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PAPERBACK list:$34.75 Web:$31.28 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Free Resources Sign in to download PDF book and chapters PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 3 Gulf War and Health: Volume 4. Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War Other Related Titles Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) (2007) Medical Follow-Up Agency (MFUA) Board on Military and Veterans Health (BMVH) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 10   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. 3 An Overview of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) was a series of tests conducted by the Department of Defense (DoD) in the 1960s and early 1970s to investigate the effectiveness of shipboard detection of and protection procedures against chemical and biological warfare agents (DoD, 2006). Within each test there were typically several separate trials involving exposure of vessels with various agents. In some cases, all the trials within a particular test used the same agent, but for some tests, different agents were used in different trials. Agents included chemical warfare agents sarin and VX; biological warfare agents Pasteurella tularensis, Coxiella burnetti, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B; chemical warfare simulants such as zinc cadmium sulfide; and biological warfare simulants such as Bacillus globigii and Serratia marcescens. Although the tests were originally classified, public and media interest has led the DoD to investigate these tests and to declassify and make publicly available relevant information from them. Project SHAD involved mainly service members from the Navy and Marines, numbering more than 5,000. The tests were conducted in several areas of the Southwest Pacific, many around Hawaii, and in the Atlantic. The general procedure for testing ship vulnerabilities to biological and chemical agents and simulants varied slightly for the tests and trials. The most common method of disseminating the materials on the ships was by aircraft. Typically, aircraft would fly in front of the target ship and release the materials from spray tanks mounted on the wings. After the material was released, the ship would then steer through the release cloud and record information. The second most popular method for dispersing agents or simulants was to release the material from a turbine disseminator located at the bow of the target ship. Further material describing the nature and conduct of the tests may be found on the study website (IOM, 2006) under “SHAD March meeting agenda.” Table 3-1 shows a list of Project SHAD tests with military units involved and agents used taken from DoD fact sheets. Test 70-C does not appear on this list because it did not involve any agents, and we therefore did not include it in our study. In addition, although test Flower Drum II appears in the list of Project SHAD tests, according to DoD personnel, no individuals could be assigned to this particular test, and so it is not part of our study. REFERENCES DoD (Department of Defense). 2006. Project 112. http://deploymentlink.osd.mil/current_issues/shad/shad_intro.shtml (accessed November 28, 2006). IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2006. Long-term health effects of participation in Project SHAD. http://www.iom.edu/CMS/3795/4909.aspx (accessed November 28, 2006). Page 10 Front Matter (R1-R18) Summary (1-2) 1 Study Rationale and Overview (3-6) 2 Investigating the Potential Health Effects from Participation in Project SHAD (7-9) 3 An Overview of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) (10-12) 4 Records-Based Data Sources (13-15) 5 Participant Cohort (16-18) 6 Referent Cohort (19-23) 7 Health Survey (24-32) 8 Analysis Structure (33-38) 9 Mortality Results (39-44) 10 Morbidity Results (45-67) 11 Discussion (68-72) Appendix A Executive Summaries of Reports on Toxicological or Biological Agents (73-100) Appendix B Questionnaire (101-118) Appendix C Material Concerning Outreach Survey (119-124)

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Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) 3 An Overview of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) was a series of tests conducted by the Department of Defense (DoD) in the 1960s and early 1970s to investigate the effectiveness of shipboard detection of and protection procedures against chemical and biological warfare agents (DoD, 2006). Within each test there were typically several separate trials involving exposure of vessels with various agents. In some cases, all the trials within a particular test used the same agent, but for some tests, different agents were used in different trials. Agents included chemical warfare agents sarin and VX; biological warfare agents Pasteurella tularensis, Coxiella burnetti, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B; chemical warfare simulants such as zinc cadmium sulfide; and biological warfare simulants such as Bacillus globigii and Serratia marcescens. Although the tests were originally classified, public and media interest has led the DoD to investigate these tests and to declassify and make publicly available relevant information from them. Project SHAD involved mainly service members from the Navy and Marines, numbering more than 5,000. The tests were conducted in several areas of the Southwest Pacific, many around Hawaii, and in the Atlantic. The general procedure for testing ship vulnerabilities to biological and chemical agents and simulants varied slightly for the tests and trials. The most common method of disseminating the materials on the ships was by aircraft. Typically, aircraft would fly in front of the target ship and release the materials from spray tanks mounted on the wings. After the material was released, the ship would then steer through the release cloud and record information. The second most popular method for dispersing agents or simulants was to release the material from a turbine disseminator located at the bow of the target ship. Further material describing the nature and conduct of the tests may be found on the study website (IOM, 2006) under “SHAD March meeting agenda.” Table 3-1 shows a list of Project SHAD tests with military units involved and agents used taken from DoD fact sheets. Test 70-C does not appear on this list because it did not involve any agents, and we therefore did not include it in our study. In addition, although test Flower Drum II appears in the list of Project SHAD tests, according to DoD personnel, no individuals could be assigned to this particular test, and so it is not part of our study. REFERENCES DoD (Department of Defense). 2006. Project 112. http://deploymentlink.osd.mil/current_issues/shad/shad_intro.shtml (accessed November 28, 2006). IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2006. Long-term health effects of participation in Project SHAD. http://www.iom.edu/CMS/3795/4909.aspx (accessed November 28, 2006).

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Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) TABLE 3-1 List of Project SHAD Tests, Ships, or Military Units Involved, and Agents Test Name Ship or Military Unit Agent/Simulant/Decontaminant Eager Belle I USS George Eastman BG (Bacillus globigii) Eager Belle II USS George Eastman USS Granville S. Hall USS Carpenter USS Navarro USS Tioga County Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron BG Autumn Gold USS Navarro USS Tioga County USS Carpenter USS Hoel USS Granville S. Hall Marine Air Group 13, 1st Marine Brigade BG Errand Boy USS George Eastman BG betapropiolactone Flower Drum I USS George Eastman USS Granville S. Hall Sarin Sulfur dioxide Methylacetoacetate Shady Grove USS Granville S. Hall Army Light Tugs 2080, 2081, 2085, 2086, 2087 Marine Aviation Group 13 Patrol Squadron Four Patrol Squadron Six AEWBARONPAC Detachment BG Fluorescent particles Coxiella burnetii Pasteurella tularensis Copper Head USS Power BG Fluorescent particles betapropiolactone Magic Sword USS George Eastman Mosquitoes Insecticide Big Tom USS Granville S. Hall USS Carbonero BG Zinc cadmium sulfide High Low USS Berkeley USS Fechteler USS Okanogan USS Wexford County Methylacetoacetate Fearless Johnny USS George Eastman USS Granville S. Hall Two light tugs VC-1 Patrol Squadron Six VX Diethylphthlate with fluorescent dye DF-504 Purple Sage USS Herbert J. Thomas Methylacetoacetate Scarlet Sage USS Herbert J. Thomas BG Half Note USS George Eastman USS Granville S. Hall USS Carbonero Army light tugs 2080, 2081, 2085, 2086, 2087 BG Serratia marcescens Escherichia coli Calcofluor Zinc cadmium sulfide

OCR for page 12
Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) Test Name Ship or Military Unit Agent/Simulant/Decontaminant Speckled Start USS Granville S. Hall Five Army light tugs 4533rd Tactical Test Squadron, 33rd Tactical Fighter Wing BG Staphylococcal enterotoxin B Uranine dye Folded Arrow USS Carbonero USS Granville S. Hall Five Army light tugs BG betapropiolactone 69-10 USS Fort Snelling Landing Force Carib 1-69/ BLT 1/8 (attached and supporting personnel from 2nd Marine Division) VMA-324, MAG-321, 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing Tri (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TOF or TEHP) 69-31 USS Herbert J. Thomas BG Methylacetoacetate 69-32 USS Granville S. Hall Five Army light tugs VC-1, Blue Air Squadron Patrol Squadron Six, Fleet Airwing Two Serratia marcescens Escherichia coli BG Calcofluor

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