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D Details of CEGIS-Funded Activities in Fiscal Year 2007 The Center of Excellence in Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS) funds two sets of research activities. The first set includes activities that are consid- ered âin-houseâ within CEGIS. The second set includes activities that are funded through CEGIS but led by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) researchers outside CEGIS, in some cases in collaboration with non-USGS colleagues. In-house Activities The information for this section was provided by Steve Guptill, USGS. Automated Data Integration Data integration is a significant problem for The National Map. This project will examine data integration from a layer-based approach, developing a con- ceptual framework based on resolution, geometric accuracy, and topological consistency, and apply it to five of The National Map data layersââdigital ortho- images, elevations, land cover, hydrography, and transportation. From the experience with the layered approach and the data developed, the project will examine a feature approach to integration based on a model previously devel- oped and implemented as a feature library. The team anticipates significant results leading to an automated approach based on the conceptual framework, the empirical results, and the use of these in metadata to drive an automated process. ⢠Study Sites 135
136 Appendix D o Atlanta, Georgia o St. Louis, Missouri ⢠Publications and Reports o Implementation of The National Map Road Databaseââfrom the American Congress on Surveying & Mapping (ACSM) Annual Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, April 2004 o Integration of The National Map: Data Layers and Featuresââ from the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) Annual Conference, Denver, Colorado, May 2004 o Integration of The National Mapââfrom the XXth Congress of the International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Istanbul, Turkey, July 2004 o Integrating Data Layers to Support The National Map of the United Statesââfrom the International Cartographic Confer- ence, Coruña, Spain, July 2005 Generalization for The National Map To meet the goals of The National Map the USGS must accept high- resolution data from local, state, and other sources and merge these data into a consistent framework at an appropriate resolution. To the extent possible, this process should be automated, transparent to users, and occur in real time as part of The National Map viewer or the data delivery system. Part of this process will require spatial data generalization. ⢠Publications and Reports o Generalization for The National Map with emphasis on the NHDââAbstract from the 25th Environmental Systems Re- search Institute (ESRI) International User Conference, July 25- 29, 2005 o Estimation of Accumulated Upstream Drainage Values in Braided Streams Using Augmented Directed GraphsââPaper from the Auto-Carto 2006, A Cartography and Geographic In- formation Society Research Symposium, Vancouver, Washington. June 25-28, 2006 Multiresolution Raster Data for The National Map As science moves toward regional and global analyses with models of cli- mate and human-induced change, methods are needed to project raster data accurately. The approach for this research theme is to use the theoretical and empirical base of knowledge to (1) design a new projection method accounting for raster cell size and latitude effects on accuracy, (2) systematically analyze the error effects and develop error correction procedures, and (3) develop raster
Appendix D 137 resampling algorithms that use the error analysis and correct for inaccuracies. The project will also leverage results from previous USGS and academic re- search on projecting raster data to establish the necessary knowledge base for the decision support system and the error correction procedures. ⢠Publications and Reports o Open-File Report 01-181ââMethods To Achieve Accurate Projection of Regional and Global Raster Databases o Open-File Report 01-383ââMethods To Achieve Accurate Projection of Regional and Global Raster Databases o Projecting Global Raster DatabasesââAbstract from the Geoinformatics for Global Change Studies and Sustainable Development Conference, Nanjing, China, June 2002 o Projecting Global Raster DatabasesââPaper from the Interna- tional Symposium on Geospatial Theory, Processing, and Applications Conference, Ottawa, Canada, July 2002 o A Comparison of Equal-Area Map Projections for Regional and Global Raster Data o Projecting Global Datasets to Achieve Equal AreasââPeer- Reviewed Paper from the Cartography and Geographic Infor- mation Science Journal, Vol. 30, Issue 1, Jan 2003 o User's Guide to the Decision Support System for Map Projec- tions o Accurate Projection of Small-Scale Raster DatasetsââPaper from the 21st International Cartographic Conference, 10 . 16 Aug 2003, Durban, South Africa o Open-File Report 03-433ââUsers Guide for the MapImage Reprojection Software Package o Open-File Report 2004-1394 User's Guide for the MapImage Reprojection Software Package, Version 1.01 o Scientific Investigations Report (SIR) 2004-5297ââA Deci- sion Support System for Map Projections of Small Scale Data o Re-projecting Raster Data of Global ExtentââAbstract from Auto-Carto 2005: A Research Symposium, March 21-23, 2005, Las Vegas, Nevada Building an Ontology for The National Map The current evolving standards for the various themes of The National Map and the historic developments of Digital Line Graph-Enhanced (DLG-E), Digital Line Graph-Feature-Based (DLG-F), and National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) formal specifications provide a cohesive basis for a new ontology that can support The National Map. The existing standards must be cast into the new environment of multiscale representation, near-real-time and web access, and on-demand
138 Appendix D product generation. This can only be accomplished with a complete ontology of all features at all possible representation scales as the basis for feature and infor- mation retrieval from the multiple databases that comprise The National Map. This project (which starts in 2007) will be the initial step in building such a com- prehensive ontology and will use current geographic information science (GIScience) methodologies developed in the ontology of geographic information that have evolved over the last five years. Fractal and Variogram Analysis of Scale and Resolution Effects in Geospatial Data Fractals and variograms are established methods to determine effects of scale and resolution in geospatial phenomena and processes. This project (which starts in 2007) will use these methods to examine the impacts of scale and resolution on data integration and generalization for The National Map and the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). Elevation Technology Assessment The evolving private sector capabilities in the elevation technology area, pri- marily LIDAR (light detection and ranging), are growing at a rapid rate. Multiple states are now in the process of acquiring state-wide coverage and planning for a broad range of statewide applications including floodplain mapping, hydrologic mapping, watershed characterization, vegetation characterization, and structure analysis. In order to incorporate new technological capabilities into the elevation themeâs National Elevation Dataset and non-bare earth elevation features, time must be spent evaluating new developments in the areas of bathemetric LIDAR, full-waveform LIDAR, bare earth processing algorithms, software packages, ground-based LIDAR as an approach to accuracy assessment, and requirements studies. References on this work are listed at http://lidar.cr.usgs.gov. National-Scale Elevation Feature Extraction This project will conduct the research necessary to build a strategy for the nationwide extraction of important elevation derivatives. As the National Eleva- tion Dataset moves more and more to a LIDAR base, and support mounts for a nationwide collection, there is intense interest in the potential high-quality, high- resolution elevation parameters that can improve the flood, fire, landslide and debris flow, storm surge, and water quality and quantity modeling processes. A national approach will unite federal agencies and other partners in the systematic development of this information. Much of this work will be based on existing work with elevation derivatives embodied in the Elevation Derivatives for National Applications (EDNA) data- base. EDNA is a multilayered database derived from a version of the National Elevation Dataset (NED, documented at http://ned.usgs.gov) has been hy- drologically conditioned for improved hydrologic flow representation. The
Appendix D 139 seamless EDNA database provides 30 meters resolution raster and vector data layers including aspect, contours, filled digital elevation models (DEM), flow accumulation, flow direction, reach catchment seedpoints, reach catchments, shaded relief, sinks, slope, and synthetic streamlines. Hydrologically conditioned elevation data, systematically and consistently processed to create hydrologic derivatives, can be useful in many topologically based visualization and investigative applications. Drainage areas upstream or downstream from any location can be traced accurately facilitating flood analy- sis investigations, pollution studies, and hydroelectric power generation projects. For further information including publications, conference proceedings and downloadable posters, see http://edna.usgs.gov. CEGIS-Funded USGS-wide Research CEGIS supports interdisciplinary teams of scientists to address GIScience research issues. The CEGIS Research Prospectus supports cross-bureau research on issues that are a high priority for the USGS. The objectives are to support the use of diverse scientific data from multiple sources and to provide new insights to address complex issues; to apply established science tools and techniques to unique and challenging questions; and to foster opportunities to conduct and report collaborative research that can increase the impact of the science CEGIS does. The projects funded in FY 2007 are the following: ⢠Scaling, Extrapolation, and Uncertainty of Vegetation, Topographic, and Ecologic Properties in the Mojave Desert Principal Investigator (PI)ââDavid R. Bedford; Co-PIs â Leila Gass, Sue Phillips, Jayne Belnap; CollaboratorââDavid M. Miller (Southwest Surficial Processes and Mapping) ($73,000) ⢠A Landscape Indicator Approach to the Identification and Articula- tion of the Ecological Consequences of Land Cover Change in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, 1970-2000 PIââPeter Claggett; Co-PIsââJanet S. Tilley, E. Terrence Slonecker (EPA); CollaboratorââBill Jenkins (EPA) ($132,000) ⢠Assessing Local Uncertainty in Non-stationary Scale-Variant Geo- spatial Data PIââSusan Colarullo ($117,000) ⢠Methods to Quantify Error Propagation and Prediction Uncertainty for USGS Raster Processing PIââJohn Gurdak; Co-PIââSharon Qi ($134,000) ⢠The Geoscience of Harmful Invasive Species: Integrating LAND- FIRE and Invasive Species Data for Dynamic and Seamless
140 Appendix D Integration of Raster and Vector Data to Meet Management Needs at Multiple Scales PIââThomas J. Stohlgren; Co-PIsââZhi-Liang Zhu, Catherine Jarnevich; CollaboratorsââTracy R. Davern, Robert K. Peet (University of North Carolina), James F. Quinn (University of California-Davis), James J. Graham (Colorado State University), Gregory J. Newman (Colorado State University), Kathryn Thomas ($150,000) ⢠Mapping Inundation at USGS Stream Gage Sites: A Proof of Con- cept Investigation PIââJames P. Verdin; Co-PIsââKwabena O. Asante (Science Applica- tions International Corporation [SAIC]), Jerad Bales; Collaboratorsââ Jodie Smith (SAIC), Kristine Verdin (SAIC), Silvia Terziotti ($150,000) ⢠GEOLEM: Improving the Integration of Geographic Information in Environmental Modeling through Semantic Interoperability PIââRoland Viger; Barbara Buttenfield (University of Colorado); Co- PIsââOlaf David (Colorado State University/U.S. Department of Agri- culture), Charles OâHara (Mississippi State University); Collaboratorsâ âFrank Geter (Natural Resources Conservation Service), Jeff Hamer- linck (University of Wyoming ($150,000).