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APPENDIX D
Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides (Sixth Biennial Update) and Staff Biographies
John J. Stegeman, Ph.D. (Chair), is a Senior Scientist, former Chair of the Biology Department at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Director of the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry, concentrating on enzymology, from Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. His research interests center on metabolism of foreign chemicals in animals and humans, and the structure, function, and regulation of the enzymes that accomplish this metabolism. Dr. Stegeman served on the committees for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 and Update 2002, and chaired the committee for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004.
Richard A. Fenske, Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Professor and Associate Chair of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences at the University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, and is the Director of the Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center at the University of Washington in Seattle. Dr. Fenske’s work has focused on the evaluation of environmental health risks in special populations. Specialty areas include health risks of pesticide exposures, development of new exposure assessment methods, children’s exposure to hazardous chemicals, and investigation of the role of dermal exposure for workers. Dr. Fenske serves on the Science Advisory Board of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and also serves as a member of EPA’s Human Studies Review Board. He had previously served on the committees for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 and Update 2004.
Jordan Firestone, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., is Assistant Professor of Medicine, with Adjunct appointments in Neurology and Occupational and Environmental
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Health Sciences. He is Director of the University of Washington Occupational and Environmental Medicine Clinic at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle. Dr. Firestone’s research involves chemical exposures and their interactions with individual genetic susceptibility in neurological disease, with a special focus on Parkinson’s disease. His clinical specialty is in occupational neurotoxicology. Dr. Firestone previously served on the committee for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004.
Peter H. Gann, M.D., Sc.D., is a Professor and Director of Pathology Research at the University of Illinois at Chicago. A physician-epidemiologist by training, his research work focuses on the causes of breast and prostate cancer, with particular emphasis on the development and application of novel biological markers. His interest in biological markers actually originates with his service as a Project Director at the National Academy of Sciences in the 1980s. Prior to his current position, Dr. Gann spent 13 years in the Department of Preventive Medicine at Northwestern University Medical School. He received a B.A. degree from Swarthmore College, M.D. and M.S. (epidemiology/biostatistics) degrees from the University of Pennsylvania, and his doctorate in epidemiology from Harvard University. Dr. Gann serves on a number of national and international advisory and peer-review panels in the field of cancer prevention.
Mark S. Goldberg, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, associate member in the Joint Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Occupational Health, the Department of Oncology, and Medical Scientist, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre. Dr. Goldberg is an occupational and environmental epidemiologist and holds an Investigator Award from the Canadian Institute for Health Research. His current research interests include the investigation of occupational and environmental risk factors for breast cancer and the health effects associated with exposures to ambient air pollution. In addition to being a member of grant review panels, Dr. Goldberg is also a member of Health Canada’s Science Advisory Board. He has served on the committee for Disposition of the Air Force Health Study and the Division of Earth and Life Sciences committee for Assessing the Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene: Key Scientific Issues.
Claudia Hopenhayn, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the University of Kentucky, College of Public Health. Her primary research interests have focused on cancer and reproductive outcomes, within the context of environmental and occupational epidemiology and cancer control. Dr. Hopenhayn’s expertise combines toxicology, biomarkers of exposure and effect, statistics, risk factors, and assessment of intervention, within a framework of epidemiology and multidisciplinary collaborations, both in the United States
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and internationally. Dr. Hopenhayn previously served on the committee for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004.
Nancy I. Kerkvliet, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. Dr. Kerkvliet’s research is focused on using animal models to understand how chemicals of environmental concern alter immune function. Her primary interest is focused on understanding how activation of the Ah receptor by TCDD and other ligands suppresses immune responses. She previously served on the Committee on Toxicology, the Subcommittee of Jet Propulsion Fuel 8, and the committee for Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004.
Linda A. McCauley, Ph.D., FAAN, R.N., is a Nightingale Professor of Nursing and Associate Dean for Nursing Research at the University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing. Dr. McCauley received her doctoral degree in environmental health/epidemiology from the University of Cincinnati. Dr. McCauley has special expertise in the design of epidemiological investigations of occupational and environmental hazards and is nationally recognized for her expertise in occupational and environmental health nursing. Dr. McCauley’s research interests are in the areas of chemical exposure among working populations and young children.
DeJuran Richardson, Ph.D., is a Professor and Associate Dean of the Faculty at Lake Forest College and an Adjunct Professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Dr. Richardson’s areas of expertise include biostatistics and clinical trial data management. He received his B.A., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from Northwestern University. His professional activities have included appointments to the National Cancer Institute’s ECOG Data Monitoring Committee, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Initial Grant Review Committee, and the Advisory Board for the Harvard School of Public Health Initiatives for Minority Student Development Program in the Department of Biostatistics. Dr. Richardson’s research interests include the design and analysis of large multicenter clinical trials, the recruitment and retention of underrepresented minorities in clinical trials, and performing statistical survival analyses in the presence of informative censoring. Dr. Richardson’s research articles have appeared in many scientific journals. He has served on the committee for Disposition of the Air Force Health Study.
Hollie I. Swanson, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology and with a joint position with the Toxicology Department at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine. She received her M.S. from Oregon State University, Ph.D. from Purdue University, and postdoctoral training from Michigan State University and Northwestern University. Her research focuses on the study of the aryl hydrocarbon pathway and its role
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in altering cell fate. She currently serves as Councilor of the Drug Metabolism Specialty Section of the National Chapter of the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and is a member of the National and Ohio Valley Chapters of the Society of Toxicology. She is an editorial board member of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Dr. Swanson has published numerous articles pertaining to the molecular and cellular aspects of the Ah receptor and dioxin.
Mary K. Walker, Ph.D., is a Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy. Her research interests focus on the mechanisms by which high affinity ligands for the AHR increase the risk of cardiovascular disease; and the structural, functional, and molecular changes in adult cardiovascular physiology in a genetic mouse model which lacks the AHR gene. Dr. Walker has also authored and coauthored several articles on these topics.
Stephen D. Walter, Ph.D., is Professor of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the Faculty of Health Sciences at McMaster University. Dr. Walter has published extensively on epidemiology and biostatistical methods. His research interests include disease screening and diagnosis; risk assessment; environmental health; and analysis of spatial and temporal data patterns. He is a former Editor of the American Journal of Epidemiology and is the Section Editor for Clinical Epidemiology in the Wiley Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. Dr. Walter has served previously on the IOM Committee on Medicare Coverage of Routine Thyroid Screening.
Staff Biographies
Mary Burr Paxton, Ph.D., is Senior Program Officer in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. Before joining IOM, she worked as a consultant on the regulation of toxic substances and managed the conduct and analysis of several epidemiology studies on veterans’ health. She received a master’s of science in biostatistics from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health and a doctorate in genetics from the George Washington University. She is a diplomate of the American Board of Toxicology. Dr. Paxton has worked on several National Academies reports, including Issues in Risk Assessment; Environmental Neurotoxicology; Gulf War and Health: Insecticides and Solvents; Gulf War and Health: Fuels, Combustion Products, and Propellants; Asbestos: Selected Cancers; and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004.
Jennifer A. Cohen is a Program Officer in the IOM Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. She received her undergraduate degree in art history
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from the University of Maryland. She is currently attending the University of Maryland where she is working towards her masters in public health. She has been involved with the IOM committees that produced Organ Procurement and Transplantation; Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures; Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes; Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000; Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans; and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004.
Rose Marie Martinez, Sc.D., is Director of the IOM Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Before joining IOM, she was Senior Health Researcher at Mathematica Policy Research, where she studied the effects of health-system change on the public-health infrastructure, access to care for vulnerable populations, managed care, and the health care workforce. Dr. Martinez is former Assistant Director for Health Financing and Policy with the US General Accounting Office, for which she directed evaluations and policy analysis on national and public-health issues. Dr. Martinez received her doctorate from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health.
Tia S. Carter is a senior program assistant on the IOM Board on Population Health and Public Health Practices. She is working on a master’s in health care administration at the University of Maryland University College. She received her undergraduate degree in community health from the University of Maryland, College Park. Before coming to IOM, she worked at the Greater Washington Urban League in the Division of Aging and Health Services as the health promotions coordinator, where she was responsible for health-promotion and diseaseprevention education services and activities among the elderly. She has been involved with the IOM committee on Asbestos: Selected Cancers. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006 is Tia’s second report with IOM.
Sonia J. Cheruvillil, M.P.H., is a senior program assistant (until June 2006) in the IOM Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. She received her masters in public health from George Washington University School of Public Health. She received her undergraduate degrees in English literature (B.A.) and microbiology (B.S.) from the University of Iowa. She has been involved with the IOM committee on the Disposition of the Air Force Health Study (AFHS) and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 and Update 2004.
Norman Grossblatt, ELS(D), is a senior editor at the National Academies. Before joining the National Research Council Division of Medical Sciences in 1963, he worked as an analyst in information storage and retrieval at Documentation Incorporated and as a technical editor at the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., Nuclear Power Department, in Washington, DC. He received a B.A. in English
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from Haverford College. Mr. Grossblatt is a diplomate editor in the life sciences and was the founding president of the Board of Editors in the Life Sciences. He is a fellow of the American Medical Writers Association and a recipient of its President’s Award; a member of the Council of Science Editors and since 1997 the manuscript editor of its journal, Science Editor; and a member of the European Association of Science Editors. At the National Academies, he has edited over 300 reports.
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Index
Note to the reader: This index contains entries for each of the seven volumes of the Veterans and Agent Orange series released to date: Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (I), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996 (II), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 (III), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 (IV), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002 (V), Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 (VI), and Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006 (VII). Page numbers for the discussions of topics in specific volumes follow the roman numerals denoted above. Thus, for example, the entry “Agent Blue, I: 27, 89–90, 93, 97, 100; III: 136, 137; IV: 118” first refers to material found on pages 27, 89–90, 93, 97, and 100 in Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam, then to material found on pages 136 and 137 of Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998 and on page 118 of Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000.
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A
Abortions. See Spontaneous abortion
ACC. See US Army Chemical Corps
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. See AIDS/HIV
ACS. See American Cancer Society
ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Acute lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia. See Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia
AD. See Alzheimer’s disease
ADA. See American Diabetes Association
Adipose tissue
TCDD distribution,
I: 130, 131, 168-169, 259, 269, 280;
IV: 42, 43, 64, 116, 117;
VI: 67–68;
VII: 89
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
IV: 59
Aerial spraying,
I: 3, 24;
III: 135, 137, 139;
IV: 117, 120, 123, 150, 160, 303;
VI: 175–177, 185
military early research,
I: 25–26;
III: 28;
IV: 150
records of,
I: 84–85, 287
See also Herbicide application methods;
Herbicides
AFHS. See Air Force Health Study
Aflatoxin,
I: 453;
IV: 267
Africa, sub-Saharan,
II: 181;
III: 282;
IV: 267;
VI: 221
Age and aging
acute lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 384;
IV: 9, 378
acute myeloid leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 384;
IV: 378
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
V: 524
bone/joint cancer incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 302;
IV: 288;
V: 279
brain cancer incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 356;
IV: 351;
V: 339, 524
breast cancer incidence in US women, data for selected age groups,
III: 324;
IV: 314;
V: 301
cancer age-specific incidence,
I: 436–438
chronic lymphocytic leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 384;
IV: 378
chronic myeloid leukemia incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 384;
IV: 378
diabetes prevalence, data by age,
III: 492
epidemiologic studies, control of aging effects,
II: 261–262;
III: 409;
IV: 3, 13, 23
female reproductive system cancer incidence, data by type, for selected age groups,
III: 329, 330;
IV: 321;
V: 310
gastrointestinal tract cancer incidence, data by type for selected age groups,
III: 267;
IV: 250;
V: 244
Hodgkin’s disease incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 372;
IV: 365;
V: 355
immune system,
IV: 31, 79
kidney cancer,
V: 334
laryngeal cancer incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 292;
IV: 277;
V: 268
latency and,
II: 261–262, 273, 275;
III: 409, 414–415, 425, 428, 430;
IV: 254, 256, 264, 265
leukemia incidence, data by type, for selected age groups,
III: 384;
IV: 378;
V: 367
liver/intrahepatic bile duct cancers incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 282;
IV: 267;
V: 260
lung cancer incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 296;
IV: 281;
V: 272
melanoma incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 313;
IV: 300;
V: 288
menopause,
VII: 148
multiple myeloma incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 377;
V: 361
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 289;
IV: 273;
V: 265
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma age of onset,
I: 436
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 362;
IV: 356;
V: 344
parkinsonism,
V: 524
prostate cancer incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 334;
IV: 10, 327;
V: 317, 524
renal cancers incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 352;
IV: 346
reproductive disorders,
IV: 51–52, 59, 63, 66, 71, 80, 200
research recommendations,
V: 524
soft-tissue sarcoma age of onset,
I: 436
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soft-tissue sarcoma incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 306;
IV: 292;
V: 282
TCDD half–life,
IV: 24, 28, 45
testicular cancer incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 343;
IV: 335;
V: 325
urinary bladder cancer incidence, data for selected age groups,
III: 347;
IV: 340;
V: 328
See also Demographic data, Vietnam veterans
Agent Blue,
I: 27, 89–90, 93, 97, 100;
III: 136, 137;
IV: 118;
VI: 183–185
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data,
III: 136
Agent Green,
I: 27, 90, 92, 114;
III: 136, 137, 140, 146;
IV: 118;
VI: 183
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data,
III: 136;
IV: 123
Agent Orange,
II: 308;
III: 130, 159, 315, 344, 359, 389, 407, 444, 460, 462, 489, 491;
IV: 117–118, 150, 156;
V: 1, 12;
VI: 1, 183
Air Force research activities,
II: 31–32;
III: 28–29
birth defects association,
II: 298, 300;
III: 435;
IV: 400
breast cancer association,
V: 307
cancer latency issues,
II: 260–276;
III: 407–431;
IV: 284
chemical composition,
I: 27;
II: 102;
IV: 119
chloracne association,
II: 317, 318;
III: 479;
IV: 138, 463;
V: 478
congressional hearings,
II: 27–28;
III: 25
defoliant effectiveness,
I: 90
Department of Veterans Affairs activities,
II: 29–31, 153, 156–157;
III: 27–28;
IV: 15
Environmental Protection Agency research activities,
II: 32;
III: 29–30
exposure opportunity index (EOI),
II: 290–291;
III: 146, 147, 148;
IV: 124, 405
federal government action/research,
I: 45–60;
II: 27–32;
III: 27–32;
IV: 13
health effects of, concerns,
I: 2;
II: 19–23, 26–27;
III: 19–20, 236, 237, 240, 242, 243
International Agency for Research on Cancer research activities,
III: 30
legislation,
I: 47–52;
II: 28–29;
III: 26–27;
IV: 1, 15
Orange II formulation,
I: 90;
III: 137;
IV: 119
product liability litigation,
I: 34–35
spontaneous abortion,
II: 283;
IV: 399–400, 409–412;
V: 414
suspension of use,
I: 92–93;
II: 26
TCDD as contaminant of,
I: 91, 114, 126–127;
II: 102;
III: 140;
IV: 133–135
Vietnam amount used,
I: 1, 27, 74, 90, 97–98, 106;
II: 1, 26;
III: 136;
IV: 115, 118–119
Vietnam military application,
I: 1, 3, 27, 74, 84–85, 90, 92–93, 97–107, 543–545;
II: 1, 26–27;
III: 1, 25, 136, 137, 138, 140;
IV: 125–126
Vietnam surplus disposal,
I: 93–94
Vietnam veterans’ concerns,
I: 32–34;
II: 26–27
Vietnam veterans’ increased disease risk,
II: 22–23;
III: 22–23, 272;
IV: 8–9, 12, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305, 311, 318, 323, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 359, 367, 374, 381, 388
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data,
II: 136;
IV: 120, 123, 150
See also Herbicides;
Incineration, of Agent Orange
Agent Orange, the Deadly Fog,
I: 33
Agent Orange Act of 1991. See Public Law 102–4
Agent Orange Briefs,
I: 56;
II: 31;
III: 28
Agent Orange Registry (AOR),
I: 20, 53, 56, 729;
II: 29, 31, 153, 228;
III: 28, 344
See also Department of Veterans Affairs, US (DVA)
Agent Orange Review,
I: 56;
II: 31;
III: 28
Agent Orange Scientific Task Force,
I: 60–61
Agent Orange Study,
I: 19, 57, 58–59, 63–64, 276–278;
II: 102;
III: 147, 148;
IV: 124
Agent Orange Task Force,
II: 24–26;
III: 24–25, 148;
IV: 124
See also Department of Veterans Affairs, (DVA)
Agent Orange Validation Study,
III: 240;
IV: 156, 159, 160, 162, 283, 304, 327, 403;
VI: 139, 190;
VII: 245
Agent Orange Victims International,
I: 34
Agent Orange Working Group,
I: 19, 46, 58, 277, 743
research methodology,
I: 728
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Agent Pink,
I: 27, 90, 92, 114;
III: 136, 137, 140, 146;
IV: 118, 122–123;
VI: 183
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data,
III: 136;
IV: 123
Agent Purple,
I: 27, 89, 92, 114;
III: 136, 140, 146;
IV: 118, 122–123;
VI: 183
Operation Ranch Hand,
IV: 123
TCDD in,
I: 126;
IV: 122
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data,
III: 136
Agent White,
I: 27, 90, 92–93, 97, 115, 189;
III: 136, 137;
IV: 118–119;
V: 36, 40;
VI: 43, 183–185
volume used in Operation Ranch Hand, data,
III: 136
Agricultural/forestry workers,
VI: 119, 124–128;
VII: 156–162, 227–230, 729–739
brain tumors,
I: 320, 523;
II: 136
Canadian Farmer Cohort,
II: 135–136
cancers,
I: 13, 37, 320–323, 443, 447, 454;
II: 133–137, 179
case-control studies,
I: 326–341, 486–488;
II: 118–122, 138–140;
III: 185–195, 228–232;
V: 113–114;
VI: 127–128
cohort studies,
I: 318–323;
II: 118–120, 135–137, 197–198;
III: 178–185, 224–228;
IV: 197–202;
V: 6, 109–113;
VI: 124–127
epidemiologic studies,
I: 37, 318–323;
II: 118–120, 135–137, 232–234, 238–239, 241–243;
III: 178–195, 224–232, 284–285, 335, 364–365, 379–380, 387–388;
IV: 134, 141–142, 145, 257, 260, 263, 265, 271, 285, 290, 296, 306, 312, 318, 324, 333, 338, 349, 353, 360, 368, 374, 381, 401;
V: 3, 143–153, 222–224;
VI: 124–125
female reproductive and breast cancers,
I: 510–511;
IV: 324–325
hepatobiliary cancer,
I: 454;
II: 183–184;
III: 284–285;
IV: 271
herbicide exposure assessment,
I: 265–266;
III: 154–157;
IV: 202
Hodgkin’s disease,
I: 550–553;
II: 135
Irish agricultural workers study,
II: 136–137
kidney cancer,
I: 515
leukemia,
I: 332–335, 566–568;
II: 136;
III: 387–388
malignant lymphoma in,
IV: 201
multiple myelomas,
I: 11–12, 558–561;
II: 138–139, 238–239, 241–243;
III: 379–380
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
I: 9, 256–257, 530–540;
II: 138, 139, 232–234;
III: 364–365;
IV: 359–361
parkinsonism in,
V: 6
prostate cancer,
I: 11, 518, 519, 575;
II: 8–9;
III: 335;
IV: 327–329
reproductive outcomes,
I: 510–511, 598
respiratory cancer,
I: 11, 466;
II: 197–198
soft-tissue sarcomas,
I: 37, 326–328, 479–481, 486–488
sperm dysfunction,
I: 632
suicide,
I: 650
See also Forests;
Professional herbicide/pesticide applicators
Agricultural Health Study (AHS),
IV: 142;
VI: 126, 175;
VII: 156–159, 229, 655
See also Iowa
Agricultural herbicides,
I: 24, 35, 39, 174–175, 181;
II: 137–139
See also Herbicides
Agriculture. See Agricultural/forestry workers;
Food crops;
Forests
Ah receptor (AhR),
I: 3, 123, 134;
II: 3–4, 51–53, 54–56, 57–62;
III: 54–58, 129;
IV: 25–26, 29–30, 42, 47, 50–58, 60, 68, 69, 70–73, 76, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90, 93, 94, 95, 99–100;
V: 24–25, 52–55;
VI: 55–66;
VII: 93
animal studies and,
I: 114, 123;
II: 3–4, 51–53, 54–56, 57–62, 92–93;
III: 33, 34, 35, 54–58, 62–63, 67–69, 129;
IV: 48–49, 61–62, 64–67, 74–75;
VI: 55–57
anti-estrogenicity and,
II: 62;
III: 67–69
biological consequences of activation,
II: 57;
III: 62;
IV: 56–60, 323
blood abnormalities,
I: 125
cacodylic acid acute toxicity,
I: 188
cacodylic acid and mechanism of toxicity,
II: 50–51;
IV: 24
cacodylic acid carcinogenicity,
I: 118, 119, 187;
IV: 5, 387
cacodylic acid chronic exposure,
I: 188–189
cacodylic acid developmental toxicity,
I: 189
cacodylic acid genotoxicity,
I: 187–188
cacodylic acid mechanism of action,
I: 188–189
cacodylic acid pharmokinetics,
I: 186–187
cacodylic acid renal toxicity,
II: 50–51
cacodylic acid reproductive toxicity,
I: 189
cacodylic acid toxicity summary,
II: 50;
III: 48;
IV: 38
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cacodylic acid toxicokinetics,
I: 188–189;
IV: 24, 27, 38
combinatorial interactions,
II: 57–58
DNA binding capability and transcription, activation of,
II: 56–57;
III: 58–61
free radicals and,
II: 60;
III: 64–65
growth/differentiation signaling,
III: 62–63
growth factor and,
II: 59
inconsistencies in,
II: 57–62
interactions,
VI: 58–59
ligand-independent activation,
II: 58
multiple forms of,
II: 57
nervous system and,
I: 161;
V: 470–471
protein and,
VI: 56–58
protein kinases and,
II: 60–62;
III: 65–67;
IV: 69–71
redox signaling,
III: 64–65;
IV: 67–69
signaling interactions,
II: 59–62;
III: 62–69;
IV: 60–61, 64, 71–74
structural and functional aspects of,
II: 54–56;
III: 54–58;
IV: 54–56;
VI: 56–66
TCDD biologic plausibility and,
I: 3, 133–138, 452–453;
IV: 4, 25–26, 29, 42, 47–53, 322, 386
TCDD carcinogenicity and,
I: 118, 439
TCDD hepatotoxicity and,
I: 151, 152, 457;
II: 3–4
TCDD immunotoxicity and,
I: 122, 150
TCDD interactions with,
V: 24–25, 52–54, 309
TCDD reproductive toxicity and,
I: 123
TCDD teratogenicity and,
I: 159–160
transcriptional-independent responses,
II: 58–59
See also ARNT
AHS. See Agricultural Health Study
AIDS/HIV,
I: 338, 527, 541, 695;
II: 326;
IV: 144, 214, 356, 475, 476
Air Force. See US Air Force
Air Force Health Study (AFHS),
I: 62–63, 260, 272, 622;
II: 284, 293–295, 336;
III: 23, 25, 29, 239, 438–439, 495, 505, 514;
IV: 13, 232, 233, 234, 235;
V: 10, 513;
VI: 120, 260, 406, 492;
VII: 173–181, 241–242, 647–649, 763–767
appropriation for,
I: 51
autoimmune disease in,
I: 698
basal/squamous cell skin cancer in,
III: 318, 321, 322;
IV: 309
baseline mortality studies,
II: 151
birth defects in offspring,
II: 286, 293–295;
III: 436, 438, 439;
IV: 402
bone/joint cancer in,
III: 303;
IV: 289
cancer and latency in,
III: 423, 424, 425, 427
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy,
V: 465–466
circulatory disease in,
I: 703–705, 706;
II: 336;
III: 514, 517;
IV: 508–509
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders,
V: 449
data sources,
I: 385–386;
II: 150–151
diabetes mellitus in,
I: 684;
II: 330;
III: 495, 498–500, 502;
IV: 485–487
epidemiological studies,
II: 31, 32, 149, 150–152, 154–156, 293–295;
III: 28–29, 206–207, 218, 237–240, 303, 309–310, 313–314, 318, 321, 322, 339, 340, 385, 436, 438, 439, 446–447, 449, 452–453, 457–458, 481, 486, 495, 498–500, 502, 505, 506, 507, 510, 513, 514, 517;
IV: 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 305–306, 308–311, 313, 327, 329, 331, 334–336, 342, 345, 347, 350, 352, 355, 357, 362, 366, 370, 373, 376, 380, 383
exposure assessment in,
I: 279–280, 281, 386;
II: 4–5, 101, 103, 109;
III: 6, 146–147, 157–158, 162;
IV: 123–124
gastrointestinal ulcers in,
I: 691;
III: 510, 513
immune system disorders in,
I: 696
infertility in,
II: 280;
III: 446–447, 449
laryngeal cancer in,
V: 272
lipid abnormalities in,
I: 689;
II: 333;
III: 505, 506, 507;
IV: 494
liver toxicity in,
II: 332;
III: 510, 513;
IV: 502
low birthweight in,
I: 626, 627;
III: 457–458
melanoma in,
III: 313–314;
IV: 303–304
methodology,
I: 230–231, 385–386, 445, 757–762
multiple myelomas in,
I: 562;
II: 244, 245;
IV: 373
neurological disorders in,
I: 659;
IV: 441–443, 445, 454–455, 459
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in,
I: 541;
IV: 362
participants,
I: 722–723;
II: 150–152
perinatal death in offspring,
III: 452–453
peripheral nervous system disorders in,
I: 665;
IV: 454–455
porphyria cutanea tarda in,
I: 681–682;
II: 321–322;
III: 481
OCR for page 862
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006
V
Valvular heart disease,
VI: 7
VAO. See Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam
Verona, Missouri,
II: 128–129;
III: 219, 220;
IV: 135, 148;
V: 105
Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptors,
II: 333;
III: 503
VES. See Vietnam Experience Study
Veterans. See Foreign veterans;
Vietnam veterans;
Women veterans
Veterans Administration. See Department of Veterans Affairs, US (DVA)
Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam (VAO),
II: 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 35, 45, 63, 65, 71, 89, 90, 91, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 107, 112, 132, 176, 179, 180, 181, 187, 190, 196, 207, 209, 210, 214, 218, 225, 228, 232, 236, 237, 246, 247, 249, 250, 266, 271, 278, 279, 286, 293, 296, 300, 305, 312, 323, 328, 357;
III: 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 32, 43, 85, 124, 125, 126, 132, 150, 157, 169, 220, 221, 223, 286, 303, 311, 320, 359, 389, 390, 416, 434, 435, 519, 522;
IV: 5, 156–159;
V: 1–2, 12–14, 16–18, 20–21, 104;
VI: 2–3, 11, 20, 33–34, 119, 121–124, 126, 129, 133, 135;
VII: 2, 48, 146–150
acute myelogenous leukemia,
VII: 491–493
background,
II: 17–19;
III: 17–23;
IV: 15, 103–104, 110, 132, 137, 249, 268, 351
basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary,
III: 317–318, 321, 323;
IV: 308, 312–313;
V: 295–296;
VII: 366–369
birth defects studies summary,
III: 436–439;
IV: 400–401, 404, 435;
V: 394;
VII: 535–536
bladder cancer studies summary,
II: 225–226;
III: 347–348, 350–351;
IV: 340, 343–345;
V: 329;
VII: 408
bone/joint cancer studies summary,
II: 204;
III: 302, 305;
IV: 288, 290–291;
V: 279;
VII: 392
brain tumor studies summary,
II: 229;
III: 356–357, 360, 361;
IV: 351, 353–355;
V: 339;
VII: 425
breast cancer studies summary,
III: 324–326, 328;
IV: 314–315, 319–320;
V: 301;
VII: 372–373
childhood cancer studies summary,
II: 299;
IV: 418, 429;
VII: 356–357
chloracne studies summary,
II: 318;
III: 479–480;
IV: 465;
V: 478;
VII: 600
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy studies summary,
II: 310;
IV: 454
circulatory disorders studies summary,
II: 335–336;
III: 514;
IV: 506;
V: 503;
VII: 645
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies
summary,
II: 307;
III: 468–469;
IV: 441–442;
V: 448–449;
VII: 568–569
congressional hearings on Agent Orange,
II: 27–28;
III: 25
Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force,
II: 4–26;
III: 24–25
diabetes mellitus studies summary,
II: 330;
III: 496–497;
IV: 482, 487, 488, 490, 492;
V: 486;
VII: 623
endocrine cancers,
VII: 434
endometriosis,
VII: 676
eye cancer,
VII: 421
federal government response to concerns over military use of herbicides in Vietnam,
II: 27–32;
III: 25–30
female reproductive cancers studies summary,
II: 211–212;
III: 330–331, 332, 333;
IV: 321, 324–325;
VII: 383–384
gastrointestinal tract tumors studies
summary,
II: 177–178;
III: 268, 274–281;
IV: 251, 256;
V: 244–245
gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary,
II: 334;
III: 510;
IV: 500;
V: 500;
VII: 641–642
health outcomes conclusions,
II: 19–23;
III: 19–20;
IV: 11, 18–19, 20, 21, 384, 385, 414, 465, 467, 471, 513, 514;
V: 6–9;
VI: 13–18;
VII: 19–20
hepatobiliary cancers studies summary,
III: 282–283, 287–288;
IV: 268, 269;
V: 259–260
herbicide environmental exposure studies,
II: 142–143, 144, 145–146;
III: 197–202, 203–205, 275, 277, 279, 281, 283, 288, 291, 301, 316, 323, 328, 336, 342, 345, 350–351, 354, 369, 382, 392, 437, 454, 455, 456, 459, 479, 520;
IV: 147–149, 261, 264, 266–267, 271–272, 276, 286, 291
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herbicide occupational exposure studies,
II: 114, 115–116, 117–118, 119–120, 121–126;
III: 170–174, 176–178, 180–182, 183–185, 188–196, 274–275, 276–277, 278–279, 280, 282–283, 286, 291, 294, 300–301, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 321, 323, 324–326, 328, 332, 333, 335–336, 345, 350, 354, 360, 367–369, 374–376, 381–382, 391–392, 454, 455, 456, 459, 496, 520;
IV: 137, 139, 140–142, 144–146, 257–261, 263, 265–266, 271, 276, 280, 285, 290
Hodgkin’s disease studies summary,
II: 235;
III: 372, 374–375, 376;
IV: 365, 368;
V: 356;
VII: 458
immune system disorders, studies summary,
II: 327;
III: 488–489;
IV: 477;
V: 484;
VII: 618
impact of report,
II: 24–26;
III: 23–25
infertility studies summary,
II: 280;
III: 445–446, 450;
IV: 406, 409;
VII: 518
laryngeal cancer studies summary,
III: 293, 294;
IV: 277, 280;
V: 268–269;
VII: 326
legislation on Agent Orange,
II: 28–29;
III: 26–27
leukemia studies summary,
II: 245;
III: 385–386, 391–392;
IV: 378–379, 381, 383;
V: 368;
VII: 476
lipid abnormalities studies summary,
II: 333;
III: 504, 520, 521;
IV: 483;
VII: 633
liver toxicity studies summary,
II: 332;
III: 510;
IV: 500;
VII: 641–642
low birthweight studies summary,
III: 456–457, 459;
IV: 399, 400, 412;
V: 423;
VII: 532
lung cancer studies summary,
III: 296, 300–301;
IV: 281, 285–286;
V: 273;
VII: 331
melanoma studies summary,
III: 313–314, 316, 317;
IV: 302, 306;
V: 290;
VII: 355–356
metabolic and digestive disorders, studies summary,
II: 330, 332, 333, 334;
IV: 500;
VII: 641–642
motor/coordination dysfunction studies summary,
II: 309;
III: 469–470;
IV: 443–444
multiple myeloma studies summary,
III: 377–378, 381–382;
IV: 372, 375–376;
V: 362;
VII: 466
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary,
III: 290, 291;
IV: 274;
V: 265, 274;
VII: 267–268
neuroblastoma,
V: 426
next edition of,
VI: 94
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary,
II: 231–232;
III: 362–363, 367–369, 370–371;
IV: 356, 360–363;
V: 344;
VII: 444
parkinsonism,
VII: 571–572
perinatal death studies summary,
II: 285;
III: 451, 454, 455, 456;
IV: 412;
VII: 530
peripheral neuropathy studies summary,
III: 470–471, 473;
IV: 454;
VII: 586–589
porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary,
II: 321–322;
III: 481–482;
IV: 467;
V: 479;
VII: 603
prostate cancer studies summary,
III: 335–336, 341, 342;
IV: 327, 333–335;
V: 317–318;
VII: 389–398
renal cancer studies summary,
II: 224;
III: 352–353, 354, 355;
IV: 346, 349–350;
VII: 415
research recommendations,
II: 23–24;
III: 23;
IV: 21
respiratory disorders studies summary,
II: 324–325;
III: 483;
IV: 471;
V: 481;
VII: 605
sex ratios of offspring,
IV: 429–430;
V: 433
skin cancer studies summary,
III: 312;
IV: 299–314;
VII: 355–356, 366–369
soft-tissue sarcomas studies summary,
II: 205–206;
III: 306–308;
IV: 292, 297–299;
V: 283;
VII: 347
spontaneous abortion studies summary,
II: 283;
IV: 410;
V: 410;
VII: 525–526
summary of,
II: 37–42
testicular cancer,
VII: 402
toxicology, overview,
III: 36;
IV: 22, 38, 41;
V: 30–31;
VI: 33
Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the Children of Vietnam Veterans,
V: 2, 13, 14, 16–17, 21;
VI: 2, 12, 16;
VII: 19–20
Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicides/Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes,
IV: 1, 10–11, 16, 104;
V: 2, 12–13, 16, 486–487;
VI: 2, 12, 15, 135;
VII: 19–20
OCR for page 864
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Veterans and Agent Orange: Length of Presumptive Period for Association Between Exposure and Respiratory Cancer,
VI: 12, 27, 135;
VII: 19–20
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1996,
III: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 32, 37, 43, 44, 50, 85, 106, 109, 125, 126, 132, 150, 157, 159, 169, 220, 221, 222, 223, 266, 286, 295, 298, 303, 309, 311, 319, 320, 339, 349, 359, 389, 390, 416, 417–418, 424, 426, 428, 434, 435, 444, 458, 519, 522, 533;
IV: 1;
V: 2, 12–14, 16–18;
VI: 2, 11, 33–34, 121–129, 133, 135;
VII: 2
background,
III: 17–23;
IV: 15–21, 110, 132, 137, 247, 251
basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary,
III: 317–318, 321, 323;
IV: 308–314;
V: 295–296
birth defects studies summary,
III: 436–439;
IV: 400–401, 435;
V: 394
bladder cancer studies summary,
III: 347–348, 350;
IV: 330–345;
V: 329
bone/joint cancer studies summary,
III: 302, 305;
IV: 287–291;
V: 279
brain tumor studies summary,
III: 356–357, 360, 361;
IV: 350–355;
V: 339
breast cancer studies summary,
III: 324–326, 327, 328;
IV: 314–320;
V: 301
childhood cancers,
IV: 418
chloracne studies summary,
III: 479–480;
IV: 465;
V: 478
circulatory disorders studies summary,
III: 514;
IV: 506;
V: 503
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary,
III: 468–469;
IV: 441–442;
V: 448–449
congressional hearings on Agent Orange,
III: 25
Department of Veterans Affairs Task Force,
III: 24–25
diabetes mellitus studies summary,
III: 496;
IV: 482–483, 490;
V: 486
federal government response to concerns over military use of herbicides in Vietnam,
III: 25–30
female reproductive system cancers studies summary,
III: 330–331, 332, 333;
IV: 321–326;
V: 310
gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary,
III: 268, 274–281;
IV: 257–264;
V: 244–245
gastrointestinal ulcers studies summary,
III: 510;
IV: 500;
V: 500
health outcomes conclusions,
III: 19–20;
VI: 13–18;
VII: 19–20
hepatobiliary cancers studies summary,
III: 282–283, 287–288;
IV: 267–272;
V: 259–260
herbicide environmental exposure studies,
III: 197, 201, 203, 275, 277, 279, 283, 288, 323, 328, 336, 342, 345, 354, 369, 375, 382, 392;
IV: 147, 149
herbicide occupational exposure studies,
III: 170, 172, 174, 175–176, 179, 183, 186–187, 274, 276, 278, 280, 282–283, 286, 291, 294, 300, 305, 316, 317, 321, 324–326, 328, 332, 333, 335–336, 345, 350, 354, 360, 367, 374, 381, 391, 496;
IV: 135–137, 140–142, 144
Hodgkin’s disease studies summary,
III: 373, 374, 375, 376;
IV: 364–371;
V: 356
impact of report,
III: 23–25
infertility studies summary,
III: 445–446;
IV: 406–408
laryngeal cancer studies summary,
III: 293, 294;
IV: 277–281;
V: 268–269
legislation on Agent Orange,
III: 26–27
leukemia studies summary,
III: 385–386, 391, 392;
IV: 377–383;
V: 368
lipid abnormalities studies summary,
III: 504;
IV: 493
liver disorders studies summary,
III: 510;
IV: 500
low birthweight studies summary,
III: 456–457;
IV: 412;
V: 423
lung cancer studies summary,
III: 296, 298, 300;
IV: 281–287;
V: 273
melanoma studies summary,
III: 313–314, 316, 317;
IV: 302–308;
V: 290
motor/coordination dysfunction studies summary,
III: 469–470;
IV: 444
multiple myeloma studies summary,
III: 377–378, 381, 382;
IV: 371–377;
V: 362
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary,
III: 290, 291;
IV: 273–276;
V: 265
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary,
III: 362–363, 367, 369, 370;
IV: 355–364;
V: 344
pancreatic cancer,
IV: 264–267
perinatal death studies summary,
III: 451;
IV: 412
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Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006
peripheral neuropathy studies summary,
III: 470–471, 473;
IV: 18
porphyria cutanea tarda studies summary,
III: 481–482;
IV: 467;
V: 479
prostate cancer studies summary,
III: 335–336, 341, 342;
IV: 326–335;
V: 317–318
renal cancers studies summary,
III: 352–353, 354, 355;
IV: 345–350
research recommendations,
III: 23
respiratory disorders studies summary,
III: 483;
IV: 471–472;
V: 481
sex ratios of offspring,
IV: 429–430;
V: 433
skin cancer,
IV: 299–301
soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary,
III: 306–308;
IV: 291–299;
V: 283
testicular cancer studies summary,
III: 343–344, 345;
IV: 335–339;
V: 325
toxicology, overview,
III: 36;
IV: 22;
V: 30–31;
VI: 33
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 1998,
V: 2, 12–14, 16–18;
VI: 2, 11, 33–34, 121–129, 133, 135;
VII: 2
Australian Veterans,
IV: 159
background of,
IV: 1, 3, 8–10, 110, 132, 247, 251, 399–400
basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary,
IV: 308–314;
V: 295–296
birth defects studies summary,
IV: 400–401, 435;
V: 394
bladder cancer studies summary,
IV: 330–345;
V: 329
bone/joint cancer studies summary,
IV: 287–291;
V: 279
brain tumor studies summary,
IV: 350–355;
V: 339
breast cancer studies summary,
IV: 314–320;
V: 301
childhood cancers,
IV: 418, 426
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary,
V: 448–449
Department of Veterans Affairs and,
IV: 157–158
environmental exposure,
IV: 148–149
epidemiology,
IV: 257
female reproductive system cancers studies summary,
IV: 321–326;
V: 310
gastrointestinal tract tumors studies
summary,
IV: 257–264;
V: 244–245
health outcomes conclusions;
VI: 13–18;
VII: 19–20
hepatobiliary cancers studies summary,
IV: 267–272;
V: 259–260
Hodgkin’s disease studies summary,
IV: 364–371;
V: 356
infertility studies summary,
IV: 406–408
laryngeal cancer studies summary,
IV: 277–281;
V: 268–269
leukemia studies summary,
IV: 377–383;
V: 368
low birthweight studies summary,
IV: 412;
V: 423
lung cancer studies summary,
IV: 281–287;
V: 273
melanoma studies summary,
IV: 302–308;
V: 290
mortality in,
IV: 254
multiple myeloma studies summary,
IV: 371–377;
V: 362
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary,
IV: 273–276;
V: 265
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary,
IV: 355–364;
V: 344
occupational exposure,
IV: 135–137, 139–142, 144
Operation Ranch Hand,
IV: 150, 152
pancreatic cancer,
IV: 264–267
prostate cancer studies summary,
IV: 326–335;
V: 317–318
quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models,
V: 27
renal cancers studies summary,
IV: 345–350
sex ratios of offspring,
IV: 429–430;
V: 433
skin cancer,
IV: 299–301
soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary,
IV: 291–299;
V: 283
spontaneous abortion,
IV: 408–412;
V: 410
testicular cancer studies summary,
IV: 335–339;
V: 325
toxicology overview,
IV: 22;
V: 30–31;
VI: 33
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000,
V: 2, 12–18, 21, 103;
VI: 2, 11, 21, 33–34, 58, 121–126, 129;
VII: 2
amyloidoisis,
VII: 473
basal/squamous cell skin cancer studies summary,
IV: 308–314;
V: 295–296
birth defects studies summary,
V: 394
bladder cancer studies summary,
V: 329
bone/joint cancer studies summary,
V: 279
brain tumor studies summary,
V: 339
OCR for page 866
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breast cancer studies summary,
IV: 314–320;
V: 301
carcinogenicity,
V: 37
cell stress responses,
V: 34
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders studies summary,
V: 449–450
developmental toxicity,
V: 35–36
disease outcomes,
V: 34–37
energy metabolism,
V: 33–34
female reproductive system cancers studies summary,
V: 310
gastrointestinal tract tumors studies summary,
V: 244–245
genotoxic effects,
V: 33
health outcomes conclusions,
VI: 13–18;
VII: 19–20
Hodgkin’s disease studies summary,
V: 356
immunotoxicity,
V: 37
laryngeal cancer studies summary,
V: 268–269
leukemia studies summary,
V: 368
lung cancer studies summary,
V: 273
mechanisms of toxic action,
V: 33–34
melanoma studies summary,
V: 290
mitochondrial function,
V: 33–34
multiple myeloma studies summary,
V: 362
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer studies summary,
V: 265
neuroblastoma,
V: 426
neurotoxicity,
V: 35
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma studies summary,
V: 344
parkinsonism,
V: 453, 460
prostate cancer studies summary,
IV: 326–335;
V: 317–318
reproductive toxicity,
V: 35–36
respiratory disorders studies summary,
V: 481
sex ratios of offspring,
V: 433
soft-tissue sarcoma studies summary,
V: 283
testicular cancer studies summary,
V: 325
thyroid hormones,
V: 34
toxicology overview,
V: 30–31
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2002,
VI: 2, 5–7, 11, 33–37, 43, 51, 55, 58–60, 66–73, 83–84, 88–92, 118, 121–126, 129–130, 135;
VII: 2, 580–581
health outcomes conclusions,
VI: 11–18;
VII: 19–20, 487, 580–581
toxicology overviews,
VI: 33, 37
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004,
VII: 2, 19–22, 580–581
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006,
VII: 30–34, 40–41, 139–208
herbicide environmental exposure studies,
VII: 141–143, 145–146, 148
herbicide occupational exposure studies,
VII: 141, 144–145, 147
Veterans’ benefits. See Compensation, veterans
Veterans’ compensation. See Compensation, veterans
Veterans’ Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act of 1984. See Public Law 98-542
Veterans’ Education and Benefits Expansion Act of 2001. See Public Law 107-103
Veterans’ Health Care, Training, and Small Business Loan Act of 1981. See Public Law 97-72
Veterans’ Health Care Eligibility Reform Act of 1996. See Public Law 104-262
Veterans’ Health Programs Extension and Improvement Act of 1979,
III: 240
Veterans’ service organizations,
VI: 20
Vibrotactile abnormalities,
V: 466, 468
Vietnam,
III: 533;
VI: 134, 181–182;
VII: 170–171, 172–186
herbicide latency issues, methodology,
II: 13;
III: 12–14
herbicide targeting in,
I: 99–106;
IV: 116–117
herbicide use in, concerns about,
I: 29–32, 45;
II: 1, 2, 4, 11, 17, 18, 26;
III: 1, 2, 5, 12, 13, 17, 18, 25;
V: 3, 30–31, 229–232
research in,
I: 30–31
troop movements in,
I: 52–53, 96, 287
US casualties in,
I: 82–83
US involvement,
I: 75–76, 84
US military herbicide use in,
I: 1, 3, 24, 27, 84–85, 89–93, 94–96, 98–107, 286;
II: 17, 18, 26, 27–32;
III: 135–142;
V: 116–117;
VI: 120
See also Ca Mau peninsula;
Con Thieu province, Vietnam;
Hanoi, Vietnam;
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
Khe Sanh-Thonh Son Lam area;
Mekong Delta;
Rung Sat Special Zone;
Vietnamese
Vietnam Experience Study (VES),
III: 26, 240, 512;
VI: 139, 186;
VII: 651
birth defects in offspring,
II: 288, 289, 290;
III: 436, 438, 439, 445
OCR for page 867
Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006
cancer mortality in,
I: 444–445
childhood cancer in,
I: 629;
II: 300
chloracne in,
I: 677
circulatory disorders in,
I: 702
exposure assessment use,
II: 101;
III: 146
hepatobiliary cancers,
II: 185;
III: 283
Hodgkin’s disease in,
I: 556
immune system disorders in,
I: 696
infertility in,
II: 280
liver cancer in,
I: 455
low birthweight outcomes in,
I: 626
lung cancer in,
I: 469
methodology,
I: 57–58, 281, 284, 389–391
multiple myeloma,
II: 244
neonatal death in,
I: 622
neurologic/neuropsychiatric outcomes in,
I: 656
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in,
I: 542–543
origins,
I: 50
reproductive outcomes in,
I: 601, 609, 610–611, 626, 632
respiratory cancer in,
II: 201
respiratory disorders in,
I: 710–711
spina bifida in offspring,
II: 9;
IV: 8
Vietnam herbicides used by military,
II: 26–27;
VI: 182–186
Vietnam Veteran Agent Orange Health Study,
I: 741
Vietnam veterans,
I: 1;
II: 2;
V: 20–21;
VI: 2, 5, 10, 491–493;
VII: 148–149, 763–777
acute and subacute transient peripheral neuropathy,
II: 313;
III: 473;
IV: 6, 459
acute myelogenous leukemia,
VII: 493–494
advocacy groups,
I: 60–61
Air Force research activities,
II: 31–32;
III: 28–29;
IV: 13, 42–43, 150–156, 160–161
altered sperm parameters in,
I: 632, 634;
III: 445, 446, 450;
IV: 7
amyloidosis,
IV: 7;
V: 507;
VI: 473
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
VI: 422
Australian,
I: 61, 91, 406, 418, 444, 470, 496–497, 546, 614–615, 633, 702, 710;
II: 113, 149, 160, 202, 293;
III: 9, 216–217, 218, 237, 244–245, 273, 285–286, 290, 294, 295, 298, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314, 315, 327, 329, 339, 340, 343, 346, 349, 353, 355, 359, 365, 380, 389, 413, 424, 425, 469, 486, 489, 500, 506, 512–513, 517;
IV: 9, 10, 159–160, 322–333, 402, 421–422;
VI: 141;
VII: 775–777
autoimmune disease in,
I: 698, 699
basal/squamous cell skin cancer in,
III: 323;
IV: 309–310;
V: 298, 300;
VI: 265;
VII: 369–370
birth defects in children of,
I: 609–615, 618;
II: 288–296, 298, 300;
III: 435, 436, 437–438;
IV: 7, 402;
V: 402–403;
VI: 365;
VII: 539–541, 543
bladder cancer in,
I: 517;
II: 223–224;
III: 349, 351;
IV: 7, 342;
V: 332, 333;
VI: 292;
VII: 411–413
bone/joint cancer in,
I: 473, 474–475;
II: 204;
III: 303, 305;
IV: 7, 289;
V: 281;
VI: 245;
VII: 344–345
brain tumors in,
I: 522, 523, 525;
III: 358–359, 361;
IV: 7, 352;
V: 342, 343;
VI: 302;
VII: 429–432
breast cancer in,
II: 213, 217, 218;
III: 326, 328, 329;
IV: 7, 316;
V: 304, 309;
VI: 270;
VII: 376–377, 379
cancer expected incidence,
I: 439–440, 442, 446, 452, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564;
II: 176–177;
III: 266–267, 430–431;
IV: 249–250
cancer in children of,
I: 629, 630–631;
II: 299;
IV: 7, 420–422;
V: 430–431;
VII: 550–552
cancer mortality,
I: 444–445
cancer studies,
I: 391–393, 401, 402–403, 405, 436–438;
II: 176–177;
III: 266–267, 430–431;
VII: 149
cancers of the digestive organs,
VII: 286
cancers of the eye and orbit,
VII: 422–423
cardiovascular findings,
VII: 148
chloracne in,
I: 677–679;
II: 317, 318, 321;
III: 479–480;
IV: 6, 135, 485;
V: 479;
VI: 438
chronic lymphocytic leukemia,
VII: 489
chronic persistent peripheral neuropathy in,
II: 311;
IV: 7, 456
circulatory disorders in,
I: 702–705;
II: 336;
III: 516–518;
IV: 7, 508–509;
VI: 471;
VII: 646–654, 666–669
class action suit,
I: 34–35
cognitive/neuropsychiatric disorders in,
II: 318;
III: 469;
IV: 7, 443;
V: 449–451
colon cancer in,
V: 252;
VII: 303–304
colorectal cancer,
VII: 309
compensation for,
I: 34–35, 47, 50–51, 55–56;
II: 28–29, 30–31;
III: 26–27, 28
congressional responses to concerns of,
I: 46–52;
II: 27–29;
III: 25–28
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defining,
I: 78
demographics,
I: 79, 80–84
developmental toxicity,
II: 72
diabetes mellitus in,
I: 684, 685, 698;
II: 330;
III: 495, 497, 498, 500, 502;
IV: 6, 485–487;
V: 489–490, 491;
VI: 450–455;
VII: 148–149, 626–630
disabilities discharges,
I: 32
disease increased risk for,
I: 14–15, 221, 225–226, 247–248, 578;
II: 14, 22–23, 88, 89, 91, 218, 223, 251, 276, 298, 300–301, 314, 321, 323;
III: 14–15, 22–23, 124, 127–128, 329, 334, 343, 397, 430–431, 444, 462, 475–476, 491, 503, 507–508, 525;
IV: 12, 256, 270, 275, 279, 284, 290, 296, 305–306, 311, 318, 323–324, 332, 338, 343, 348, 353, 359, 367, 374, 381, 403, 407, 411–412, 413, 417, 426, 466, 468, 475, 489, 495, 505, 510, 513;
V: 246, 264, 268, 272, 278, 282, 287, 295, 300, 309, 316, 324, 328, 333, 338, 343, 355, 361, 366, 372, 376, 405, 409, 420–421, 422, 425, 432, 441, 472, 479, 480, 483, 485, 492, 498, 502, 506, 510, 518–519;
VI: 221, 226, 230, 234, 241, 245, 251, 261, 265, 270, 275, 283, 284, 292, 296, 302, 312, 319, 325, 333, 337, 341, 365, 372, 378, 379, 383, 398, 410, 420, 422, 429, 430–431, 438, 440, 443, 448, 456, 463, 466, 471, 473, 478, 481
distribution by branch of service,
I: 81
endocrine cancers,
VII: 437, 441–442
endometriosis in,
VI: 478
Environmental Protection Agency research activities,
II: 32;
III: 29–30
epidemiologic studies,
I: 50, 57–59, 62–63, 384–418;
II: 3, 6–7, 28, 113, 149–161;
III: 26, 206–217, 236–245, 272–273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281, 283, 285–286, 288, 290, 291, 294–295, 298, 301, 303, 305, 309–310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 333, 336, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343–344, 345–346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 358–359, 361, 363, 365, 370–371, 372, 373, 376, 380, 382, 385, 386, 389, 392, 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459, 467, 468, 469, 470, 473, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485–486, 489, 491, 495, 497, 498, 500, 502, 505–506, 512–513, 516–518, 521;
IV: 150–160, 255, 269, 275, 278, 283, 294–295, 303–304, 309–310, 316, 322–323, 329, 336–337, 342, 347, 357–358, 366–367, 373, 380, 402, 411, 420–422, 474, 485–487, 494, 502–504, 508–509;
V: 177–193;
VI: 132–133, 551–568;
VII: 240–247
esophageal cancer,
VII: 290
exposure assessment,
I: 234–235;
VI: 17–18, 186–191
federal government activities/research on military use of herbicides,
II: 27–32;
III: 25–30
female reproductive system cancers in,
I: 505, 511–512, 577;
II: 211, 212;
III: 333;
IV: 7, 322–323;
V: 311, 312, 313, 314–315;
VI: 275
gastrointestinal disorders in,
I: 691, 692;
III: 512–513;
IV: 502–504;
V: 502;
VI: 466
gastrointestinal tract cancers in,
I: 446;
II: 177, 180–181;
IV: 7, 255;
V: 245–246;
VI: 220
genitourinary tract cancers in,
I: 513, 518, 522;
II: 223–224;
III: 272–273, 275, 277–278, 279, 281;
IV: 7, 342
health care of,
II: 28, 29;
III: 26, 27
health concerns of,
I: 1, 32–34, 46–47;
II: 17–24, 26–27;
III: 17–30
hepatic enzyme disorders in,
I: 687
hepatobiliary cancers in,
I: 455, 457;
II: 181, 185, 187;
III: 283, 285–286, 288;
IV: 7, 269;
V: 264;
VI: 226;
VII: 316–317
herbicide exposure assessment issues,
II: 4–5, 14, 17–24, 26–27;
III: 2, 5–6, 142, 143, 146–150;
IV: 122–127;
V: 28
herbicide exposure assessment strategies for,
I: 270–284;
II: 99–109;
III: 144–145
Hodgkin’s disease in,
I: 526, 554–556, 557;
II: 235, 236;
III: 372, 373, 376;
IV: 6, 366–367;
V: 359–360, 361;
VI: 319;
VII: 462–465
immune modulation in,
I: 695–696, 699;
III: 489, 491
immune system disorders,
VI: 448;
VII: 619
individual exposures,
VI: 18
infertility,
I: 632, 633, 634;
II: 280;
III: 445, 446, 450;
IV: 7;
VI: 372;
VII: 521, 523
International Agency for Research on Cancer research activities,
III: 30
kidney cancer in,
VI: 286;
VII: 418–420
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laryngeal cancer in,
III: 294–295;
IV: 6, 9, 278;
V: 272;
VI: 234;
VII: 328–329
latency relevance for assessing herbicides effect on cancer risk in,
II: 276;
III: 12–13, 430–431
legislation concerning herbicide exposure and health of,
II: 28–29;
III: 26–27
leukemia in,
I: 13, 564, 570, 571–572;
II: 245, 246;
III: 385, 386, 389, 392;
IV: 7, 380;
V: 371;
VI: 333, 337;
VII: 482–484
lip cancer,
VII: 278
lipid abnormalities in,
I: 689, 692;
II: 333;
III: 505–506, 521;
IV: 7, 494;
VI: 463;
VII: 148, 635–637
liver toxicity in,
II: 332;
III: 512–513;
IV: 502–504;
VII: 643
low birthweight outcomes for,
I: 626, 628;
III: 457, 459;
IV: 7;
V: 423–424, 425;
VI: 383;
VII: 534
lung cancer in,
III: 298, 301;
IV: 6, 283;
V: 278;
VI: 240;
VII: 336–340
melanoma in,
III: 316, 317;
IV: 303–304;
V: 288, 289, 292, 293–294;
VI: 256–259;
VII: 359–363
military experiences,
I: 75, 82, 272, 286, 399
mortality,
VII: 149
motor/coordination dysfunction in,
I: 659–660, 662;
II: 309, 310;
III: 469, 470;
IV: 7, 448
multiple myeloma in,
I: 526, 562, 563;
II: 244;
III: 380, 382;
IV: 6, 10, 373;
V: 365;
VI: 325;
VII: 469–472
nasal/nasopharyngeal cancer in,
I: 459, 460;
II: 189;
III: 290, 291;
IV: 7, 275;
V: 268;
VI: 229–230;
VII: 272–275
National Personnel Records Center listing,
I: 17
neural tube defects in offspring, numbers,
II: 297;
IV: 7, 18, 404–405;
V: 16
neurobehavioral disorders in,
II: 305, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314;
III: 467, 468;
IV: 457–459;
V: 472;
VI: 410
neuropsychiatric outcomes,
I: 653–656, 658;
II: 308;
III: 469;
IV: 443;
VI: 430–431
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in,
I: 526, 541–548, 549;
II: 234;
III: 363, 365, 370–371;
IV: 6, 357–358;
V: 348–350, 354, 355;
VI: 312;
VII: 451–453, 456
number of,
I: 3, 4, 74, 75–80
outreach activities,
II: 31;
III: 28
(See also Air Force Health Study [AFHS];
Compensation, veterans;
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Operation Ranch Hand;
Risk assessment)
ovarian cancer,
VII: 388
pancreatic cancer in,
V: 258–259;
VII: 321–324
parkinsonism in,
II: 309–310;
VI: 420
perinatal deaths in offspring,
II: 285;
III: 454, 455, 456;
IV: 7;
VI: 379
peripheral nervous system disorders in,
I: 665, 666;
II: 311, 313;
III: 473, 475;
IV: 6, 7, 456;
VI: 429
porphyria cutanea tarda in,
I: 681, 682–683;
II: 321–322, 323;
III: 481, 482;
IV: 6, 8;
V: 480;
VI: 440
prostate cancer in,
I: 513, 518, 519, 522;
II: 9, 217–218, 221, 223;
III: 336, 338, 339, 340, 342;
IV: 6, 8, 10, 329;
V: 321, 322;
VI: 281, 283;
VII: 143, 148, 393–395, 399–401
records-based exposure assessment,
I: 271–280;
IV: 121–126
records identification,
II: 24–25
rectal cancer in,
V: 256;
VII: 307–308
renal cancers in,
III: 352, 353, 355;
IV: 7, 347;
VI: 296
reproductive outcomes,
I: 405–406, 418, 601–603, 609–615, 618, 620–622, 625;
II: 71, 278, 300–301;
III: 435, 436, 437–438, 445, 446, 450, 454, 455, 456, 457, 459;
IV: 7, 402;
VI: 398
research recommendations,
II: 23–25;
III: 23;
V: 523–525
respiratory cancers in,
I: 469–470, 472;
II: 190, 201–202, 203;
IV: 6, 283
respiratory disorders in,
I: 710–712, 713–714;
III: 485–486;
IV: 7, 474;
V: 483;
VI: 443;
VII: 610–615
risk assessment for,
I: 14–15, 221, 225–226, 247–248, 578;
II: 14, 22–23, 89, 91, 251, 276, 298, 300–301, 314, 321, 323, 349–357;
III: 14–15, 22–23, 124, 127–128, 430–431;
IV: 20, 105–108;
V: 7, 9–10, 23;
VI: 9–10, 221
serum testing,
I: 20–21
skin cancer in,
I: 501, 505;
II: 209;
III: 312;
IV: 7, 301;
VI: 256–259, 265;
VII: 359–363
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soft-tissue sarcoma in,
I: 475, 492–498, 500;
II: 205, 208;
III: 309–310;
IV: 6, 294–295;
V: 286–287;
VI: 251;
VII: 351–353
South Koreans,
I: 61–62;
VI: 1, 6–7, 188–189
spina bifida in offspring,
II: 9–10, 296, 298, 301;
III: 7, 8, 9–10, 21, 24–25, 437–438;
IV: 7, 10, 18, 402
spontaneous abortions in,
I: 601–603, 605;
II: 283;
IV: 7, 411;
V: 420–421;
VI: 378;
VII: 528–529
state-sponsored studies of,
II: 152–153, 158–159, 161, 202, 292;
III: 213–215, 243–244;
IV: 158–159
stomach cancer in,
V: 249;
VII: 295–298
suicide incidence,
I: 655–656
testicular cancer in,
II: 153;
III: 343–344, 345–346;
IV: 7, 336–337;
V: 326–327;
VI: 284;
VII: 404–406
thyroid homeostasis,
VI: 481;
VII: 683–684
tongue cancer,
VII: 280
twin studies,
I: 398–399, 406, 703, 711
uterine cancer,
VII: 386–387
Vietnamese veterans, Vietnamese studies of,
III: 245
women,
I: 50, 83–84;
II: 152–153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213, 216–217, 218, 223, 226, 228, 229, 231, 245, 278, 280;
III: 326–329, 333, 434–435;
IV: 316
Vietnam veterans’ exposure studies,
II: 154, 156–157, 158–159;
III: 206–209, 210–217, 275, 278, 279, 281, 283, 288, 291, 305, 310, 312, 316, 317, 323, 326, 328, 336, 342, 345–346, 351, 355, 370–371, 376, 382, 437–438, 450, 454, 455, 456, 459, 497, 521;
IV: 150, 156–158, 262, 264, 272–273, 276–277;
V: 118–127, 232–235;
VI: 134–142, 181–187
Vietnam veterans’ increased disease risk,
II: 22–23;
III: 22–23
Vietnam Veterans of America,
I: 60
Vietnamese
birth defects and herbicide exposure,
II: 287–288;
V: 394, 400
cancer in,
II: 148;
III: 283
epidemiologic studies,
I: 599–601;
II: 113, 144–145, 148, 184, 287–288;
III: 202, 234, 283;
V: 172–173
herbicide environmental exposure,
II: 144–145, 148, 287–288;
III: 283;
VII: 236–237, 757–758
herbicide exposure assessment,
I: 269, 370–372;
II: 4–5, 108–109;
III: 156–157;
IV: 116–117;
V: 3, 229
herbicide exposure indices development,
II: 107–108
reproductive outcomes,
I: 599–601, 608–609;
IV: 148–149
research recommendations,
I: 731;
V: 11, 526;
VI: 10, 491–493;
VII: 703
scientists in, studies of Vietnamese veterans,
III: 245;
VI: 493
Vietnamese Veterans,
IV: 160;
VII: 186
Viral infection
immune system response,
I: 692–693
TCDD-enhanced susceptibility,
I: 149
teratogenic potential,
I: 607
See also Immune system disorders
Vitamin A,
I: 174
VLDL. See Very low density lipoprotein receptors
W
WAIS. See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales
Wales. See United Kingdom
Walking abnormalities. See Motor/coordination dysfunction
War Research Service,
I: 25
Washington, D.C.,
II: 343;
III: 533;
V: 5, 400
Washington state,
I: 336–338, 341, 487–488, 535;
II: 149, 241;
III: 229, 230, 232, 234;
IV: 149, 215;
V: 117;
VI: 129, 133
Waste incineration workers,
V: 6;
VII: 226–227
Wasting syndrome, TCDD-induced,
I: 162–166;
II: 76–77;
III: 80–83;
IV: 25, 31, 57, 76;
V: 56;
VI: 67–68;
VII: 88–89
Weakness. See Motor/coordination dysfunction
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS),
I: 641;
V: 450–451
Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS),
V: 450–451
West Germany,
II: 328–329;
III: 223, 337, 379, 387, 483, 506, 511, 515
West Virginia,
I: 60, 404, 470, 496, 546, 621, 662–663, 686, 689, 700;
II: 202;
III: 243;
IV: 364, 371;
VII: 184
See also Nitro, West Virginia
Western Europe,
II: 268;
III: 510
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WHO. See World Health Organization
Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT),
V: 450–452
Wilm’s tumor,
I: 594;
V: 334;
VI: 292
See also Children, cancer in;
Kidney cancer
Wisconsin,
I: 37, 60, 336, 404–405, 445, 455, 470, 496, 517, 523, 534, 546, 556, 560, 702, 710;
II: 185, 202, 226, 229, 239, 241;
III: 229, 243, 283, 313, 348;
IV: 259, 262, 264, 267, 272, 291, 299, 301, 335, 339, 345, 350, 355, 361, 363–364, 371, 375;
VII: 184, 652
WMS. See Wechsler Memory Scale
Women. See Breast cancer;
Cervical cancers;
Demographic data, Vietnam veterans;
Gender;
Ovarian cancer;
Reproductive disorders;
Reproductive system cancers, women;
Uterine cancer
Women veterans,
I: 79;
II: 30
breast cancer estimated risk,
II: 218;
III: 329;
IV: 318;
V: 301
breast cancer expected incidence,
I: 440, 461, 501, 505, 513, 522, 526, 564;
II: 213;
IV: 314;
V: 301
breast cancer in,
II: 213, 216–217;
III: 322, 324–328, 329;
IV: 314–320;
V: 300–301
circulatory disease in,
I: 702
epidemiologic studies,
I: 50, 81;
II: 28, 152–153, 180, 181, 190, 201, 204, 205, 209, 211, 212, 213–217, 218, 219–223, 226, 228, 229, 231, 245, 278, 280;
III: 324–328, 333;
IV: 314–320
mortality studies,
I: 394–395, 470, 545;
II: 152–153, 180, 201
reproductive outcomes,
III: 434–435;
IV: 399–400;
V: 5
reproductive system cancers in,
II: 211, 212;
III: 333;
IV: 320–326;
V: 314–316
research recommendations,
I: 728
spontaneous abortions,
VII: 528–529
statistics,
I: 83–84
See also Reproductive system cancers, women
Women Veterans Health Programs Act of 1992.
See Public Law 102–585
World Health Organization (WHO),
II: 282;
III: 30, 454, 492;
IV: 413, 415;
V: 372, 422;
VI: 37, 334, 379
TEF factors,
V: 26–27
World War II,
I: 25, 32, 82;
II: 150, 268;
III: 237, 420;
VI: 135
WRAT. See Wide Range Achievement Test
X
Xenobiotic responsive elements (XREs),
II: 56, 57, 58, 71;
III: 66, 67, 104
Y
Yorkshire, England,
III: 234;
IV: 149;
V: 117
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