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Science Evolution and Creationism
INDEX
A
Adaptative radiation, 8–9, 25–28, 29
Age
of Earth, 17, 19, 20–21, 38, 51
of universe, 19–20, 38, 51
Amniotic eggs, 8–9
Amphibians, 23
Anthropology, 17
Archaeopteryx, 23
Arkansas laws, 44
Armadillos, 23, 27, 28
Artificial selection, 5, 6
Artiodactyls, 32
Atomic theory of matter, 11, 12
Australopithecus afarensis, 33, 34, 35
B
Bacteria, 1, 4
age of, 21
antibiotic-resistant, 7, 39
DNA, 31
flagellum, 40
generations per million years, 7
Bats, 24, 27
“Big Bang,” 18–19, 20, 51
Birds, 3, 8, 9, 23, 26, 41
Blood circulation and clotting, 12, 41
Bonobos, 35
Brain size, 9, 33–34
Brown University, 15
C
Cell theory, 11
Central Conference of American Rabbis, 13
Chimpanzees, 24, 30, 31, 33, 35
Chromosomes, 29
Clergy Letter Project, 14
Collins, Francis, 15
Comparative anatomy, 24–26, 30
Computed axial tomography, 38
Copernicus, 18
Coyne, George, 15
Creationism.
See also Intelligent design creationism books on evolution-creationism controversy, 58–59
“old Earth,” 37–38
in public schools, xi–xiii, 43–45, 52, 53
views of proponents, 37–39, 52–53
“young Earth,” 37, 39, 52–53
Cyanobacteria, 21
Cystic fibrosis, 30
D
Darwin, Charles, xiii, 12, 22–23, 28, 32, 38, 39
Darwin, Erasmus, 22–23
Dinosaurs, 3, 9, 23, 26, 38
Divergence from ancestral form, 8, 9
DNA
comparisons, 29–31, 33
defined, 4
evidence of evolution, xii, xiii, 17, 28–32, 58
gene duplication, 41
microarray technology, 5
mutations, 4, 28
and recency of common ancestry, 29–31
sequencing, xii, 28
Dolphins, 25–26, 32
Domestication of species, 5, 6
Dorudon, 32
Drosophila species, 26, 27, 29, 30
E
Earth
age of, 17, 19, 20–21, 38, 51
origin of, 57
Education. See Public school science curriculum
Edwards v. Aguillard, 44
Epperson v. Arkansas, 44
Evolution.
See also Humans
acceptance vs. belief, 49–50
analogous structures, 25–26
anatomical homologies, 24–25
behavioral commonalities, 17, 24, 25
books on, 56–59
compatibility with religious faith, xii, 12–15, 49, 54
continuing nature of, 18, 39
defined, 4
DNA evidence, xii, 17, 28–32, 58
as fact, xiii, 3, 11, 12
fossil record, xi, xii, xiii, 1–3, 9, 11, 17, 21, 22–23, 32, 33–35, 38–39, 42–43
geographic evidence, 17, 26–28
last common ancestors, 8, 24, 25
natural selection and, 50
predictions from findings, 3, 11, 38
in public school education, xi–xiii, 43–45, 47, 52
recency of common ancestry, 24, 30
scientific disputes about mechanisms of, 50–51
scientific understanding of, xi, xii, 10–12, 39, 49–50
theory, 3, 11, 12, 51
Evolutionary biology
agricultural applications, 6
industrial applications, 9
medical applications, 5
practical value, xi, 5–6, 47
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Evolutionary developmental biology, xii, 30
Eye, complexity of, 40, 41
F
Fishes, 1, 2-3, 4-5, 7, 23, 24, 26, 30, 41
Fossil record, xi, xii, xiii
consistency of, 38–39
creationists’ view of, 38
dating, 17
earliest, 21, 23
hominids, 33–35
intermediate/transitional species, 1–3, 9, 11, 22, 23, 38, 39
sedimentary rock, 22, 38, 42–43
Fundamentalism, 37
G
Galaxies, 19, 51
General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, 13
Genes, 4, 29, 32, 39
duplication, 41
highly conserved, 6, 30, 31
similarity among organisms, 30, 31
Genetic variability, 4
Genetics, 4
Genomics, and evolution, 58
Gorillas, 31
Gravitational theory, 11, 12, 51
H
Hawaiian Islands, drosophilid flies, 26–27, 29
Heliocentric theory, 11, 12, 18
Heredity, xiii, 4, 5, 12, 29.
See also DNA;
Mutations
Hominids
fossil record, 33–35
Laetoli footprints, 33, 34
Homo erectus, 34, 35
Homo habilis, 34, 35
Homo sapiens, 35
Homologies, 24–25
Horses, 5, 23, 27
Hox genes, 30, 41
Hubble Space Telescope, 19
Human Genome Project, 15
Humans
ancestral species, 8, 33–35
chimpanzee compared, 24, 30, 31, 33, 35
DNA changes, 29–30, 31, 33
evolution of, 8, 9, 12, 24, 25, 32–35, 57
fossil record, 35, 38
generations per million years, 7
upright walking, 33, 34
I
Ichthyosaurs, 26
Ichthyostega, 3
Immune system, 40, 41
Intelligent design creationism
irreducible complexity argument, xiii, 40–41, 53
landmark court decisions, xii–xiii, 44–45, 52
in public school curriculum, xi–xiii, 44–45, 52
religious nature, xiii, 43–45
scientific failings, 40–43, 45
Interacademy Panel on International Issues, 49
J
John Paul II, 13
K
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, xiii, 44, 45
L
Lemaître, Georges, 18
Leptin, 31
Life on Earth
earliest, 21
origins of, 18, 21–22
Limb evolution, 3, 9, 30, 31–32, 34
M
Mammals, 30
fossil record, 38
geographic distribution, 27–28
marine cetaceans, 32
transition from reptiles, 9
Meteorites, 21
Mice, 26, 30, 32
Microarray technology, 5
Microevolutionary changes, 6–7
Milky Way galaxy, 20, 51
Miller, Kenneth, 15
Molecular biology.
See also DNA;
RNA evidence of evolution from, 28–32
Moon, 21
Mosquitoes, insecticide resistance, 39
Mutations, 4–5, 28–29, 40, 50
N
National Human Genome Research Institute, 15
Natural selection, xiii, 4, 40.
See also Artificial selection applications outside biology, 9
defined, 5, 50
discovery, 22–23
as fact, 12
industry applications, 9
microevolutionary changes, 6–7
and origins of life, 22
and reproductive success, 50
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Neanderthals, 35
North America, mammals, 27–28
Nuclides, defined, 20
O
Opossums, 27, 28
P
Paleontologists/paleontology, 2–3, 23.
See also Fossil record
Paranthropus robustus, 35
Pennsylvania laws, 44, 45
Pets, generations per million years, 7.
See also Domestication of species
Planetary motion, 12
Planetesimals, 19
Plate tectonics, theory of, 11, 53
Populations of organisms
defined, 4
DNA variations, 29
evolution of, 5, 6, 7–8, 28–29, 50
extinct, 33, 35
highly conserved genes, 6
human, 29, 35
neutral mutations in, 29
Porpoises, 32
Primates, 8, 9, 24, 25, 31, 32–33.
See also Humans
Proconsul, 25
Proteins, 4, 21, 22, 31–32, 40–41
Protocells, 22
Public school science curriculum
creationism in, xii–xiii, 43–45, 53
critical thinking in, 52
evidentiary standard for, 53
role of evolution, xi–xii, 43, 47
teaching the “controversies,” xiii, 52
R
Radioactive decay, 20
Radiometric dating, 17, 20, 51
Religion
compatibility of evolution with religious faith, 12–14, 49
science and, xi, xiii, 12, 15, 47, 54
Reproductive
isolation, 7–8
success, 4, 5, 8–9, 50
Reptiles, 3, 8–9, 23, 41
RNA, 22, 31
S
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), 5
Scaptomyza, 27
Science
contributions of, xi
defined, 10
empirical evidence, 10, 12
hypotheses, 41–42, 43
and religion, xi, xiii, 12, 15, 41–42, 47, 54
theory, generally, xii, 11, 42, 51
Scopes, John, 44
Sea turtles, 8
Self-replication, 22
Solar system, 19, 20, 51
South America, mammals, 27–28
Speciation, 7–8, 26, 27
Species
defined, 1
extinct, 33
generations per million years, 7
geographic distribution, 17, 26–28
highly conserved elements, 6
intermediate/transitional, 1–3, 22, 23
new (see Speciation)
Stars, origin of, 19, 20
Stromatolites, 21
Supernovas, 20
T
Tennessee laws, 44
Tetrapods, 2–3, 4, 8–9, 11, 23, 24, 30, 31–32, 38
Theory, defined, 11
Tiktaalik, 2–3, 4, 11, 23, 30, 38
Traits, 4, 5, 6, 7, 24, 28–29, 31, 50
U
Universe
age of, 19–20, 38, 51
expansion, 18–19
origin of, 18–19, 57–58
University of California, San Francisco, 5
V
Viruses, 4, 5, 39
W
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 12, 22–23
Warm-bloodedness, 9
Whales, 23, 24, 26, 32
Wheat domestication, 6
Wolves, 24, 27
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