References
Altman, S., B. Bassler, J. Beckwith, M. Belfort, H. Berg, B. Bloom, J. Brenchley, A. Campbell, R. Collier, N. Connell, N. Cozzarelli, N. Craig, S. Darst, R. Ebright, S. Elledge, S. Falkow, J. Galan, M. Gottesman, R. Gourse, N. Grindley, C. Gross, A. Grossman, A. Hochschild, M. Howe, J. Hurwitz, R. Isberg, S. Kaplan, A. Kornberg, S. Kustu, R. Landick, A. Landy, S. Levy, R. Losick, S. Long, S. Maloy, J. Mekalanos, F. Neidhardt, N. Pace, M. Ptashne, J. Roberts, J. Roth, L. Rothman-Denes, A. Salyers, M. Schaechter, L. Shapiro, T. Silhavy, M. Simon, G. Walker, C. Yanofsky, and N. Zinder. 2005. An open letter to Elias Zerhouni. Science 307:1409-1410.
Alupoaei, C.E., J.A. Olivares, and L.H. Garcia-Rubio. 2004. Quantitative spectroscopy analysis of prokaryotic cells: Vegetative cells and spores. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 19:893-903.
ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers), AWWA (American Waterworks Association), and WEF (Water Environment Federation). 2004a. Interim Voluntary Security Guidance for Water Utilities. Available online at http://www.awwa.org/science/wise/. Accessed May 10, 2006.
ASCE, AWWA, and WEF. 2004b. Interim Voluntary Security Guidance for Wastewater/Stormwater Utilities. Available online at http://www.wef.org/NR/rdonlyres/3BBFF04F-76D0-40BC-9B90-03DEF844F6CB/0/WEF_Security_Guidance_Final.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2006.
Ashford, D.A., R.M. Kaiser, M.E. Bales, K. Shutt, A. Patrawalla, A. McShan, J.W. Tappero, B.A. Perkins, and A.L. Dannenberg. 2003. Planning against biological terrorism: Lessons from outbreak investigations. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9:515-519.
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers). 2004. Introduction to Risk Analysis and Management for Critical Asset Protection (RAMCAP). Washington, D.C.: ASME Innovative Technologies Institute, LLC, U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
Berger, M., R. Shiau, and J.M. Weintraub. 2006. Review of syndromic surveillance: Implications for waterborne disease detection. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60:543-550.
Bostrom, A., and R. Lofstedt. 2003. Communicating risk: Wireless and hardwired. Risk Analysis 23:241-248.
Buehler, J.W., R.L. Berkelman, D.M. Hartley, and C.J. Peters. 2003. Syndromic surveillance and bioterrorism-related epidemics. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9:1197-1204.
Bush, G.W. 2003. Directive on Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection. Homeland Security Presidential Directive/HSPD-7. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 39:1816-1822.
Bush, G.W. 2004. Directive on Defense of United States Agriculture and Food. Homeland Security Presidential Directive/HSPD-9. Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 40:183-187.
Butler, M., and W.J. Weber, Jr. 2005a. Accelerated transformation and deactivation of erythromycin in superheated water. I. Temperature effects, transformation rates, and the impacts of dissolved organic matter. Environmental Science and Technology 39:2294-2300.
Butler, M., and W.J. Weber, Jr. 2005b. Accelerated transformation and deactivation of erythromycin in superheated water. II. Transformation reactions and bioassays. Environmental Science and Technology 39:2301-2306.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2003a. Recognition of illness associated with exposure to chemical agents: United States, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52:938-940.
CDC. 2003b. Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Atlanta, GA: CDC.
CDC. 2006. Surveillance for early detection of disease outbreaks at an outdoor mass gathering: Virginia, 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55:71-74.
DHS (Department of Homeland Security). 2006a. National Infrastructure Protection Plan. Available online at http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_Plan.pdf. Accessed January 25, 2007.
DHS. 2006b. Charter: National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity. Available online at http://www.biosecurityboard.gov/revised%20NSABB%20charter%20signed%20031606.pdf. Accessed July 12, 2006.
DiGiovanni, C., B. Reynolds, R. Harwell, E. Stonecipher, and F. Burkle. 2003. Community reaction to bioterrorism: Prospective study of simulated outbreak. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9:708-712.
Dunahee, N., and W.J. Weber, Jr. 2003. Boil water orders: Beneficial or hazardous? Journal of the American Waterworks Association 95:40-45.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. 1996 Clean Water Needs Survey Report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: EPA, Report No. EPA/832/R-97/003.
EPA. 1998. Guidelines for Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, D.C.: EPA, Report No. EPA/630/R-95/001F.
EPA. 2000. Methods for the Determination of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Drinking Water, Volume 1. Cincinnati, OH: EPA, Report No. EPA/815/R-00/014.
EPA. 2002. Strategic Plan for Homeland Security. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/epahome/downloads/epa_homeland_security_strategic_ plan.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2006.
EPA. 2003a. Board of Scientific Counselors: Communicating Research Results. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/osp/bosc/pdf/comms04.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2006.
EPA. 2003b. Response Protocol Toolbox Module 4: Analytical Guide, Interim Final Draft. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/ safewater/watersecurity/pubs/guide_response_module4.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2006.
EPA. 2004a. Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan. Cincinnati, OH: Office of Research and Development and Office of Water.
EPA. 2004b. Threat Scenarios for Buildings and Water Systems Report. Cincinnati, OH: National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC).
EPA. 2004c. Factoids: Drinking Water and Ground Water Statistics for 2003. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/data/pdfs/data_factoids_2003.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2006.
EPA. 2004d. Response Protocol Toolbox Module 6: Remediation and Recovery Guide, Interim Final Draft. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/watersecurity/pubs/ guide_response_module6.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2006.
EPA. 2004e. Investing in Our People II, EPA’s Strategy for Human Capital, 2004 and Beyond. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/oarm/strategy.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2007.
EPA. 2005a. The Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan: Progress Report for 2005. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/NHSRC/pubs/reportWIPDprogress092905.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2006.
EPA. 2005b. Fact Sheet: Threat Ensemble Vulnerability Assessment (TEVA) Computational Framework. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/NHSRC/pubs/fsTEVA111505.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2006.
EPA. 2005c. Fact Sheet: Chlorine Inactivation of Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs/ fsChlorine083005.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2006.
EPA. 2005d. Standardized Analytical Methods for Use During Homeland Security Events, Revision 2.0. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs/reportSAM092905.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2006.
EPA. 2005e. Technologies and Techniques for Early Warning Systems to Monitor and Evaluate Drinking Water Quality: A State-of-the-Art Review. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs/reportEWS120105.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2006.
EPA. 2005f. ORD Management Multi-Year Plan. Internal document. ORD Management Council, Office of Research and Development.
EPA. 2005g. WaterSentinel System Architecture Draft, Version 1.0 December 12, 2005. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/ safewater/watersecurity/pubs/watersentinel_system_architecture.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2006.
EPA. 2005h. Overview of Event Detection Systems for WaterSentinel. Draft, Version 1.0, December 12, 2005. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/watersecurity/pubs/watersentinel_event_ detection.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2006.
EPA. 2005i. WaterSentinel Online Water Quality Monitoring as an Indicator of Drinking Water Contamination. Draft, Version 1.0, December 12, 2005. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/watersecurity/pubs/watersentinel_wq_monitoring.pdf. Accessed July 11, 2006.
EPA. 2005j. Wastewater Baseline Threat Document. Cincinnati, OH: NHSRC.
EPA. 2005k. Summary Report: Workshop on National Water Security Communication Symposium, San Francisco, CA, May 20-21, 2004. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs/reportWS symposium113005.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2006.
EPA. 2005l. Notice of availability of the document entitled Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Federal Register 70:17765-17817.
EPA. 2006a. Investigation of the Capability of Point-of-Use/Point-of-Entry Treatment Devices as a Means of Providing Water Security. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs/reportPOUPOE022406.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2006.
EPA. 2006b. Technical Brief: EPANET Extended to Include MultiSpecies Modeling. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs/tbEPANet051106.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2006.
EPA. 2006c. Water Sector Security Workshops. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs/reportWSS061306.pdf. Accessed July 20, 2006.
EPA. 2006d. Use of Surrogates for Bacillus anthracis in the Study of Chlorine Inactivation of Bacterial Agents. Cincinnati, OH: EPA.
Esteban, J., A. Starr, R. Willetts, P. Hannah, and P. Bryanston-Cross. 2005. A review of data fusion models and architectures: Towards engineering guidelines. Neural Computing and Applications 14:273-281.
Fenselau, C., and P.A. Demirev. 2001. Characterization of intact microorganisms by MALDI mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrometry Reviews 20:157-171.
Fischoff, B. 2005. The psychological perception of risk. In D. Kamien (ed.). The McGraw-Hill Homeland Security Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gray, G.M., and D.P. Ropeik. 2002. Dealing with the dangers of fear: The role of risk communication. Health Affairs 21:106-116.
Introne, J.E., I. Levit, S. Harrison, and S. Das. 2005. A Data Fusion Approach to Biosurveillance. 7th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION), sponsored by IEEE, pp.1359-1366.
Iqbal, S.S., M.W. Mayo, J.G. Bruno, B.V. Bronk, C.A. Batt, and J.P. Chambers. 2000. A review of molecular recognition technologies for detection of biological threat agents. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 15:549-578.
Ivnitski, D., D.J. O’Neil, A. Gattuso, R. Schlicht, M. Calidonna, and R. Fisher. 2003. Nucleic acid approaches for detection and identification of biological warfare and infectious disease agents. BioTechniques 35:862-869.
Keller, E.F. 2002. Making Sense of Life: Explaining Biological Development with Models, Metaphors and Machines. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Lay, J.O., Jr. 2001. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry of bacteria. Mass Spectrometry Reviews 20:172-194.
Lim, D.V., J.M. Simpson, E.A. Kearns, and M.F. Kramer. 2005. Monitoring for agents of bioterrorism/biowarfare. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18:583-607.
Lombardo, J.S., H. Burkom, and J. Pavlin. 2004. ESSENCE II and the framework for evaluating syndromic surveillance systems. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53:159-165.
Mailback, E., and R.L. Parrott (eds.). 1995. Designing Health Messages: Approaches from Communication Theory and Public Health Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
McKone, T.E., and A.W. Deshpande. 2005. Can fuzzy logic bring complex environmental problems into focus? Environmental Science and Technology 39:42A-47A.
Means, E.G. 2002. Drinking water in the new millennium: The risk of underestimating public perception. Journal of the American Water Works Association 94:28-34.
Meinhardt, P.L. 2005. Water and bioterrorism: Preparing for the potential threat to U.S. water supplies and public health. Annual Review of Public Health 26:213-237.
Monk, D.J., and D.R. Walt. 2004. Optical fiber-based biosensors. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 379:931-945.
Morales-Morales, H.A., G. Vidal, J. Olszewski, C.M. Rock, D. Dasgupta, K.H. Oshima, and G.B. Smith. 2003. Optimization of a reusable hollow-fiber ultrafilter for simultaneous concentration of enteric bacteria, protozoa, and viruses from water. Applied Environmental Microbiology 69:4098-4102.
NACWA (National Association of Clean Water Agencies). 2005. Protecting Wastewater Infrastructure Assets: Planning for Decontamination Wastewater: A Guide for Utilities. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs/reportDeconGuide 112805.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2006.
National Cancer Institute. 2002. Making Health Communication Programs Work: A Planner’s Guide (also known as the Pink Book). Available online at http://www.cancer.gov/pinkbook. Accessed January 30, 2007.
Nesmith, J., and M.J. McKenna. 2005. Who’s in charge if bird flu strikes—docs or cops? Atlanta Journal Constitution. Available online at http://www.ajc.com/today/content/epaper/editions/today/news_ 34c09175043fd0ef10d0.html. Accessed July 11, 2006.
Nicholson, W.L., and B. Galeano. 2003. UV resistance of Bacillus anthracis spores revisited: Validation of Bacillus subtilis spores as UV surrogates for spores of B. anthracis Sterne. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69:1327-1330.
Nicholson, W.L., N. Munakata, G. Horneck, H.J. Melosh, and P. Setlow. 2000. Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and
extraterrestrial environments. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64:548-572.
Norton, J.W., and W.J. Weber, Jr. 2005. Breakeven costs of distributed advanced technology water treatment systems. Proceedings of the 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers National Conference, October 2005. Cincinnati, Ohio.
NRC (National Research Council). 2002. Making the Nation Safer: The Role of Science and Technology in Countering Terrorism. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
NRC. 2004. A Review of the EPA Water Security Research and Technical Support Action Plan. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
NRC. 2005. Opportunities for Water Security Research: The Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina—Letter Report. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Office of Homeland Security. 2002. National Strategy for Homeland Security. Available online at http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/ assetlibrary/nat_strat_hls.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2006.
Okun, D.A. 1997. Distributing reclaimed water through dual systems. Journal of the American Water Works Association. 89:52-56.
Okun, D.A. 2005. Letter to the editor: Designing future water distribution systems. Journal of the American Water Works Association (6):99-101.
Peruski, A.H., and L.F. Peruski, Jr. 2003. Immunological methods for detection and identification of infectious disease and biological warfare agents. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10:506-513.
Rice, E.W., L.J. Rose, C.H. Johnson, L.A. Boczek, M.J. Arduino, and D.J. Reasoner. 2004. Boiling and Bacillus spores [letter]. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no10/pdfs/04-0158.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2006.
Rice, E.W., N.J. Adcock, M. Sivaganesan, and L.J. Rose. 2005. Inactivation of spores of Bacillus anthracis Sterne, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by chlorination. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71:5587-5589.
Roberson, J.A., and K.M. Morley. 2005a. Contamination Warning Systems for Water: An Approach for Providing Actionable Information to Decision-Makers. Denver, CO: AWWA.
Roberson, J.A. and K.M. Morley. 2005b. We need to get strategic on water security. Journal of the American Water Works Association 97:42-43.
Rogers, K.R., and A. Mulchandani (ed.). 1998. Affinity Biosensors: Techniques and Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
Rose, L.J., E.W. Rice, B. Jensen, R. Murga, A. Peterson, R.M. Donlan, and M.J. Arduino. 2005. Chlorine inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71:566-568.
Rossi, P.H., M.W. Lipsey, and H.E. Freeman. 2004. Evaluation: A Systematic Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Sandia National Laboratories. 2001. Risk Assessment Methodology for Security of Dams (RAM-DSM) Field Manual and Training Guide. Albuquerque, NM: Interagency Forum for the Infrastructure Protection (IFIP), Sandia National Laboratories.
Sandia National Laboratories. 2002. Risk Assessment Methodology for Security of High Voltage Power Transmission (RAM-TSM) Field Manual and Training Guide. Albuquerque, NM: Bonneville Power Administration and the Interagency Forum for the Infrastructure Protection (IFIP), Sandia National Laboratories.
Serre, M.L., and G. Christakos. 1999. Modern geostatistics: Computational BME in the light of uncertain physical knowledge—The Equus beds study. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 13:1-26.
Snyder, J.K., A.K. Deb, F.M. Grablutz, S.B. McCammon, W.M. Grayman, R.M. Clark, D.A. Okun, and D. Savic. 2002. Impacts of Fire Flow on Distribution System Water Quality, Design, and Operation. Denver, CO: AWWA and AwwaRF.
Stoto, M.A., M. Schonlau, and L.T. Mariano. 2004. Syndromic surveillance: Is it worth the effort? Chance 17:19-24.
Straub, T.M., and D.P. Chandler. 2003. Towards a unified system for detecting waterborne pathogens. Journal of Microbiological Methods 53:185-197.
Weber, W.J., Jr. 2002. Distributed optimal technology networks: A concept and strategy for potable water sustainability. Water Science and Technology 46:241-246.
Weber, W.J., Jr. 2004. Optimal uses of advanced technologies for water and wastewater treatment in urban environments. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 4:7-12.
Witte, K., G. Meyer, and D. Martell. 2001. Effective Health Risk Messages: A Step-by-Step Guide. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Yu, H., and J.G. Bruno. 1996. Immunomagneticelectrochemiluminescent detection of Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella typhi-
