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PAPERBACK price:$18.00 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Sign in to download PDF book and chapters Free Resources PDF SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Ensuring the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: Elements of a Strategy to Recover Measurement Capabilities Lost in Program Restructuring Issues in the Integration of Research and Operational Satellite Systems for Climate Research: Part II. Implementation Other Related Titles Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report (2007) Space Studies Board (SSB) Citation Manager Export the bibliographic data for this book in your chosen format Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Citation Manager . "Appendix C: Mitigation Approaches Presented by NASA and NOAA at the Workshop." Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2007. Please select a format: Page 53   E-mail Share on facebook Facebook Share on delicious Delicious Share on stumbleupon Stumble Share on twitter Twitter More Sharing ServicesMore The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Appendix C Mitigation Approaches Presented by NASA and NOAA at the Workshop Mitigation Approaches to Address Impacts of NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certification on Joint NASA-NOAA Climate Goals Joint NASA-NOAA Draft Study for OSTP (Phase II) June 19, 2007 Executive Summary [p. 2] OSTP requested NOAA and NASA to provide: An analysis of possible mitigation options of the climate impacts of the NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certification through 2026 An assessment of the potential costs of these options Primary goal: Ensure continuity of long-term climate records NOAA and NASA analyzed the following options: Remanifesting the climate sensors on NPOESS spacecraft Placing sensors on currently planned non-NPOESS spacecraft Developing new gap-filling climate satellite missions Partnering opportunities Key results: Work in progress: still assessing options Multiple options exist to mitigate the loss of sensors from NPOESS Options consistent with Decadal Survey recommendations Partnering for altimetry could provide significant cost savings NOTE: B. Cramer, NASA Headquarters, “Mitigation Approaches to Address Impacts of NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certification on Joint NASA-NOAA Climate Goals. Joint NASA-NOAA Draft Study for OSTP (Phase II),” presentation to the Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft Workshop, June 19, 2007, available at http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ssb/SSB_NPOESS2007_Presentations.html. The presentation as delivered at the workshop has been reformatted somewhat for publication. Page numbers in brackets refer to the original presentation. All information presented is pre-decisional, and assessments involve preliminary rough-order-of-magnitude cost estimates only. Page 53 Front Matter (R1-R12) Summary (1-3) 1 Implications of the NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certification and the Descoping of GOES-R (4-8) 2 Summary of the Workshop Sessions (9-42) 3 Cross-Cutting Issues (43-46) Appendix A: Statement of Task (47-47) Appendix B: Workshop Agenda (48-52) Appendix C: Mitigation Approaches Presented by NASA and NOAA at the Workshop (53-64) Appendix D: Abbreviations and Acronyms (65-69) Appendix E: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members (70-72)

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report Appendix C Mitigation Approaches Presented by NASA and NOAA at the Workshop Mitigation Approaches to Address Impacts of NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certification on Joint NASA-NOAA Climate Goals Joint NASA-NOAA Draft Study for OSTP (Phase II) June 19, 2007 Executive Summary [p. 2] OSTP requested NOAA and NASA to provide: An analysis of possible mitigation options of the climate impacts of the NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certification through 2026 An assessment of the potential costs of these options Primary goal: Ensure continuity of long-term climate records NOAA and NASA analyzed the following options: Remanifesting the climate sensors on NPOESS spacecraft Placing sensors on currently planned non-NPOESS spacecraft Developing new gap-filling climate satellite missions Partnering opportunities Key results: Work in progress: still assessing options Multiple options exist to mitigate the loss of sensors from NPOESS Options consistent with Decadal Survey recommendations Partnering for altimetry could provide significant cost savings NOTE: B. Cramer, NASA Headquarters, “Mitigation Approaches to Address Impacts of NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certification on Joint NASA-NOAA Climate Goals. Joint NASA-NOAA Draft Study for OSTP (Phase II),” presentation to the Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft Workshop, June 19, 2007, available at http://www7.nationalacademies.org/ssb/SSB_NPOESS2007_Presentations.html. The presentation as delivered at the workshop has been reformatted somewhat for publication. Page numbers in brackets refer to the original presentation. All information presented is pre-decisional, and assessments involve preliminary rough-order-of-magnitude cost estimates only.

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report Climate Sensor Impact Assessment (summarized from January 2007 NASA/NOAA Joint Assessment) [pp. 3-4] Total Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) Essential to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic causes of climate change Would continue 25+ year long data record Earth Radiation Budget Sensor (ERBS) Continuously monitors the Earth’s radiation budget to identify subtle long-term shifts related to climate change Would continue 21+ year long data record Ocean Altimeter (ALT) Monitors sea level Would continue 15+ year long data record Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) – Limb Subsystem Measures the vertical distribution of stratospheric ozone to monitor and understand the ozone recovery resulting from the Montreal Protocol Would continue 23+ year long data record Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS) Measures the global distribution of aerosols and their impact on the Earth’s energy balance, clouds, and precipitation Conical Scanning Microwave Imager (CMIS) – Reduced Capability Provides sea surface temperatures, sea ice and snow cover extents, soil moisture, ocean surface wind speed, water vapor, and precipitation rates even in the presence of heavy cloud cover Continuous records date back to 1987 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) – Reduced Coverage (Absent from 0930 Orbit) Multi-spectral imagers sample the spectral signatures of features on or near the Earth’s surface important to climate science For over three decades, scientists have depended on this imagery for a wide variety of weather and climate applications Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS)/Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) – Reduced Coverage (Absent from 0530 Orbit) No mitigation recommended for climate science Space Environment Sensor Suite (SESS) Not considered here Development of Mitigation Options [p. 5] Multiple options exist to mitigate the loss of sensors from NPOESS Developed options using following criteria: Minimize risk to measurement continuity First priority for existing climate data records Minimize risk to existing programs Cost effectiveness Economies of scale Leverage planned missions and sensors including partnerships with other space agencies

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report Potential Mitigation Options [p. 6] Option 1: NPOESS + Gap Filler Climate Satellite Option 2: Sequential Climate Satellites Option 3: Sequential Climate Satellites w/TSIS Redundancy Option 4: Sequential Climate Satellites w/TSIS Redundancy & Operational Risk Reduction These options also include free-flyer altimetry missions and climate data record science support FIGURE [C.1] Range of Options Examined for Climate Data Continuity. [p. 7]

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report FIGURE [C.2] Initial Recommendation from January 2007 Joint Assessment. [p. 8] NOTES: • VIIRS flies on NPP, C1, C2, C3, and C4 • AVHRR flies on METOP mid-morning orbit • CMIS to be replaced by MIS starting with C2 FIGURE [C.3] Option 1. NPOESS + Climate Satellite. [p. 9] NOTES: • The manifest for C1 is frozen based on technical risk considerations • VIIRS flies on NPP, C1, C2, C3, and C4 • AVHRR flies on METOP mid-morning orbit • CMIS to be replaced by MIS starting with C2

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report FIGURE [C.4] Option 1. Continuity Timeline. NPOESS + Climate Satellite. [p. 10]

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report FIGURE [C.5] Option 2. Sequential Climate Satellites. [p. 11] NOTES: • The manifest for C1 is frozen based on technical risk considerations • VIIRS flies on NPP, C1, C2, C3, and C4 • AVHRR flies on METOP mid-morning orbit • CMIS to be replaced by MIS starting with C2

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report FIGURE [C.6] Option 2. Continuity Timeline. Sequential Climate Satellites. [p. 12]

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report FIGURE [C.7] Option 3 and 4. Sequential Climate Satellites + TSIS Redundancy. [p. 13] NOTES: • The manifest for C1 is frozen based on technical risk considerations • VIIRS flies on NPP, C1, C2, C3, and C4 • AVHRR flies on METOP mid-morning orbit • CMIS to be replaced by MIS starting with C2

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report FIGURE [C.8] Option 3 and 4. Continuity Timeline. Sequential Climate Satellites + TSIS Redundancy. [p. 14] Current Studies [p. 15] Work in progress: still exploring options NPOESS remanifest Assessed 2 options for earliest return to NPOESS flights (C2-C4) NASA procures and delivers sensors to NPOESS as Government Furnished Equipment (GFE) The Integrated Program Office (IPO) procures sensors via current prime contractor overseeing subcontracted instrument vendors Altimetry Altimetry capability explored as free-flying Jason follow-on and as advanced altimeter missions Climate satellite missions Examined 2 research-grade missions Additionally explored TSIS (total and spectral) on Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) and International Space Station (ISS) Currently assessing CERES on NPP

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report Examined 2 operational-grade missions Used sensor analysis from NASA plus spacecraft development analysis from NOAA Polar Extended Mission study (2006) Climate Data Record (CDR) Science Support [p. 16] Includes development, production, reprocessing, stewardship, and distribution Assumes data from all NPOESS certified sensors and mitigation sensors / sources Covers about 30 Climate Change Science Program essential climate variables Will be covered in more detail in following presentation Free Flyer Climate Satellite [p. 17] Would fly in formation with NPOESS PM to provide imager data Two options were examined: Research spacecraft Planned 5-year mission Single string development with selective redundancy Inexpensive, non-standard launch vehicle Ground segment leverages existing systems. Operational spacecraft Planned 7-year mission with additional redundancy Standard launch vehicle Additional investment in ground segment Current cost estimate range for a 3-sensor satellite is approximately $700M-$1100M CDR Science Support is an additional $300M-$450M Altimetry Options [p. 18] NPOESS sun-synchronous orbits are NOT ideal for precision altimetry Flight of an altimeter on NPOESS is NOT recommended For this analysis, “free flyer” satellites in the NOAA / EUMETSAT JASON series are assumed Three satellites beyond JASON 2 required to provide coverage to 2026 Costs estimated for JASON 3, 4, and 5 Advanced altimeter costs also estimated May replace JASON class missions starting with JASON 4 Independent of this study, U.S. Navy is working with the IPO to develop costs and options to procure an operational oceanography radar altimeter Current total cost estimate for a series of 3 missions ranges from approximately $1.5B-$2.1B CDR Science Support is an additional ~$200M Current cost estimate for a single JASON follow-on is approximately $470M with the potential for 50/50 cost sharing with partners

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report TABLE Climate Goal Partnering Opportunities (Preliminary) [p. 19]   Partner Sensor or Capability Timeframe Role Increasing Potential → EUMETSAT Jason-3 2013-2018 Mitigate NASA/Navy Adv. Altimeter TBD Mitigate ESA/JAXA (Earthcare) APS/ERBS-like 2010-20xx Mitigate ESA GMES Sentinel 3 Altimeter   Complement Navy (NPOESS) Altimeter (Op) 2016-2026 Complement Navy (DoD Space Test Program) Altimeter (Op)   Complement CNES Megha-Tropiques ERBS-like   Complement Chinese SOA (HY series) Altimeter   Mitigate Brazilian Space Agency (Amazonia) Flight Opportunity 2010/2015 Accommodation EUMETSAT (MSG) ERBS-like on-orbit Complement Chinese Met. Agency (FY series) ERBS-like   Mitigate ESA PARASOL APS-like on-orbit Complement Related Concerns [p.20 ] VIIRS Reduced imaging capability for mid-morning orbit Discussions on-going with EUMETSAT about an advanced imager on METOP-D Optical Crosstalk MIS Reduced capability microwave imager First MIS scheduled to fly on NPOESS C2 (2016) Discussion on-going with JAXA about AMSR-2 Pursuing several options for continuity of ocean vector wind measurements TABLE Near-Term Planning [p.21 ]   Decision/Funding Commitment Launch Readiness Date CERES on NPP September 2007 / FY07* September 2009 TSIS on LDCM January 2008 / FY09 Late 2011 JASON-3 Decision CY08 / FY10 2013 First Climate Free-Flyer Mid 2009 / Pre-Phase A FY08 2014 * Would require re-allocation of existing funds Next Steps [p.22 ] Listen closely to the input from this Workshop Continue to work with OSTP Continue dialogue regarding potential international and/or domestic partnerships

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Options to Ensure the Climate Record from the NPOESS and GOES-R Spacecraft: A Workshop Report Backups [pp. 23-24] FIGURE [C.9] NPOESS Nunn-McCurdy Certification. Reductions of Climate-Relevant Sensors. [p. 24]