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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
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OCR for page 323
Index
A
Abortion attitudes, 230
Acceptable risk, 274, 284; Cc ale o
54-71, 85-90
Access
to decision-making process, 7,
127-28, 285-86
to scientific information, 5, 7-8,
114-15, 141-42, 278-80
Accident reports, 255
Accountability, 10, 156-58
Acid rain, 115
Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
public's knowledge of, 227-28, 290
risk communication issues, 6, 89,
90, 116, 135-37, 165
uncertainty of information on, 61,
121
Action threshold, 173
Active public, 101, 102
Administrative Procedures Act of
1946, 16, 73, 100, 125, 128
Advocacy, sec Influence techniques
Agricultural workers, 32
Agriculture, 59
Agriculture Department, 113
Air bags, 19
Airline accidents, 257
Air pollution, 58, 116
Alcohol information, 17
Alcohol taxation, 19
323
Aldicarb oxime, 110
Ambiguously worded questions,
228-33, 265
American Bar Association, 178
American Cancer Society, 115
American Chemical Society, 178
American Medical Association, 7,
178
Anchoring, 226
Animal experiments, 39, 40, 58
Appeals to authority, 84-85
Appeals to emotion, 85
Arsenic contamination, 18
Artificial sweeteners, 274
Asarco Corp., 18
Asbestos hazard, 43, 257
Assassinations, 63
Atomic Energy Commission, 120
Attentive public, 101, 102
Attitude surveys, 228-33, 263-66
Audience/Recipients, 322
audience profiles, 10, 24, 161-62
~audience/recipients~ defined, 322
characteristics of, 101-2
concept defined, 271
effect on message formulation, 282
proposed consumer's guide, 12-13,
176-79
psychological principles, 299-304
relating messages to, 11 , 13,
165-70, 181-82
risk literacy, 13, 182
OCR for page 324
324
strategies for dealing with, 283-86
Audubon Society, 63
Automobile accidents, 220, 278
Automobile industry, 31, 137
seat belts, 19, 58, 137
B
Base-rate fallacy, 290
BBC (British Broadcasting Corp.),
279
Behavioral principles, 299-304
Benefit assessment
expressed preferences, 263-66
policy concerns, 262-63
questions addressed in, 33-35
revealed preferences, 266-68, 284
reliability of, 36-37
Bhopal, India, 61, 66, 126, 157, 285
Blood banks, 116
Bomb-hits analysis, 247
Botulism, 31
C
California, 91, 110
Cancer, 31, 32, 45, 61, 277
Canned food, 31, 257
Carter administration, 157
Case analyses, 13, 182
Catastrophic events, 42, 56, 237-38,
303
Causal model, 220-21
Celebrities' endorsements, 140
Centers for Disease Control (CDC),
109
Chemical industry, 229
Chemical Manufacturers
Association, 128
Chemical plant management, 128,
130
Chernobyl disaster, 61, 66, 122, 300
Child abuse, 257-58
China, 59
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 31, 55
Chlorination of water, 31, 32, 56
Chloroiluorocarbons, 56, 91
Choice problems, 230-32, 304
Chromosome damage study, 119-20
Chronic diseases, 61
Citizens' groups, 141, 153, 222
Civil engineers, 47, 49, 249
INDEX
Civil rights movement, 63
Clean Water Act, 5
Climatic changes, 56, 59, 237, 238,
257
Clinical psychologists, 45, 248
Coal mining, 48, 259
Cognitive processes, 299-304
Common sense, 233-36
Communications technology, 62
Community Awareness and
Emergency Response program,
128
Community channels, 7, 140, 164
Community involvement, 17-18,
127-28, 285-86
Community Right-to-Know Act, 16,
110, 141-42
Competence development, 10-11,
16~64
Confidence intervals, 250-53, 279,
280
Conflict, Cc Social condicts
Conservation attitudes, 274
Consumer Product Safety
Commission, 64
Consumer's guide to risk and risk
communication, 12-13, 176-79
Content of messages, Cc Risk
messages
Cost-benefit analysis, 219, 262; em
also 33-38
Credibility concerns, 118-19, 146,
280
accuracy of message, 6-7, 10,
118-19, 155-60
advocacy of unjustified positions,
119-20
contradiction of previous positions,
121
contradictory messages from other
sources, 122-24
credibility of source, 24-25, 74-75,
118-29, 282, 285, 293
distrust of institutions, 63, 147
fair review of conflicting claims,
128-29, 149
justification offered for program,
126-27
legal standing of source, 125-26
legitimacy of process, 7, 119, 169
news media interactions, 138-39
OCR for page 325
INDEX
professional incompetence or
impropriety, 124-25
public interaction and involvement,
10, 127-28, 151-55
reputation for deceit, 120-21
self-serving framing of information,
70, 121-22
Crime-prevention programs, 255
Crises, ace Emergencies
"Critical experiment" artifact, 246
D
Deception, 81, 82, 88, 89, 162; JCC
also 120-21
Decision trees, 288
Deforestation, 59
Delaney clause, 284
Dietary information, 17, 58
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 66, 255
Differential knowledge, 68-69, 71
Differing Professional Opinions,
Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, 158
'discounting valuation measure, 49
Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion, Office of, 64
Drug information, 17
Drug production, 62
Drug testing, 40
Drug users, 136
EEarthquake likelihood, 237, 238
ECOFLO hazardous waste facility
siting, 75-77
Edison Electric Institute, 115
~ -
Emergences
advisories, 109
response planning, 128, 141, 218
responses, 7, 11, 134-35, 138, 145,
164-65
Emission control devices, 137
Energy Department, 113, 120
Energy policy/sources, 255, 256, 260,
275, 276
Energy Research and Development
Administration, 91
Environmental Defense Fund, 112
Environmental degradation, 229
325
Environmental impact statements,
67
Environmental movement, 63-64
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 113, 165
credibility concerns, 119-20, 128,
147, 159, 160
EDB contamination, 6, 113, 122,
123, 129
information availability, 141-42
mandate, 64, 65, 125, 127
radon monitoring, 17, 90, 125, 127,
135-36
report requirements, 141
risk management strategies, 18
Environmental regulation, 57
Environmental threats, 56
Epidemiological studies, 42, 45, 58
Ethylene dibromide (EDB), 6, 106,
113-14, 122, 123, 129, 135, 222
Evaluation of communication
programs, 11, 163, 291-98
Event-tree analysis, 238
Expectations and misconceptions, see
Misconceptions about risk
communication
Expert judgment, 44-47, 271; 8CC
also Risk assessment
Expert knowledge, sec Scientific and
technical knowledge
Exposure estimates, 40-41
F
Fault-tree analysis, 42, 221-22, 238
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act, 5
Federation of American Scientists, 67
Feedback, 163, 249, 250
Financial resources, 5, 114-15
Flood concerns, 235-36
Florida, 6, 113, 122
Focus groups, 159
Food additives, 284
Food and Drug Administration, 113,
160
Food contamination, 6, 113-14
Food production, 32, 62
Foreign affairs analysis, 248
Formaldehyde exposure, 121
Fragmented authority, 5, 112-14
OCR for page 326
326
Framing information and decisions,
7, 83, 121-22, 130
Freedom of Information Act, 16
"Frequency of deaths measurement,
226
Fundamental attribution error, 235
Fungicides, 222
Gambler's fallacy, 130, 247
General Accounting Office, 91
Geological Survey, U.S., 237
Goal setting, 9, 150-51, 293-96
Government communication, 16-18,
144
Grain contamination, 6, 222
Greensboro, N.C., 75-77
Guilford County Hazardous Waste
Task Force, 75, 76
H
Happiness questions, 231-32
Hazardous substances
report requirements, 141
see also specific substances
Hazardous waste facility siting, 5,
75-77, 111, 128, 141
Hazards
identification, 39-40, 257-58
increased social awareness, 54-62
qualification, 50-52, 97, 132-33
quantification, 1, 31-33
term defined, 32, 321
Health care, 62
Health information, 17
Health professionals, 139
Heart disease, 24
Herbicides, 32, 55-56
Highlighting facts, 82-83
Highway-safety legislation, 255
Hindsight, 233, 245-47, 279
Historical records, 237-38, 246-47
I
Iceland, 237
Idaho, 113
INDEX
Impact assessments, 38
Immunization campaigns, 246
Incompetence and impropriety, 7,
124-25
Industry communication, 17, 144
Influence techniques
ambiguously worded questions,
228-33
appeals to authority, 84
appeals to emotion, 85
audience segmentation, 162
deception, 81, 82, 88, 89, 162
effects on credibility, 6, 119-20
framing information and decisions,
7, 83, 121-22, 130
highlighting facts, 82-83
legitimacy of purpose, 2-3, 11,
78-81, 87-93, 126-27, 168-70
persuasion, 17, 84, 283
procedural strategies to achieve
balance, 2-3, 85-87
risk comparisons, 84
Information
laypersons' specialized knowledge,
24-25, 68, 280
misconceptions about public's
wants, 4, 101-2, 106, 234
public's right to be informed, 5,
16-17, 65, 110, 141-42, 297
em also Scientific and technical
knowledge
Informed consent, 5, 64, 110, 266,
285-86, 295, 297
Informing function, 81-82
Institute, W. Va., 110, 134
Institutional constraints, BCC
Problems of risk communication
Integrated pest management, 116
Interest group conflict, sec Social
conflicts
Interest stimulation, 7, 136-37
Int e rmed Aries
credibility, 25
interacting with, 7, 139-40, 163-64
role analysis, 13, 180-81
Cc also Media for risk
communication
Interpersonal channels, 7, 140, 164
Involuntarily incurred risks, 35,
272-73
OCR for page 327
INDEX
J
Jefferson, Thomas, 14-15, 168
Journalists, Cc Media for risk
communication
Judgment, Cc Risk assessment
K
Knowledge, sec Information;
Scientific and technical
knowledge
Knowledge gap, 69
L
Language and concepts
clarity needed in, 1, 7, 11, 111,
129-31, 166-67
experts/laypeople, differing
perceptions, 272-80
'`Laypeople," concept defined, 271
Lead solder, 31, 257
League of Women Voters, 178
Legal constraints, 5, 109-10, 255
Legal standing, 7, 125-26
Lethality judgments, 226-27
Liability, 5, 110
Life expectancy, 55, 56, 58, 259
Locally unwanted land uses
(LULUs), 111, 141
Love Canal, 66, 11020, 135
Low-power research, 45, 244-45
M
Malpractice concerns, 255, 297
Manipulation, Cc Influence
techniques
Manufacturing technology, 62
Massachusetts, 6, 113-14, 122
Materials and energy Bow diagrams,
222
Media for risk communication
contradictory messages, 123
credibility of journalists, 139
credibility of sources, 138-39
interacting with, 11, 138, 160, 164
media identified, 1, 7, 23, 24, 137
misconceptions about role, 4, 102-6
role and responsibilities, 4, 137
Medical testing, 25s
327
Medical treatments, evaluation
criteria, 292, 297
Mercury contamination, 222
Messages, 22; ecc Rio Risk messages
Methyl isocyanate, 126
Middle East, 59
Military security, 62
Misconceptions about risk
communication, 94-107
adequacy and meaning of
information, 100-101
communication improvement/
conflict reduction, 95-96
interpretation of public attitudes,
4, 101-2, 106, 234
news media role, 103-6
overview, 3-4, 94-95
value of risk comparisons, 96-100
Missouri, 109
Modeling, 239-40, 242-43
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
109
Multi-attribute utility theory, 265
N
National Agricultural Chemicals
Association, 115
National Cancer Institute, 137
National Center for Toxicological
Research (NCTR) Consensus
Workshops, 86-87
National Conference on Risk
Communication, 96
National Environmental Policy Act,
16, 64, 67
National Farmworkers Union, 115
National Flood Insurance Program,
236
National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, 121
National Research Council, 86, 87,
159
National Safety Council, 178
Natural Resources Defense Council,
112
Nature Conservancy, 63
Nevada testing, 120
New Deal, 65
News media, Cc Media for risk
communication
OCR for page 328
328
New York State Energy Research
and Development Authority
(NYSERDA), 1 35-36
New York Times, 104
Nonlethal consequences, 1
No observed effect level (NOEL), 101
North Carolina, 75-77
Number of deaths measurement,
48
Nuclear power
agency influence techniques, 91
benefit/risk comparisons, 32,256,
257
Chernobyl disaster, 61,66,122,300
NRC safety goals, 260, 284
public attitudes and knowledge, 57,
124, 234, 246-47,278,300,
302-3
risk analysis, 42,59, 218,220-21,
238, 272
social conflict, 308
Three Mile Island, 6G, 106, 134,
222, 247, 285, 300
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC), 64, 134, 158, 260, 284,
285
Nuclear war, 59
Nuclear wastes, 257
Numerical judgments, 226-28
o
Objectivity of judgments, 270-71
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), 64,
110,113, 121,125
Ocean levels, 59
Office of Commurucation~ of the United
Churek of Christ or. Fcdcral
Communications Commi~eior`, 65
Oil embargo, 246
Oil industry, 255,280
Openness, 10, 134-35, 138,151-55
Overconfidence, 46-47, 250-253
Ozone layer, 56, 59, 91
p
Partisan preview, 10, 159
Passive public, 101
Peer review, 10, 158-59, 237, 275
Personal action, 78-80,90
INDEX
Personal responsibility, 285
Persuasion, 17,84,283
Pesticides, 32, 40, 55-56,115, 123,
129, 165
Petrochemicals, 62
Poisson distribution, 247
Policy issues, Cc Regulatory policy
Poliomyelitis immunization, 246
Political constraints, sec Problems of
risk communication
Political opposition, 17
Power fragmentation, 5, 112-14
Power sharing, 5, 10, 17-18, 111-12,
154-55
Probability theory, 129-30, 247-48
Problems of risk communication,
108-42
deriving from institutional and
political systems, 5-6,9,
108-16,145, 150,155
focusing attention, 7, 136-40
fragmented authority, 5, 112-14
imbalanced access to authority,
5-6,114-15
incomplete information, 7,133-36
legal considerations, 5,109-10
obtaining information, 7-8,141-42
overview, 4,108, 142
of risk communicators and
recipients, 6-8,117-42
sharing of power, 5,10,17-18,
111-12, 154-55
systematic biases, 6,115-16
understandable language and
concepts, 1, 7, 129-33
em ~80 Credibility concerns; Social
conflicts
Process management, 149-65, 282-98
conceptualizing communication
programs, 286-91
crisis situations, 11, 164-65
evaluating communication
programs, 11, 163, 291-98
fostering competence, 10-11,
160~4
objectives summarized, 9, 149-50
safeguarding balance and accuracy
in risk messages, 10, 155-60
safeguarding openness, 10, 151-55
setting realistic goals, 9, 150-51
simple strategies, 283-86
OCR for page 329
INDEX
Professional incompetence and
impropriety, 7, 124-2 5
Protective behavior, 235-36
Protocols, 219-24
Psychological principles, 299-304
Public, Cc Audience/Recipients
Public debate, 72-77, gl-93
Public health professionals, 49
Public Health Service, 109
Public interest, 65
Public mistrust, Cc Credibility
concerns
Public opinion, 101-2; Cc also
228-33, 263-66, 269
Q
Quantification of hazards, 31-33
R
Radiation hazards, 255
Radioactive waste program, 120
Radon hazard, 17, 90, 125, 127, 135,
137, 288
Reactor Safety Study, 238, 249
Reagan administration, 157
Recipients, Cc Audience/Recipients
Recommended improvements
consumer's guide, 12-13, 176-79
content of messages, ecc Risk
messages
management of process, ecc Process
management
research needs, 13, 179-82
summary, 8-9, 143-49
Red Cross, 7
"Reduction in life expectancy
measurement, 48
Regression analysis, 248, 267
Regulatory agencies, 64, 65
Regulatory policy
alternatives to regulatory control,
18-19
desire or requirement to inform
public, 16-17
measuring benefits, 262-68
measuring risk, 257-62
public participation, 65, 66
separating science and policy,
254-57, 268
329
Relevancy of risk message, 11, 13,
165-66, 181
Reliability analysis, 36-37, 46-47
Replication/reproducibility of
results, 255, 270-71
Reporting requirements, 141
Reputation concerns, Cc Credibility
concerns
Research needs, 13, 179-82
Resource limitations, 145
Rhetorical techniques, 84
Right-to-know legislation, 5, 16, 65,
110, 141-42, 297
`'Risk,~ concept defined, 32, 130,
258-59, 321
Risk assessment, 30-53, 217-53
adherence to rules of science,
236-38
benefit assessment, 33-38, 262-68
checklist, 175, 222-24
definition, 321
errors in scientific judgment, 44-47,
130-31
expert judgment, quality assessed,
244-53, 270-71
expert judgment role, 238-44, 270
identification of problem, 217-24
improvement recommendations,
147
information needed for, 33-38,
257-62
knowledge gaps and uncertainties,
3-4, 38-44
overview of problems, 2, 30-31,
52-53
public's risk judgments, 226-28
public's value judgments, 228-33
quantification of hazards, 31-33
refining common sense, 233-36
relevant science identified, 224-26
separating facts and values,
254-57, 268, 271
steps comprising, 217
value judgments, 20, 47-52, 259-60
Risk characterization, 13, 33-38, 180
Risk communication
consumer's guide, 12-13, 176-79
contemporaneous case assessment,
13, 182
definition and concept of, 2, 19-23,
282, 322
OCR for page 330
330
improvement need, 14-16
motives, 16-19
recommended improvements
summarized, 8-9, 143-49
success criterion, 2, 8, 21, 26-29,
74-75, 78-79, 94, 144-45
Risk communication process, sec
Process management
Risk communication problems, Cc
Problems of risk communication
Risk communication settings, 72-80
Risk communicator, 6, 117-42, 322;
Cc also 162
Risk comparison, 96-100
improvement recommendations,
172-74
as influence tool, 84
research needs, 13, 180
usefulness/inadequacies, 3, 12,
96-100
Risk conflict, ace Social convicts
Risk control assessment, 35-36, 322
Risk debates, 72-77, 117, 300, 303
Risk estimates, 41-44, 83
Risk ladders, 96-97, 174
Risk literacy, 13, 182
Risk magnitudes, 96
Risk management, 22
definition, 21, 322
improvement recommendations,
147-48
questions addressed in, 37
Cc also Process management
Risk management controversy, Cc
Social conflicts
Risk messages
audience shaping of, 282
comparing risks, 12, 96-100, 172-74
credibility, Cc Credibility concerns
definition, 322
design procedures, 70-71, 86, 95
differential knowledge, 68-69
draft preview, 10, 159
ensuring completeness (checklist),
12, 174-76
examples of, 144
expert knowledge, 28-29
focus concerns, 25, 69
formulation difficulties, 1-2, 287-91
handling uncertainty, 12, 170-71
INDEX
influence purpose, Cc Influence
techniques
information purpose, 80-82
relating to audience perspectives,
11,165-70
role in communication process, 21,
23-26
sources and media, 1, 7,23,24,
138-40,287,322
success criterion, 80
systematic biases, 6,115-16
understandable language and
concepts, 7,129-33
values identification, 6 070
Risk monitoring, 247
Risk perception, 51-52,132
Rick quantification, 48-50,226-28,
259-60,272
S
Saccharin, 274,279
St. Louis, Mo., 120
Sccmc Hudson Prcecrvation Cor~fcrcr~ce
v. Federal Power Commueior`, 65
Science of risk, Cc Risk assessment
Scientific Advisory Board, EPA, 128,
159
Scientific and technical knowledge
access problems, 5, 7-8, 114-15,
141-42, 278-80
convict within scientific
community, 67-68, 123-24, 279,
301
errors in judgment, 44-47
essential rules, 236-38
incomplete or uncertain
information, 7, 12, 133-36,
17~71
misconceptions and unrealistic
expect at ions concerning, 3-4 ,
100-101
public mistrust, 70, 280
role in technological debates,
28-29, 67, 68, 73, 92
separating facts and values,
254-57, 268, 270-71
specialized talent requirements,
10-11, 162-63
understandable language and
concepts, 129-33
OCR for page 331
INDEX
Seat belts, 19, 58, 137
Self-reliance, 285
Sensitivity analysis, 171
Sex information, 17
Sexual assault, 290
Shrinkage, 248
Side effects, 60
Sierra Club, 63,115
Silerd Spring (Carson), 63
Simulation models, 239-40
Sir~dell v. Abbott Laboratory, 66
Skepticism, see Credibility concerns
Skiing, 272-73
Social convicts, 54-71, 269-81
conflicts identified, 54-57,254,
269-71,280-81
diagnostic guide, 211-12,214-16,
305-8
hazards and awareness changes,
57-62
implications for risk
communication, 3, 20,68-71,
95-96,286
linguistic and conceptual
differences, 272-80
politicization of technological
debate, 64-68
societal changes, 62-64, 146
Social science
cognitive processes summarized,
299-304
Justification for, 233-36
social theory development, 225-26
Socioeconomic changes, 62
Solar power, 255
Source credibility, Cc Credibility
concerns
Source of message, 1, 7, 23,24,
139-40,287, 322; ecu also Media
for risk communication
Standing, 7, 125-26
Statutory mandates, 5,109-10
Steel industry, 260
Stock market analysis, 45,247
Straw-man arguments, 84
Stress, 13, 181, 261
Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986,
16,110, 141-42
surveys, 154, 228-33, 263-66, 269
Symbolic events, 66-67
331
Synergistic effects, 42, 43, 56
Systematic biases, 6, 115-16
T
Tacoma, Wash., 18
Technical knowledge, Cc Scientific
and technical knowledge
Technology, dependence on, 62-63
Technology Assessment, Office of, 64
Technology assessments, 38
Television, sec Media for risk
communication
Three Mile Island, 66, 106, 134, 222,
247, 285, 300
Times Beach, Mo., 109
Tobacco Institute, 115
Tobacco smoking, 22, 58, 133
public policy, 73, 78, 90
risk messages, 24, 85, 115, 137
Tort law, 65-66
Toxic exposure cases, 110
Toxicity studies, 39-40, 219
Toxic Substance Control Act, 40
Training need, 47, 249
Transportation technology, 62
Trust, Cc Credibility concerns
Tylenol poisonings, 134
Typhoid, 31, 56
U
Union Carbide Co., 110, 126, 134,
285
Unwarranted concern, 293-95
Uranium mining, 255
V
Value judgments, 47, 86, 157
conflict generated by, 20, 69-70
expressed preferences, 263-66
hazard qualification, 50-52
message sensitivity to, 132-33
revealed preferences, 266-68, 284
risk quantification, 48-50, 259-60,
302-3
separating facts and values,
254-57, 268, 271
survey questions formulation,
228-33
Vested interests, 69
OCR for page 332
332
Vietnam War, 63
Vitamin restrictions, 19
Voluntarily incurred risks, 272-73
W
Wall Strect Journal, 104
Washington, 18
INDEX
Washington Post, 122
Water contamination, 30-32, 56, 113
Watergate scandal, 63, 66
Weather forecasts, 46-47, 249
West Virginia, 110, 134
White papers, 10, 159-60, 176
Worry threshold, 173
Representative terms from entire chapter:
credibility concerns
