and processing
0
0
7b
Fossil fuel utilization
1
3
7d
Non-fossil energy
0
1
Environmental Impact and Management
8a
Air pollution
0
0
8b
Water pollution
1
0
8c
Aerosol science and technology
0
1
8d
Green engineering
0
1
Process Systems Development and Engineering
9a
Process development and design
0
0
9b
Dynamics, control, operational optimization
2
1
9c
Safety and operability of chemical plants
0
0
9d
Computational tools and information technology
0
0
TOTAL
122
129
OVERLAPa
22
29
a The overlap results from accounting the same paper as separate entry in more than one area/subarea.
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TABLE 3.5 Distribution of Most-Cited Papers for 1985-1990 and 2000-2006 by Groups of Journals, Indicating Shifts in Direction and Emphasis for Various Subareas of Chemical Engineering
Journals
1985-1990
2000-2006
AIChE J., I&EC Research, Chemical Engineering Science
10
4
Science, Nature, PNAS
9
18
J. Chemical Physics, J. Physical Chemistry, Physical Review Letters, Physical Chemistry-Chemical Physics
13
8
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Accounts of Chem Res.
3
10
Analytical Chem., J. Electron Microscopy, J. Optical Society of America
5
0
Chemical Reviews, Molecular Physics, Fluid Phase Equilibria
5
3
Phys. Reviews Letters, J. Applied Physics, Applied Physics Letters
0
6
J. Catalysis, Advances in Catalysis, Surface Science, Catalysis Reviews, J. of Solid State Chemistry
6
2
Macromolecules, Polymer, J. Polymer Science, Polymer Science and Eng.
12
12
J. Fluid Mechanics, Annual Reviews of Fluid Mechanics, J. Rheology
6
0
Langmuir, J. Colloids and Interfacial Science
4
2
Cancer Research, J. National Cancer Institute
5
0
Biotechnology and Bioengineering
2
0
Nature Biotechnology
0
4
Advanced Materials, Chemistry of Materials
0
5
Biomaterials, Biomacromolecules
0
3
FIGURE 3.2 Percentage of journal articles with 200 or more citations, by region (e.g., 93% of all U.S. publications and 12% of all EU publications during 1980-1984 received more than 200 citations).
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APPENDIX 3A
Experts Who Organized the Virtual World Congress by Nominating Its Keynote Speakers
EXPERT (VWC Organizer)
AFFILIATION
Agassant, Jean-Francois
ENSMP (France)
Agrawal, Rakesh
Purdue University
Aizenberg, Joanna
Alcatel-Lucent Technologies
Allen, David
University of Texas-Austin
Anseth, Kristi
University of Colorado
Arastopour, Hamid
Illinois Institute of Technology
Arendt, Steve
ABS Consulting
Arkin, Adam
LBNL/UC Berkeley
Arnold, Frances
California Institute of Technology
Athanassiou, Kyriacos
Rice University
Avidan, Amos
Bechtel, USA
Azapagic, Adisa
University of Surrey (UK)
Baer, Eric
Case Western Reserve University
Bakshi, Bhavik
Ohio State University
Barteau, Mark
University of Delaware
Basaran, Osman
Purdue University
Bashir, Rashid
Purdue University
Bates, Frank
University of Minnesota
Baxter, Larry
Brigham Young University
Beer, Janos
MIT
Bell, Alexis T.
UC Berkeley
Berger, Scott
AIChE
Betenbaugh, Michael
Johns Hopkins University
Bizios, Rena
University of Texas-San Antonio
Blanch, Harvey
UC Berkeley
Blankschtein, Daniel
MIT
Blau, Gary
Purdue University
Blum, Frank
University of Missouri-Rolla
Bonvin, Dominique
EPF Lausanne
Bowman, Chris
University of Colorado
Brannon-Peppas, Lisa
University of Texas-Austin
Brinker, Jeffrey
Sandia National Labs
Buttrey, Douglas
University of Delaware
Cairns, Elton
LBNL/UC Berkeley
Caram, Hugo
Lehigh University
Carberry, John
Dupont
Chakraborty, Arup
MIT
Chen, Bingzhen
Tsinghua University
Chmelka, Bradley
UC Santa Barbara
Chornet, Esteban
Usherbrooke (Canada)
Chum, Stepen
Dow Chemical
Clift, Roland
Surrey University, UK
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EXPERT (VWC Organizer)
AFFILIATION
Coates, Geoff
Cornell University
Cohen, Yoram
UCLA
Cooper, Stuart
Ohio State University
Coppens, Marc-Olivier
Technische Universiteit Delft
Corn, John
Ohio State University
Couvreur, Patrick
University of Paris
Crowl, Dan Michigan
Technological University
Dal Pont, Jean-Pierre
ESPCI (France)
D’Alessio, Antonio
University of Naples
Dam-Johansen, Kim
DTU (Denmark)
Davis, Mark
California Institute of Technology
Dealy, John
McGill University (Canada)
Debenedetti, Pablo
Princeton University
Denn, Morton
City College of New York
dePablo, Juan
University of Wisconsin
deSmedt, Stefaan
University of Ghent
DiSalvo, Frank
Cornell University
Dixit, Ravi
Engineering and Process Sciences
Doherty, Michael
UC Santa Barbara
Dordick, Jonathan
RPI
Drzal, Lawrence
Michigan State University
Dudukovic, Michael
Washington University
Dumesic, James
University of Wisconsin
Eckert, Charles
Georgia Tech
Edgar, Thomas
University of Texas-Austin
Edwards, David
Harvard University
Eldridge, Bruce
University of Texas-Austin
Fan, L.S.
Ohio State University
Feinberg, Martin
Ohio State University
Floudas, Christodoulos
Princeton University
Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, Miretta
Tufts University
Forrest, Stephen
University of Michigan
Francis, Lorraine
University of Minnesota
Frank, Timothy
Dow Chemical
Fredrickson, Glenn
UC Santa Barbara
Friedlander, Sheldon K.
UCLA
Froment, Gilbert
Texas A&M
Fuller, Gerry
Stanford University
Gani, Rafique
Technical University of Denmark
Gasteiger, Hubert
University Duesseldorf
Genzer, Jan
North Carolina State University
Georgiou, George
University of Texas-Austin
Gandhi, Harendra
Ford Motor Co
Glaborg, Peter
DTU (Denmark)
Gladden, Lynn
Cambridge University
Goodenough, John
University of Texas-Austin
Gooding, Charles
Clemson University
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EXPERT (VWC Organizer)
AFFILIATION
Gorte, Raymond
University of Pennsylvania
Gottesfeld, Shimshon
MTI MicroFuel Cells Inc.
Graham, Mike
University of Wisconsin
Green, Don
University of Kansas
Grossmann, Ignacio
Carnegie Mellon University
Gschwend, Philip M.
MIT
Gubbins, Keith
North Carolina State University
Hall, Carol
North Carolina State University
Haller, Gary
Yale University
Hammond, Paula
MIT
Hangleiter, Andreas
Technische Universitat Braunschweig
Harold, Michael
University of Houston
Hawker, Craig
UC Santa Barbara
Haynes, Brian
University of Sydney (Australia)
Haynes, Charles
University of British Columbia (Canada)
Hendershot, Dennis
Chilworth Technology
Heuer, Arthur
Case Western Reserve University
Hidy, George
Envair/Aerochem
Hill, Michael
University of Massachusetts
Hilt, J. Zach
University of Kentucky
Hines, Melissa
Cornell University
Hoo, Karlene
Texas Tech University
Howard, Jack B.
MIT
Hubbell, Jeffrey
Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne
Iglesia, Enrique
UC Berkeley
Israelachvili, Jacob
UC Santa Barbara
Jachuck, Roshan
Clarkson University
Jain, Pradeep
University of Florida
Jimenez, Jose
Luis University of Colorado
Johansen, Kim
Dam Technical University of Denmark
Johnston, Keith
University of Texas-Austin
Jorne, Jacob
University of Rochester
Kauppinen, Esko I.
Helsinki University of Technology (Finland)
Keasling, Jay
UC Berkeley
Khakar, Devang
Vipin Indian Institute of Technology
Khan, Saad
North Carolina State University
Kletz, Trevor
Loughborough University (UK)
Klibanov, Alexander
MIT
Klimov, Victor
LANL
Kohlbrand, Henry
Dow Chemical
Konstantinov, Konstantin
Bayer Corp
Kopecek, Jindrich
University of Utah
Krishnamoorti, Ramanan
University of Houston
Ladisch, Mike
Purdue University
Lahti, Paul
University of Massachusetts
Lange, Frederick
UC Santa Barbara
Langer, Robert
MIT
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AFFILIATION
Larsen, John
Penn State University
Laurencin, Cato
University of Virginia
Leal, Gary
UC Santa Barbara
Lee, Kelvin
Cornell University
Lee, L. James
Ohio State University
Lee, Sang
Yup KAIST
Lee, Vincent
FDA
Lesko, Jack
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
Lewis, Jennifer A.
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
Liao, James
UCLA
Linninger, Andreas
University of Illinois
Lips, Alexander
Unilever
Liu, Jun
PNNL
Loy, Doug
University of Arizona
Luss, Dan
University of Houston
Macosko, Chris
University of Minnesota
Madix, Robert
Stanford University
Maggioli, Victor
Feltronics Corp.
Mallapragada, Surya
Iowa State University
Mallouk, Tom
Penn State University
Malone, Michael
University of Massachusetts
Maranas, Costas
Penn State University
Marinan, Mark
Dow Chemical
Mark, J.E.
University of Cincinnati
Marlin, Tom
McMaster University
Marquardt, Wolfgang
RWTH-Aachen
Marrucci, Guiseppe
University of Naples (Italy)
McAvoy, Tom
University of Maryland
McCarty, Perry L.
Stanford University
McCormick, Alon V.
University of Minnesota
McLeish, TCB
University of Leeds (UK)
Meyer, Anne
SUNY Buffalo
Michaels, James N.
Merck and Co.
Mikos, Antonios
Rice University
Mitragotri, Samir
UC Santa Barbara
Mooney, David
Harvard University
Morari, Manfred
ETH Zurich (Switzerland)
Mortensen, Andreas
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Mudan, Krishna
MSA Risk Consulting
Narasimhan, Balaji
Iowa State University
Nauman, Bruce
RPI
Ni, Xiong-Wei
Heriot-Watt University (UK)
Nielsen, Jens
Technical University of Denmark
Nienow, Alvin
University of Birmingham
Norris, David
University of Minnesota
Ober, Chris
Cornell University
Ogunnaike, Tunde
University of Delaware
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AFFILIATION
Okano, Teruo
Tokyo Women's Medical College (Japan)
Overton, Tim
Dow Chemical
Ozin, Geoffrey
University of Toronto (Canada)
Palsson, Bernhard
UC San Diego
Panagiotopoulos, Athanassios
Princeton University
Pandis, Spyros
Carnegie Mellon University
Papoutsakis, Terry
Northwestern University
Paul, Don
University of Texas-Austin
Pearson, Ray
Lehigh University
Pekny, Joe
Purdue University
Pendergast, John Jr.
Dow Chemical
Penlidis, Alexander
University of Waterloo
Peper, Jody
University of Minnesota
Peppas, Nicholas
University of Texas-Austin
Pereira, Carmo
DuPont
Petrie, Jim
University of Sydney (Australia)
Pistikopoulos, Stratos
Imperial College (UK)
Ponton, Jack
University of Edinburgh (Scotland)
Pratsinis, Sotiris
E. ETH Zurich (Switzerland)
Prausnitz, John
LBNL/UC Berkeley
Prud’homme, Robert
Princeton University
Rao, Govind
University of Maryland-Baltimore
Ray, W. Harmon
University of Wisconsin
Register, Richard
Princeton University
Reklaitis, Gintaras
Purdue University
Richon, Dominque
CEP/TEP, ENSMP (France)
Rochelle, Gary
University of Texas-Austin
Russel, William
Princeton University
Russell, Alan
University of Pittsburgh
Sandler, Stan
University of Delaware
Schaak, Raymond
Texas A&M University
Schaffer, David
UC Berkeley
Schowalter, William
Princeton University
Schuth, Ferdi
MPI für Kohlenforschung (Germany)
Scranton, Alec
University of Iowa
Seal, Sudipta
University of Central Florida
Seborg, Dale
UC Santa Barbara
Sefton, Michael
University of Toronto (Canada)
Sehanobish, Kalyan
Dow Automotive
Seinfeld, John
California Institute of Technology
Shafi, Asjad
Dow Chemical
Shah, Nilay
Imperial College (UK)
Shirtum, Page
RPS Engineering
Shuler, Mike
Cornell University
Siddall, Jon
Dow Chemical
Sidkar, Subhas
NMRL, EPA
Sierka, Raymond
University of Arizona
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AFFILIATION
Siirola, Jeff
Eastman Chemical Co.
Sinclair Curtis, Jennifer
University of Florida
Smith, Philip
University of Utah
Smith, Robin
University of Manchester
Spannangel, Mary Anne
University of Illinois
Stephanopoulos, Gregory
MIT
Stone, Howard
Harvard University
Stadther, Mark
University of Notre Dame
Stucky, Galen
UC Santa Barbara
Stupp, Sam
Northwestern University
Sundaresan, Sankaran
Princeton University
Teja, Amyn
Georgia Tech
Tester, Jefferson
MIT
Thibodeaux, Louis
Louisiana State University
Tirrell, David
California Institute of Technology
Tirrell, Matthew
UC Santa Barbara
Towler, Gavin
UOP (USA)
Vaia, Rich
AFRL
Varma, Arvind
Purdue University
Vayenas, Constantinos G.
University of Patras
Velev, Orlin
North Carolina State University
Virkar, Anil
University of Utah
Wall, Terry
University of Newcastle
Wandrey, Christian
Institute of Biotechnology (Germany)
Wang, Danny
MIT
Wang, Zhen-Gang
California Institute of Technology
Wassick, John
Dow Chemical
Webb, Colin
University of Manchester
Weber, W.J. Jr.
University of Michigan
Wei, James
Princeton University
Weinberg, W. Henry
UC Santa Barbara
Weitz, David
Harvard University
Wender, Irving
University of Cape Town (South Africa)
Wendt, Jost
University of Utah
West, David
Dow Chemical
West, Jennifer
Rice University
Westerberg, Arthur
Carnegie Mellon University
Westmoreland, Phillip
University of Massachusetts
White, Ralph E.
University of Southern California
Whitesides, George
Harvard University
Wilson, Grant
University of Texas-Austin
Winey, Karen
University of Pennsylvania
Wittrup, Dane
MIT
Xia, Younan
Washington University
Yager, Paul
University of Washington
Yang, Hong
University of Rochester
Yang, Ralph
University of Michigan
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Schering-Plough
Zasadzinski, Joseph
UC Santa Barbara
Zhao, Huimin
University of Illinois
Zheng, Zhipling
University of Arizona
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APPENDIX 3B
The List of Journals Examined for Publications and Citations
No.
Journal
2005 Impact Factor
Journals with Broad Coverage of Sciences and Engineering
1
Science
30.927
2
Nature
29.273
3
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science
10.231
4
Physical Review Letters
7.489
5
Journal of the American Chemical Society
7.419
Journals with Broad Coverage of Chemical Engineering Research
6
AIChE Journal
2.036
7
Chemical Engineering Science
1.735
8
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research
1.504
9
Chemical Engineering Research and Design
0.792
10
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
0.574
11
Chemie Ingenieur Technik
0.392
Area-1: Engineering Science of Physical Processes
12
Journal of Physical Chemistry B
4.033
13
Journal of Chemical Physics
3.138
14
Journal of Membrane Science
2.654
15
Journal of Rheology
2.423
16
Journal of Fluid Mechanics
2.061
17
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
2.023
18
Separation and Purification Technology
1.752
19
Separation and Purification Review
1.571
20
Granular Matter
1.517
21
Fluid Phase Equilibria
1.478
22
Rheologica Acta
1.432
23
Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics
1.398
24
Molecular Simulation
1.345
25
International Journal of Multiphase Flow
1.306
26
Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics
1.268
27
Powder Technology
1.219
28
Separation Science and Technology
0.834
Area-2: Engineering Science of Chemical Processes
29
Angewandte Chemie (International Edition)
9.596
30
Journal of Catalysis
4.780
31
Macromolecules
4.024
32
Applied Catalysis-B
3.809
33
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry
3.027
34
Journal of Power Sources
2.770
35
Applied Catalysis-A
2.728
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No.
Journal
2005 Impact Factor
36
Electrochimica Acta
2.453
37
Catalysis Today
2.365
38
Journal of the Electrochemical Society
2.190
39
Solid State Ionics
1.571
40
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
1.282
41
International Journal of Chemical Kinetics
1.188
42
Surface and Interface Analysis
0.918
43
Journal of Polymer Engineering
0.312
44
Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis
0.307
Area-3: Engineering Science of Biological Processes
45
Nature Biotechnology
22.738
46
Bioinformatics
6.019
47
Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics
4.684
48
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3.818
49
Protein Science
3.618
50
Metabolic Engineering
2.484
51
Biotechnology & Bioengineering
2.483
52
Biotechnology Progress
1.985
53
Process Biochemistry
1.796
54
Enzyme and Microbial Technology
1.705
55
Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering
0.807
Area-4: Molecular and Interfacial Science and Engineering
56
Journal of Physical Chemistry B
4.033
57
Langmuir
3.705
58
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
2.023
59
Colloids and Surfaces B
1.588
60
Colloids and Surfaces A
1.499
Area-5: Materials
61
Progress in Polymer Science
16.045
62
Nature Materials
15.941
63
Nano Letters
9.847
64
Advanced Materials
9.107
65
Advanced Functional Materials
6.770
66
Chemistry of Materials
4.818
67
Inorganic Chemistry
3.851
68
Acta Materialia
3.430
69
Polymer
2.849
70
Composites Science and Technology
2.184
71
Journal of Materials Research
2.104
72
Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics
1.739
73
Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1.586
74
Journal of the European Ceramic Society
1.567
75
Materials Research Bulletin
1.380
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No.
Journal
2005 Impact Factor
76
Polymer Engineering and Science
1.076
77
Composite Structures
0.953
78
Journal of Materials Science
0.901
79
Journal of Ceramic Society of Japan
0.749
80
Polymer Composites
0.628
81
Inorganic Materials.
0.387
82
Journal of Polymer Engineering
0.312
Area-6: Biomedical Products and Biomaterials
83
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
7.189
84
Biomaterials
4.698
85
Journal of Controlled Release
3.696
86
Biomacromolecules
3.618
87
Journal of Orthopaedic Research
2.916
88
Tissue Engineering
2.887
89
Pharmaceutical Research
2.752
90
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
2.743
91
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
2.347
92
Annals of Biomedical Engineering
1.997
93
Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition
1.409
94
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine
1.248
Area-7: Energy
95
Carbon
3.419
96
Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
3.371
97
Combustion and Flame
2.258
98
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
2.002
99
Fuel
1.674
100
Energy and Fuel
1.494
101
Fuel Process Technology
1.171
102
SPE Journal
0.816
103
Combustion Science and Technology
0.774
104
Proceedings Combustion Institute
0
Area-8: Environmental Impact and Management
105
Environmental Science and Technology
4.054
106
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
3.495
107
Water Research
3.019
108
Journal of Geophysical Research
2.784
109
Atmospheric Environment
2.724
110
Tellus B
2.592
111
Journal of Aerosol Science
2.477
112
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
2.414
113
Chemosphere
2.297
114
Journal of Atmospheric Science
2.078
115
Water Resources Research
1.939
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No.
Journal
2005 Impact Factor
116
Aerosol Science and Technology
1.935
117
Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
1.733
118
Ground Water
1.419
119
Journal of Nanoparticle Research
1.699
120
Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association
1.317
121
Ecological Economics
1.179
Area-9: Process Systems Development and Engineering
122
INFORMS Journal on Computing
1.762
123
Automatica
1.693
124
SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing
1.509
125
Computers & Chemical Engineering
1.501
126
Mathematical Programming
1.497
127
Journal of Process Control
1.433
128
SIAM Journal on Optimization
1.238
129
Chemical Engineering and Processing
1.159
130
Computational Optimization and Applications
0.886
131
Chemical Engineering Research & Design
0.792
132
Chemical Engineering and Technology
0.678
133
Journal of Global Optimization
0.662
134
Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications
0.612
135
Annals of Operations Research
0.525
136
Process Safety Progress
0.320
137
Optimization and Engineering
Representative terms from entire chapter:
european union