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PAPERBACK price:$76.25 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Sign in to download PDF book and chapters Free Resources PDF SUMMARY PDF Report Brief Display this book on your site! Related Titles Urbanization, Energy, and Air Pollution in China: The Challenges Ahead -- Proceedings of a Symposium The Power of Renewables:Opportunities and Challenges for China and the United States Other Related Titles Energy Futures and Urban Air Pollution: Challenges for China and the United States (2007) Development, Security, and Cooperation (DSC) Citation Manager Export the bibliographic data for this book in your chosen format Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Citation Manager . "Appendix D: Energy Conversion." Energy Futures and Urban Air Pollution: Challenges for China and the United States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2007. Please select a format: Page 365   E-mail Share on facebook Facebook Share on delicious Delicious Share on stumbleupon Stumble Share on twitter Twitter More Sharing ServicesMore The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Appendix D Energy Conversion ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS From one: To: EJ Btce Btoe Tcm NG Quad Exajoule EJ 1.000 0.033 0.022 0.025 0.948 Billion metric tons coal equivalent [2] Btce 30.300 1.000 0.675 0.761 28.720 Billion metric tons oil equivalent [3] Btoe 44.900 1.482 1.000 1.128 42.559 Trillion cubic meters natural gas [4] Tcm NG 39.800 1.314 0.886 1.000 37.725 Quadrillion Btu Quad 1.055 0.035 0.023 0.027 1.000 [1] These factors follow the U.S. convention of high-heat values. [2] Chinese conversion factors for coal and other fuels are low-heat values. China typically converts all its energy statistics into “metric tons of standard coal equivalent” (tce); one tce equals 29.31 GJ (low heat), equivalent to 31.52 GJ/tce (high heat). [3] China uses a conversion factor for its oil of 41.87 GJ/metric ton (low heat), equivalent to 44.07 GJ/t (high heat), assuming that low-heat values for oil are 95% of high-heat values. [4] China uses a conversion factor for its natural gas of 38.98 GJ/thousand cubic meters (low heat), equivalent to 43.31 GJ/tcm (high heat), assuming that low-heat values for natural gas are 90% of high-heat values. ABBREVIATIONS Quad= quadrillion (1015) British thermal units (Btu) mtce = million ton of coal equivalent mtoe = million ton of oil equivalent bpd = barrels of oil per day Page 365 Front Matter (R1-R20) Summary (1-16) 1 Introduction (17-24) 2 Energy Resources (25-60) 3 Air Pollution: Sources, Impacts, and Effects (61-112) 4 Institutional and Regulatory Frameworks (113-160) 5 Energy Intensity and Energy Efficiency (161-186) 6 Coal Combustion and Pollution Control (187-206) 7 Renewable Energy Resources (207-228) 8 The Pittsburgh Experience (229-252) 9 The Huainan Experience (253-274) 10 The Los Angeles Experience (275-300) 11 The Dalian Experience (301-320) 12 Findings and Recommendations (321-336) Appendixes (337-338) Appendix A: Web-Based Resources on Energy and Air Quality (339-346) Appendix B: Alternative Energy Resources (347-352) Appendix C: Summary of PM Source-Apportionment Studies in China (353-364) Appendix D: Energy Conversion (365-366)

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Energy Futures and Urban Air Pollution: Challenges for China and the United States Appendix D Energy Conversion ENERGY CONVERSION FACTORS From one: To: EJ Btce Btoe Tcm NG Quad Exajoule EJ 1.000 0.033 0.022 0.025 0.948 Billion metric tons coal equivalent [2] Btce 30.300 1.000 0.675 0.761 28.720 Billion metric tons oil equivalent [3] Btoe 44.900 1.482 1.000 1.128 42.559 Trillion cubic meters natural gas [4] Tcm NG 39.800 1.314 0.886 1.000 37.725 Quadrillion Btu Quad 1.055 0.035 0.023 0.027 1.000 [1] These factors follow the U.S. convention of high-heat values. [2] Chinese conversion factors for coal and other fuels are low-heat values. China typically converts all its energy statistics into “metric tons of standard coal equivalent” (tce); one tce equals 29.31 GJ (low heat), equivalent to 31.52 GJ/tce (high heat). [3] China uses a conversion factor for its oil of 41.87 GJ/metric ton (low heat), equivalent to 44.07 GJ/t (high heat), assuming that low-heat values for oil are 95% of high-heat values. [4] China uses a conversion factor for its natural gas of 38.98 GJ/thousand cubic meters (low heat), equivalent to 43.31 GJ/tcm (high heat), assuming that low-heat values for natural gas are 90% of high-heat values. ABBREVIATIONS Quad= quadrillion (1015) British thermal units (Btu) mtce = million ton of coal equivalent mtoe = million ton of oil equivalent bpd = barrels of oil per day

OCR for page 366
Energy Futures and Urban Air Pollution: Challenges for China and the United States One barrel of oil = 0.136 tons of oil One short ton (2000 lb.) = 0.907 metric tons One cubic foot = 0.0283 cubic meters One kilowatt hour (kWh) = 3.6 × 10 6 J. One million barrels of oil per day = 2.24 EJ per year Adapted from NRC, Cooperation in the Energy Futures of China and the United States, 2000.