CANCER CARE FOR THE WHOLE PATIENT
MEETING PSYCHOSOCIAL HEALTH NEEDS
Nancy E. Adler and Ann E. K. Page, Editors
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cancer care for the whole patient : meeting psychosocial health needs / Committee on Psychosocial Services to Cancer Patients / Families in a Community Setting, Board on Health Care Services ; Nancy E. Adler and Ann E.K. Page, editors.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-309-11107-2 (hardcover)
1. Cancer—Patients—Care—United States. 2. Cancer—Patients—Services for—United States. 3. Cancer—Social aspects—United States. I. Adler, Nancy E. II. Page, Ann (Ann E. K.) III. National Institute of Medicine (U. S.) Committee on Psychosocial Services to Cancer Patients / Families in a Community Setting.
[DNLM: 1. Neoplasms--psychology. 2. Neoplasms—therapy. 3. Counseling—methods. 4. Needs Assessment. 5. Psychology, Medical—methods. 6. Stress, Psychological—complications. QZ 200 C2151208 2008]
RA645.C3C332 2008
362.196′994—dc22
2008000292
For more information about the Institute of Medicine, visit the IOM home page at: www.iom.edu.
Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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Suggested citation: Institute of Medicine (IOM). 2008. Cancer care for the whole patient: Meeting psychosocial health needs. Nancy E. Adler and Ann E. K. Page, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL SERVICES TO CANCER PATIENTS/FAMILIES IN A COMMUNITY SETTING
NANCY E. ADLER (Chair), Professor of Medical Psychology and Vice-Chair,
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
RHONDA J. ROBINSON-BEALE, Chief Medical Officer,
United Behavioral Health, Van Nuys, California
DIANE S. BLUM, Executive Director,
CancerCare Inc., New York
PATRICIA A. GANZ, Professor,
UCLA Schools of Medicine and Public Health and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles
SHERRY GLIED, Professor and Chair,
Department of Health Policy and Management, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York
JESSIE GRUMAN, President,
Center for the Advancement of Health, Washington, DC
MICHAEL HOGE, Professor of Psychology (in Psychiatry),
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
JIMMIE C. HOLLAND, Wayne E. Chapman Chair in Psychiatric Oncology,
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York
MELISSA M. HUDSON, Director,
After Completion of Therapy Clinic, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis
SHERRIE KAPLAN, Associate Dean for Clinical Policy and Health Services Research,
University of California at Irvine School of Medicine
ALICIA K. MATTHEWS, Associate Professor,
University of Illinois, Chicago
RUTH MCCORKLE, Florence S. Wald Professor of Nursing and Director,
Center for Excellence in Chronic Illness Care, Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven
HAROLD ALAN PINCUS, Vice Chair,
Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and
Director of Quality and Outcomes Research,
New York-Presbyterian Hospital
LEE S. SCHWARTZBERG, Medical Director,
The West Clinic, Memphis
EDWARD H. WAGNER, Director,
Group Health Cooperative W.A. McColl Institute for Healthcare Innovation Center for Health Studies, Seattle
TERRIE WETLE, Associate Dean of Medicine for Public Health and Public Policy,
Brown Medical School, Providence
Study Staff
ANN E. K. PAGE, Study Director and Senior Program Officer,
Board on Health Care Services
JASON F. LEE, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow (9/06–12/06)
RYAN PALUGOD, Research Assistant
WILLIAM MCLEOD, Senior Research Librarian
EVALYNE BRYANT-WARD, Financial Associate
Health Care Services Board
MICHELE ORZA, Acting Director
CLYDE BEHNEY, Acting Director (5/06–12/06)
DANITZA VALDIVIA, Administrative Assistant
Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
TERRY BADGER, College of Nursing, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
BRUCE COMPAS, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
RONALD EPSTEIN, Rochester Center to Improve Communication in Health Care, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
STEWART FLEISHMAN, Cancer Supportive Services, Continuum Cancer Centers of New York: Beth Israel and St Luke’s-Roosevelt, New York
PAUL JACOBSEN, Health Outcomes and Behavior Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, and Departments of Psychology and Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
SARAH HOPE KAGAN, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
WAYNE KATON, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
PAULA KIM, Translating Research Across Communities (TRAC), Fallbrook, California
BARBARA MURPHY, Hematology/Oncology Division, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
LEE NEWCOMER, United HealthCare Corporation, Edina, Minnesota
KEVIN OEFFINGER, Program for Adult Survivors of Pediatric Cancer, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York
PAUL RUDOLF, Arent Fox LLP, Washington, DC
EDWARD SALSBERG, Center for Workforce Studies, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC
LIDIA SCHAPIRA, Gillette Center for Breast Cancer, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
JOSEPH SIMONE, Simone Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia
KATHRYN SMOLINSKI, Association of Oncology Social Work, Ypsilanti, Michigan
SHELLY TAYLOR, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by JOHANNA T. DWYER, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University School of Medicine and Frances Stern Nutrition Center, Tufts-New England Medical Center and RICHARD G. FRANK, Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School. Appointed by the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
Foreword
Cancer Care for the Whole Patient: Meeting Psychosocial Health Needs is an important new addition to a series of Institute of Medicine reports that prescribe actions needed to improve the quality of U.S. health care. Following in the footsteps of Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, Improving the Quality of Health Care for Mental and Substance Use Conditions, and other reports in the Quality Chasm series, this report takes another step forward and attends to the psychological/behavioral and social problems that can accompany serious illness. Although the report examines psychosocial health needs from the perspective of individuals with a diagnosis of cancer, the recommendations in this report are also relevant to clinicians, other health care providers, payors, and quality oversight organizations concerned with the care of individuals with other serious and complex medical conditions.
Research has amply demonstrated the significance of psychosocial factors to health and health care. Incorporating evidence from studies of psychological and social determinants of health, clinical research on the effectiveness of psychological and behavioral services, health services research on the effective organization and delivery of health care, and biologic research in fields such as psychoneuroimmunology, this report documents the consequences of failing to meet psychosocial health needs. Importantly, it translates scientific research findings into practical applications for improving the quality of cancer care.
The result is a new standard of care for cancer care, a standard that incorporates acknowledgement, treatment, and management of psychosocial
Preface
Americans place a high premium on new technologies to solve our health care needs. However, technology alone is not enough. Health is determined not just by biological processes but by people’s emotions, behaviors, and social relationships. Sadly, these factors are often ignored or not defined as part of health care. Many doubt their importance and dismiss the evidence as being based on “soft science.” Even when acknowledged, they are often seen as ancillary rather than central to care. High and escalating health care costs fuel the argument that addressing such concerns is a luxury rather than a necessity. These views fly in the face of evidence of the important role that psychosocial factors play in disease onset and progression, not to mention their impact on people’s ability to function and maintain a positive quality of life. As this report documents, a growing body of scientific evidence demonstrates that psychological and social problems can prevent individuals from receiving needed health care, complying with treatment plans, and managing their illness and recovery. Another recent Institute of Medicine report1 states that the purpose of health care is to “continuously reduce the impact and burden of illness, injury, and disability, and … improve … health and functioning.” To accomplish this, good quality health care must attend to patients’ psychosocial problems and provide services to enable them to better manage their illnesses and underlying health. To ignore these factors while pouring billions of dollars into new
technologies is like spending all one’s money on the latest model car and then not having the money left to buy the gas needed to make it run.
This report examines psychosocial health services from the perspective of the more than ten and a half million individuals in the United States who live with a current or past diagnosis of cancer, and who reside in 1 of every 10 U.S. households. Not only are these patients affected by their illness, but so, too, are their families. Fortunately, new advances in treatment are transforming the nature of cancer as a disease. Increasingly individuals are prevailing against acute, life-threatening diagnoses and physically demanding (and sometimes themselves life-threatening) surgical, radiation, and drug treatments. They are joining a growing segment of the U.S. population—those with chronic illnesses. This has important implications for the organization and delivery of services and for health care costs. Although the recommendations in this report address the delivery of psychosocial health services to individuals diagnosed with cancer, the committee believes the model for care delivery developed for the report and the accompanying recommendations are applicable to the health care of all with chronic illnesses. Indeed, much of the evidence of the effectiveness of individual psychosocial health services and models of care reviewed by the committee comes from services and interventions designed for individuals with other types of chronic illnesses.
The committee found evidence that was both cautionary and encouraging. Both patients and providers tell us that attention to psychosocial health needs is the exception rather than the rule in oncology practice today. We noted with dismay the many recommendations over the years calling for more attention to psychosocial concerns on which there has been no action. However, there are forces at play currently that could facilitate change as a result of this report. First, the patient care tools, approaches, and resources needed to deliver effective services for those in need are already sufficiently (though not ideally) developed. Today, every individual treated for cancer can (and should) expect to have their psychological and social needs addressed alongside their physical needs. Second, this report provides an ingredient essential to all successful change initiatives—a shared vision toward which all involved parties can direct and coordinate their efforts. This report puts forth such a vision in a standard of care articulating how psychosocial health services should be routinely incorporated into oncology care. This multidisciplinary standard can provide a common framework around which clinicians, health care organizations, patients and their advocates, payers, quality oversight organizations, and all concerned about the quality of cancer care can organize and coordinate their efforts and achieve synergy.
Finally, successful change initiatives also are characterized by their strong leadership. The United States is fortunate to have strong individual
and organizational leaders who have done much to advance the quality of cancer care. This leadership is a powerful resource for change, and can do much to make the delivery of psychosocial health services a routine part of cancer care. To engage these parties in advancing the standard of care for psychosocial health services, the committee has put forth a small number of recommendations (10 in all), each targeted to key leadership—clinical leaders, advocacy organizations, health plans and purchasers, quality oversight organizations, and sponsors of research. The committee hopes that all of these leaders will join in making this new standard of care the norm—and better the health care and health of our brothers, sisters, parents, children, and ourselves—for the more than 40 percent of all Americans who will receive a diagnosis of cancer in their lifetime.
Nancy E. Adler
Chair
Acknowledgments
The Committee on Psychosocial Services to Cancer Patients/Families in a Community Setting thanks the many individuals and organizations who helped with its search for effective psychosocial health services and models for their effective delivery, and provided key information on the health care workforce and a number of policy issues. We gratefully acknowledge Carol L. Alter, MD, at the TEN Project and Georgetown University; M. Brownell Anderson, Robert Eaglen, PhD, and Robby Reynolds at the Association of American Medical Colleges; Neeraj K. Arora, PhD, at the National Cancer Institute; Terry Badger, PhD, RN, FAAN, at the University of Arizona College of Nursing; Cynthia Belar, Diane M. Pedulla, JD, Kimberley Moore, and Wendy Williams at the American Psychological Association; Thomas P. Beresford, MD, at the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center; Joyce Bichler, ACSW, of Gilda’s Club Worldwide; Elise J. Bolda, PhD, of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Community Partnerships for Older Adults program at the University of Southern Maine; Cheryl Bradley, MSW, and Carson J. Pattillo, MPH, at The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society; William S. Breitbart, MD, and Andrew J. Roth, MD, at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; E. Dale Collins, MD, at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center; Lisa Corchado and Rebecca Yowell at the American Psychiatric Association; Bridget Culhane, RN, MN, MS, CAE, and Gail A. Mallory, PhD, RN, CNAA, at the Oncology Nursing Society; Charles Darby at the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; Kim Day at the Board of Oncology Social Work Certification; Stephen DeMers, EdD, at the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards; Molla S. Donaldson, DrPH, MS, at the American Society of
Clinical Oncology; Patricia Doykos Duquette, PhD, at the Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation; Peter D. Eisenberg, MD, at California Cancer Care; Ronit Elk, PhD, Katherine Sharpe, Nancy Single, PhD, Michael Stefanek, PhD, and Marcia W. Watts, at the American Cancer Society; Stewart Fleishman, MD, at Continuum Cancer Centers of New York: Beth Israel and St Luke’s-Roosevelt; Barbara Fleming, MD, Paulette Mehta, MD, Thakor G. Patel, MD, MACP, and Shakaib Rehman, MD, FACP, at the Veterans Health Administration; Bill Given at the Charles and Barbara Given Family Care Program, Michigan State University; Mitch Golant, PhD, at The Wellness Community; Marcia Grant, RN, DNSc, FAAN, and Betty Ferrell, PhD, FAAN, at the City of Hope National Medical Center; Ethan Gray and Kathryn M. Smolinski, MSW, at the Association of Oncology Social Work; David Gustafson at the University of Wisconsin; Karmen Hanson, MA, at the National Conference of State Legislatures; John E. Hennessy, Nancy Washburn, Sandy Simmons, MSN, ARNP-C, AOCN, and Barbara Adkins, MS, ARNP-BC, AOCNP, at Kansas City Cancer Center; Joanne Hilden, MD, at St. Vincent Children’s Hospital in Indianapolis, Beverly Lange, MD, at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and Missy Layfield, Chair of the Patient Advocacy Committee, all of the Children’s Oncology Group; Caroline Huffman, LCSW, MEd, at the Lance Armstrong Foundation; Frits Huyse, MD, PhD, at the University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; Paul B. Jacobsen, PhD, Nancy W. Newman, LCSW, and Donna M. Cosenzo at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute; Barbara L. Jones, PhD, MSW, at the Association of Pediatric Oncology Social Workers; Nancy Kane, at the Payson Center for Cancer Care; Ernest Katz, Aura Kuperberg, Kathleen Meeske, PhD, Kathleen S. Ruccione, MPH, RN, FAAN, and Octavio Zavala, at the Children’s Hospital Los Angeles; Anne E. Kazak, PhD, ABPP, at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Emmett B. Keeler, PhD, at the RAND Corporation; Murray Kopelow, MD, at the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education; Wolfgang Linden, PhD, at the University of British Columbia, Canada; Karen Llanos at the Center for Health Care Strategies, Inc.; Kate Lorig, RN, DrPH, at Stanford University; Matthew J. Loscalzo, MSW, at the Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center; Richard P. McQuellon, PhD, at the Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center; Stephen Miller, MD, at the American Board of Medical Specialties; Moira A. Mulhern, PhD, at Kansas City Turning Point; Todd Peterson at the American Nurse Credentialing Center; Gail Pfeiffer, RHIA, CCS-P, at the Cleveland Clinic; William Pirl, MD, at the Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Paul A. Poniatowski at the American Board of Internal Medicine; Craig Ravesloot, PhD, at the University of Montana; Christopher J. Recklitis, PhD, MPH, at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Karen Robitaille at Yale University School of Medicine; Sarah Rosenbloom, PhD, at Northwestern University Feinberg
School of Medicine; Thomas J. Smith, MD, at Virginia Commonwealth University’s Massey Cancer Center; Joan Stanley at the American Association of Colleges of Nursing; Annette Stanton, PhD, at the University of California, Los Angeles; James Stockman, MD, and Jean Robillard, MD, at the American Board of Pediatrics; Ellen L. Stovall of the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship; Bonnie Strickland at the Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services; Thomas B. Strouse, MD, FAPM, DFAPA, at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center; Phyllis Torda at the National Committee for Quality Assurance; Douglas Tynan, PhD, at the American Board of Professional Psychology; Ginny Vaitones at the Board of Oncology Social Work Certification; Garry Welch, PhD, at Baystate Medical Center; Pamela R. West, PT, DPT, MPH, at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; Nancy Whitelaw at the National Council on Aging; Rodger Winn at the National Quality Forum; and James R. Zabora, PhD, of the National Catholic School of Social Service, Catholic University of America.
In addition, we thank M. Robin DiMatteo, Kelly B. Haskard, and Summer L. Williams, all at the University of California, Riverside, and Sheldon Cohen and Denise Janicki-Deverts, both at Carnegie Mellon University, for their papers, respectively, on “Effects of Distressed Psychological States on Adherence and Health Behavior Change: Cognitive, Motivational, and Social Factors” and “Stress and Disease.” These excellent papers helped the committee think through and quickly review a growing body of evidence documenting the health effects of psychological and social stressors.
We also offer many thanks to Maria Hewitt, DrPH, formerly with the National Cancer Policy Board at the Institute of Medicine, for her generous help throughout the initial stages of this study. Rona Briere of Briere Associates, Inc., provided expert copy editing, and Alisa Decatur excellent proofreading and manuscript preparation assistance. And as always, Danitza Valdivia, administrative assistant to the Board on Health Care Services, provided ever-ready and gracious assistance regardless of the task or timeline.
Finally, we thank our project officers at the National Institutes of Health. Susan D. Solomon, PhD, senior advisor in the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, and project officer at the beginning of this study, skillfully launched the study and shaped its parameters. Julia H. Rowland, PhD, director of the National Cancer Institute’s Office of Cancer Survivorship, served as project officer for the duration of the study, and provided ongoing support, thoughtful and expert guidance, and generous assistance in identifying and securing needed resources.
Tables, Figures, and Boxes
TABLES
S-1 |
Psychosocial Needs and Formal Services to Address Them, |
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3-1 |
Psychosocial Needs and Formal Services to Address Them, |
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3-2 |
Selected Nationwide Sources of Free Patient Information on Cancer and Cancer-Related Services, |
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3-3 |
Selected Psychosocial Services (Other Than Information) Available at No Cost to Individuals/Families with Cancer, |
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4-1 |
Models for Delivering Psychosocial Health Services and Their Common Components, |
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4-2 |
Comparison of Needs Assessment Instruments, |
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4-3 |
Comparison of Domain Item Distribution Across Needs Assessment Instruments, |
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5-1 |
Distribution of Adult Ambulatory Cancer Care Visits by Site of Visit, Physician Specialty, and Clinic Type, United States, 2001–2002, |
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6-1 |
Examples of Policy Support for Interventions to Deliver Psychosocial Health Care, |
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6-2 |
Psychologist Claims Paid by Medicare, 2003–2005, by Type of Intervention, and Comparison 2005 Claims Paid for All Provider Types, |
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6-3 |
Some Availability of Psychosocial Services in Health and Human Services Sectors and from Informal Supports, |
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6-4 |
Performance Measures of Psychosocial Health Care Adopted/Endorsed by Leading Performance Measurement Initiatives as of July 2007, |
7-1 |
Estimates of the Supply of Selected Physician Types Available to Provide or Ensure the Provision of Psychosocial Health Services, |
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7-2 |
Estimates of the U.S. Supply of Selected Nonphysician Providers Available to Provide or Ensure the Provision of Psychosocial Health Services, |
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B-1 |
Serial Search Strategies, |
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B-2 |
Psychosocial Needs and Formal Services to Address Them, |
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C-1 |
Recommendations Addressing Psychosocial Services, |
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C-2 |
Other Recommendations of Potential Relevance, |
FIGURES
S-1 |
Model for the delivery of psychosocial health services, |
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1-1 |
Cancer care trajectories, |
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4-1 |
Model for the delivery of psychosocial health services, |
BOXES
5-1 |
A Letter to My Patients, |
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5-2 |
Example of Patient Handout on Sources of Help in Managing Cancer and Its Treatment, |
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5-3 |
Patient Comments on the Usefulness of CancerCare’s Telephone Education Workshops, |
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6-1 |
Medicare Care Coordination Demonstration Projects, |
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7-1 |
LCME Undergraduate Medical Education Accreditation Standards That Address Psychosocial Health Services, |
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7-2 |
General Principles of Gender, Ethnic, and Behavioral Considerations for USMLE Step 1, |
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7-3 |
General Competencies of the ACGME Outcome Project, |
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7-4 |
Selected NLNAC Core Competencies Addressing Psychosocial Health Services, |
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7-5 |
Selected Core Competencies from The Essentials of Baccalaureate Education, |
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7-6 |
Selected C-Change Psychosocial Core Competencies, |
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B-1 |
Key Factors Associated with Successful Dissemination and Adoption of Innovations, |