Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
NASA’s BEYOND EINSTEIN PROGRAM
AN ARCHITECTURE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
Committee on NASA’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
Space Studies Board and
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
OCR for page R2
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study is based on work supported by the Contract NASW-010001 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agency that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-11162-1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-11162-5
Cover: Cover design by Penny E. Margolskee. The top half shows an image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field—a view of nearly 10,000 galaxies—the deepest visible-light image of the cosmos; image courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the European Space Agency, S. Beckwith (Space Telescope Science Institute), and the Hubble Ultra Deep Field Team.
Copies of this report are available free of charge from:
Space Studies Board
National Research Council
500 Fifth Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2007 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
OCR for page R4
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
OTHER REPORTS OF THE SPACE STUDIES BOARD
An Astrobiology Strategy for the Exploration of Mars (SSB with the Board on Life Sciences, 2007)
Building a Better NASA Workforce: Meeting the Workforce Needs for the National Vision for Space Exploration (SSB with the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board [ASEB], 2007)
Decadal Science Strategy Surveys: Report of a Workshop (2007)
Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (2007)
Exploring Organic Environments in the Solar System (SSB with the Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, 2007)
The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems (SSB with the Board on Life Sciences, 2007)
A Performance Assessment of NASA’s Astrophysics Program (SSB with Board on Physics and Astronomy, 2007)
Portals to the Universe: The NASA Astronomy Science Centers (2007)
The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon: Final Report (2007)
An Assessment of Balance in NASA’s Science Programs (2006)
Assessment of NASA’s Mars Architecture 2007-2016 (2006)
Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Venus Missions: Letter Report (2006)
Distributed Arrays of Small Instruments for Solar-Terrestrial Research: Report of a Workshop (2006)
Issues Affecting the Future of the U.S. Space Science and Engineering Workforce: Interim Report (SSB with ASEB, 2006)
Review of NASA’s 2006 Draft Science Plan: Letter Report (2006)
The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon Interim Report (2006)
Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration (2006)
OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us (2007)
Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons (2007)
Handbook of Frequency Allocations and Spectrum Protection for Scientific Uses (2007)
The National Science Foundation’s Materials Research Science and Engineering Center Program: Looking Back, Moving Forward (BPA with Board on Science Education, 2007)
Plasma Science: Advancing Knowledge in the National Interest (2007)
Scientific Opportunities with a Rare-Isotope Facility in the United States (2007)
Instrumentation for a Better Tomorrow: Proceedings of a Symposium in Honor of Arnold O. Beckman (2006)
Midsize Facilities: The Infrastructure for Materials Research (2006)
Revealing the Hidden Nature of Space and Time: Charting the Course for Elementary Particle Physics (2006)
Limited copies of these reports are available free of charge from:
Space Studies Board and Board on Physics and Astronomy
National Research Council
The Keck Center of the National Academies
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001
NOTE: Listed according to year of approval for release, which in some cases precedes the year of publication.
OCR for page R5
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
COMMITTEE ON NASA’S BEYOND EINSTEIN PROGRAM: AN ARCHITECTURE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
CHARLES F. KENNEL,
University of California, San Diego,
Co-Chair
JOSEPH H. ROTHENBERG,
Universal Space Network,
Co-Chair
ERIC G. ADELBERGER,
University of Washington
WILLIAM B. ADKINS,
Adkins Strategies, LLC
THOMAS APPELQUIST,
Yale University
JAMES S. BARROWMAN, Independent Consultant
DAVID A. BEARDEN,
The Aerospace Corporation
MARK DEVLIN,
University of Pennsylvania
JOSEPH FULLER, JR.,
Futron Corporation
KARL GEBHARDT,
University of Texas at Austin
WILLIAM C. GIBSON,
Southwest Research Institute
FIONA A. HARRISON,
California Institute of Technology
ANDREW J. LANKFORD,
University of California, Irvine
DENNIS McCARTHY, Independent Consultant
STEPHAN S. MEYER,
University of Chicago
JOEL R. PRIMACK,
University of California, Santa Cruz
LISA J. RANDALL,
Harvard University
CRAIG L. SARAZIN,
University of Virginia
JAMES S. ULVESTAD,
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
CLIFFORD M. WILL,
Washington University
MICHAEL S. WITHERELL,
University of California, Santa Barbara
EDWARD L. WRIGHT,
University of California, Los Angeles
Staff
BRIAN D. DEWHURST, Study Director,
Board on Physics and Astronomy
SANDRA J. GRAHAM, Study Director,
Space Studies Board (from January 29, 2007)
PAMELA L. WHITNEY, Study Director,
Space Studies Board (until January 28, 2007)
VICTORIA SWISHER, Research Associate,
Space Studies Board
CARMELA J. CHAMBERLAIN, Program Associate,
Space Studies Board
CELESTE A. NAYLOR, Senior Program Assistant,
Space Studies Board
CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Assistant Editor,
Space Studies Board
OCR for page R6
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
SPACE STUDIES BOARD
LENNARD A. FISK,
University of Michigan,
Chair
A. THOMAS YOUNG,
Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired),
Vice Chair
SPIRO K. ANTIOCHOS,
Naval Research Laboratory
DANIEL N. BAKER,
University of Colorado
STEVEN J. BATTEL,
Battel Engineering
CHARLES L. BENNETT,
Johns Hopkins University
ELIZABETH R. CANTWELL,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
ALAN DRESSLER,
The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution
JACK D. FELLOWS,
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
FIONA A. HARRISON,
California Institute of Technology
TAMARA E. JERNIGAN,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
KLAUS KEIL,
University of Hawaii
MOLLY MACAULEY,
Resources for the Future
BERRIEN MOORE III,
University of New Hampshire
KENNETH H. NEALSON,
University of Southern California
JAMES PAWELCZYK,
Pennsylvania State University
SOROOSH SOROOSHIAN,
University of California, Irvine
RICHARD H. TRULY,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (retired)
JOAN VERNIKOS,
Thirdage, LLC
JOSEPH F. VEVERKA,
Cornell University
WARREN M. WASHINGTON,
National Center for Atmospheric Research
CHARLES E. WOODWARD,
University of Minnesota
GARY P. ZANK,
University of California, Riverside
MARCIA S. SMITH, Director
OCR for page R7
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
ANNEILA I. SARGENT,
California Institute of Technology,
Chair
MARC A. KASTNER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Vice Chair
JOANNA AIZENBERG,
Lucent Technologies
JONATHAN BAGGER,
Johns Hopkins University
JAMES E. BRAU,
University of Oregon
PHILIP H. BUCKSBAUM,
Stanford University
ADAM S. BURROWS,
University of Arizona
PATRICK L. COLESTOCK,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
RONALD C. DAVIDSON,
Princeton University
ANDREA M. GHEZ,
University of California, Los Angeles
PETER F. GREEN,
University of Michigan
LAURA H. GREENE,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
WICK C. HAXTON,
University of Washington
JOSEPH HEZIR,
EOP Group, Inc.
ALLAN H. MacDONALD,
University of Texas
HOMER A. NEAL,
University of Michigan
JOSE N. ONUCHIC,
University of California, San Diego
WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
CHARLES V. SHANK,
Howard Hughes Medical Institute
THOMAS N. THEIS,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
MICHAEL S. TURNER,
University of Chicago
C. MEGAN URRY,
Yale University
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director
OCR for page R8
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
This page intentionally left blank.
OCR for page R9
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
Acknowledgments
This report is the product of a large amount of work carried out by many people. The Committee on NASA’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation extends its thanks and appreciation to all who participated in this endeavor; it would be impossible to name each of them individually.
The committee thanks the speakers who made formal presentations at each of its meetings; their presentations and the ensuing discussions were extremely informative and had a significant impact on the committee’s deliberations. The committee is especially appreciative of the time and efforts invested by the mission teams in responding to its Request for Information and answering further questions from the committee: ADEPT (Charles Bennett), CASTER (Mark McConnell), CIP (Gary Melnick), CMBPol (Gary Hinshaw), Con-X (Harvey Tananbaum), DESTINY (Tod Lauer), EPIC-F (James Bock), EPIC-I (Peter Timbie), EXIST (Josh Grindlay), LISA (Thomas Prince), and SNAP (Saul Perlmutter and Michael Levi).
The committee is also appreciative of the hard work done by the Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), an independent contractor hired to assist the committee in the cost-estimation process. SAIC provided the committee with cost-estimating expertise and tools for the assessment of probable cost ranges for the candidate Beyond Einstein missions, dedicating tremendous efforts to completing the cost estimates for the report. The committee particularly acknowledges with thanks the hard work of Joseph Hamaker and Frank Curran in leading the SAIC team throughout this process.
Finally, the committee expresses thanks to the European Space Agency (ESA) and to ESA’s Director of Science, David Southwood, who at the invitation of the committee took the time to come to the United States and provide important insight into ESA’s support of LISA.
OCR for page R10
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
Barry C. Barish, California Institute of Technology,
Steven J. Battel, Battel Engineering,
Mitchell C. Begelman, University of Colorado,
Neil Brandt, Pennsylvania State University,
John E. Carlstrom, University of Chicago,
Marc Davis, University of California, Berkeley,
Lennard A. Fisk, University of Michigan,
Riccardo Giacconi, Johns Hopkins University,
David J. Gross, University of California, Santa Barbara,
Jeremy N. Kasdin, Princeton University,
J. Patrick Looney, Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Anneila I. Sargent, California Institute of Technology, and
A. Thomas Young, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired).
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Martha P. Haynes, Cornell University, and Kenneth H. Keller, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Appointed by the NRC, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
OCR for page R11
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
1
INTRODUCTION
9
2
SCIENCE IMPACT
15
3
MISSION READINESS AND COST ASSESSMENT
66
4
POLICY ISSUES
115
5
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
118
APPENDIXES
A Letter of Request
135
B Background and Statement of Task
137
C Input from the Broader Astronomy and Astrophysics Community
139
D List of Briefings to the Committee
143
E Request for Information to Mission Teams
146
F Mission Teams’ Technology Funding Inputs to the Committee
152
G Acronyms
154
H Glossary
158
I Biographies of Committee Members and Staff
168
OCR for page R12
Nasa ’s Beyond Einstein Program: An Architecture for Implementation
This page intentionally left blank.
