Questions? Call 888-624-8373

PAPERBACK
list:$38.00
Web:$34.20
add to cart

Rights & Permissions

Free PDF Access
topleft topright

The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans (2008)
Board on Military and Veterans Health (BMVH)

Page
119
bottomleft bottomright
  E-mail
 Facebook
 Digg
 Stumble
 Twitter
More

The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.

The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans

Appendix B
Exposure Measures in Studies of U.S. Vietnam Veterans

 Page
119

Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.

OCR for page 119
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Appendix B Exposure Measures in Studies of U.S. Vietnam Veterans

OCR for page 120
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans TABLE B-1 Exposure Measures in Studies of U.S. Vietnam Veterans Reference Design Description Sources of Exposure Data Exposure Measures CDC Studies Erickson et al., 1984a,b Case-control CDC Birth Defects Study Birth defect cases and normal controls born in the Atlanta, GA, area, 1968–1980 Telephone interview Military records Veteran (ever served in U.S. military) Vietnam service before conception of case/control offspring EOI (values 1–5): scores assigned on the basis of reviews by Army experts of duties, dates, and places of service in Vietnam; separate scores for information from (1) interviews and (2) review of military records Self-reports of Agent Orange exposure Boyle et al., 1987; CDC, 1987 Retrospective cohort CDC Vietnam Experience Study: Mortality in Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans Military records Army service in Vietnam between 1965 and 1971 CDC, 1988a,b,c, 1989 Cohort CDC Vietnam Experience Study: Psychosocial, physical health, and reproductive outcomes Military records Telephone interview Army service in Vietnam between 1965 and 1971 Self-reported exposures CDC, 1988d Cohort pilot CDC Agent Orange Validation Study Army Vietnam veterans and Vietnam-era controls Military records Self-report through structured interview Five scores based on military records; two scores based on information from self-report The scoring methods based on information from military records reflected different assumptions about TCDD half-life and about completeness of data on troop and herbicide spray locations

OCR for page 121
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans         Two other scores were based on information from the structured interview (self-report): number of days of direct exposure to herbicides during military service; and number of days of indirect exposure to herbicides during military service CDC, 1990a,b,c,d Case-control Selected Cancer Studies: Studies of NHL, HD, STS, nasal carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, liver cancer Telephone interview, supplemented by review of military records Classification of unit mission by U.S. Army ESG Self-reported Vietnam service (in sensitivity analyses, service in Vietnam distinguished from service off the coast) Considered branch of service, unit, location in Vietnam, job duties, tour of duty, rank, perceived exposure to herbicides Non-Vietnam occupational exposure to phenoxy herbicides O’Brien et al., 1991 Cohort NHL cases identified within Vietnam Experience Study cohort Military records Interview Vietnam service, noting region of service and military occupation Decouflé et al., 1992 Cohort Vietnam Experience Study Relationship of self-reported health to self-reported exposure to herbicides and combat among Army veterans Military records Telephone questionnaire Herbicide exposure index reflecting four categories of increasing intensity of exposure based on self-report Boehmer et al., 2004 Cohort Mortality update of Vietnam Experience Study cohort Military records Entered military service 1965–1971, at least one tour of Army service in Vietnam

OCR for page 122
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Reference Design Description Sources of Exposure Data Exposure Measures Department of Veterans Affairs Studies Kang et al., 1986 Case-control Hospital-based study of Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans diagnosed with STS, 1969–1983 Military records Vietnam service Burt et al., 1987 Retrospective cohort NHL mortality among Vietnam and Vietnam-era Army and Marine Corps veterans Military records Service as a member of Army or Marine Corps in Vietnam between July 4, 1965, and March 1, 1973 Kang et al., 1987 Case-control STS cases diagnosed at Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (1975–1980); controls from patient logs of referring pathologists Military records Telephone interview Vietnam service in Army or Marine Corps, combat-related military occupation, and broad geographic location of individual’s unit at time of service Breslin et al., 1988 Retrospective cohort Mortality among Vietnam and Vietnam-era Army and Marine Corps veterans Military records Service as a member of Army or Marine Corps in Vietnam between July 4, 1965, and March 1, 1973 True et al., 1988 Cross-sectional Military service in Vietnam and subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms Questionnaire Exposure to combat in Vietnam

OCR for page 123
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Bullman et al., 1990 Cohort Mortality in Army Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans who served in Military Region I Military records Service in Military Region I Farberow et al., 1990 Case-control Suicide and motor vehicle deaths in Los Angeles County among Vietnam and Vietnam-era Army and Marine Corps veterans Military records Medical examiner’s records Next-of-kin interviews Vietnam service, combat-related military occupation based on military records; aspects of military experience based on next-of-kin report Goldberg et al., 1990 Cohort Posttraumatic stress disorder among monozygotic twin pairs serving in the military during the Vietnam era Military records Questionnaire Southeast Asia service Bullman et al., 1991 Case-control Combat and other service experience in posttraumatic stress disorder cases and controls selected from the VA Agent Orange Registry Military records Vietnam service in a combat-related military occupation, having been wounded in Vietnam, having been awarded medals for combat-related Vietnam service Dalager et al., 1991 Case-control Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans diagnosed with NHL in VA hospitals, 1969–1985 Military records Branch of service, combat role, service within a specific region in Vietnam, extended service in Vietnam

OCR for page 124
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Reference Design Description Sources of Exposure Data Exposure Measures Eisen et al., 1991 Cohort Health status of monozygotic twin pairs who served in the military during the Vietnam era Mail survey or telephone interviews Southeast Asia service Thomas et al., 1991 Cohort Mortality in women Vietnam veterans and Vietnam-era veterans deceased 1973–1987 Military records Vietnam service Watanabe et al., 1991 Retrospective cohort Follow-up through 1984 of mortality study by Breslin et al., 1988 Military records Army or Marine Corps service in Vietnam between July 4, 1965, and March 1, 1973 Bullman et al., 1994 Case-control Testicular cancer cases and controls identified from VA Agent Orange Registry Military records Branch of service, type of duty, corps area, and location of individual’s unit in relation to recorded Agent Orange spray tracks Dalager et al., 1995a Cohort Mortality study of women Vietnam veterans and Vietnam-era veterans who died 1965–1992 Update of Thomas et al., 1991 Military records Vietnam service

OCR for page 125
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Dalager et al., 1995b Case-control Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease in VA hospitals, 1969–1985 Military records Branch of service, combat role, service within a specific region in Vietnam, extended service in Vietnam Watanabe and Kang, 1995 Cohort Mortality study of U.S. Marine Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans Extension of Breslin et al., 1988, and Watanabe et al., 1991 Military records Vietnam service Watanabe and Kang, 1996 Cohort Mortality study of Army and Marine Corps Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans who died 1965–1988 Military records Vietnam service Mahan et al., 1997 Case-control Lung cancer cases among Vietnam-era veterans Military records Vietnam service Location of service member’s unit in relation to areas sprayed with herbicides and time elapsed since spraying McKinney et al., 1997 Cross-sectional Smoking patterns among veterans and non-veterans 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey Vietnam service Kang et al., 2000a Cohort Self-reported pregnancy outcomes for women Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans Military records Structured telephone interview Vietnam service

OCR for page 126
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Reference Design Description Sources of Exposure Data Exposure Measures Kang et al., 2000b Cohort Gynecologic cancers among women Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans Military records Structured telephone interview Vietnam service State Studies Greenwald et al., 1984 Case-control STS cases from New York State Cancer Registry, diagnosed 1962–1980; population controls Interview of study subjects or next of kin Self- or proxy report of Vietnam service, exposure to Agent Orange Newell, 1984 Cross-sectional Pilot analyses of cytogenetics, sperm evaluation, and immune response in Vietnam veterans from Texas Military records Questionnaire Exposure to herbicides based on the amount of herbicide sprayed in the area where the individual served during period of service Reported presence of chloracne Kogan and Clapp, 1985 Cohort Mortality study of Massachusetts Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans, deceased 1972–1983 List of Massachusetts veterans who served between 1958 and 1973 and received a bonus Vietnam service Lawrence et al., 1985 Cohort Mortality study of veterans discharged from service 1971–1973 and deceased in New York through 1980 Military records (Vietnam service indicators in DMDC roster) Vietnam service

OCR for page 127
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Rellahan, 1985 Cohort Survey of residents of Oahu, Hawaii, with Vietnam-era military service Questionnaire Vietnam service Wendt, 1985 Descriptive Survey of Iowa Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans Iowa Department of Veterans Affairs records Questionnaire Self-reported spraying or handling of Agent Orange, or passing through a sprayed area Anderson et al., 1986 Cohort Mortality study of Wisconsin Vietnam veterans, Vietnam-era veterans, and non-veterans Military records Vietnam service Goun and Kuller, 1986 Case-control Mortality from STS, NHL, and other cancers among Pennsylvania male Vietnam veterans Federal military records Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Military Affairs records Vietnam service Holmes et al., 1986 Cohort Mortality study of West Virginia Vietnam veterans List of recipients of West Virginia Vietnam-era service bonus Vietnam service

OCR for page 128
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Reference Design Description Sources of Exposure Data Exposure Measures Pollei et al., 1986 Case-control Chest radiographs of Vietnam veteransin Albuquerque VA Agent Orange registry; compared to Air Force personnel with no Vietnam service Interviews; some military records Registry enrollment; self-reported repeated exposure to Agent Orange Kahn et al., 1988 Pilot exposure study Herbicide exposure study of Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans Self report, validated with examination of military records by U.S. Army ESG Highly exposed to Agent Orange (by job title and self-report) Adipose tissue and blood serum measurement of TCDD Kogan and Clapp, 1988 Cohort Mortality study of Massachusetts Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans, deceased 1972–1983; focus on cancer mortality List of Massachusetts veterans who served between 1958 and 1973 and received a bonus Vietnam service Levy, 1988 Cross-sectional PTSD in those with chloracne among a subset of Massachusetts Vietnam bonus recipients Telephone interview Medical examination Current diagnosis of chloracne

OCR for page 129
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Clapp et al., 1991 Case-control Cancer cases from Massachusetts Cancer Registry, diagnosed 1982–1988 List of Massachusetts veterans who served between 1958 and 1973 and received a bonus Vietnam service Deprez et al., 1991 Descriptive Health status and reproductive outcomes in Maine Vietnam veterans Questionnaire Self-reported exposure to herbicides Fiedler et al., 1992; Kahn et al., 1992a,b Cohort Health outcomes in New Jersey Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans Self report, validated with examination of military records by U.S. Army ESG TCDD in blood; service in units that operated in heavily sprayed areas of Vietnam Visintainer et al., 1995 Cohort Mortality study of Michigan Vietnam and Vietnam-era veterans Michigan bonus list Vietnam service (“in-country” versus “out-country”) Clapp, 1997 Case-control Cancer cases from Massachusetts Cancer Registry, diagnosed 1982–1993 Update of Clapp et al., 1991 List of Massachusetts veterans who served between 1958 and 1973 and received a bonus Vietnam service

OCR for page 130
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Reference Design Description Sources of Exposure Data Exposure Measures American Legion Studies Snow et al., 1988 Cohort Health and reproductive outcomes among American Legion members who served in Vietnam, examining combat and herbicide exposures Questionnaire Scale of combat intensity based on self-report Stellman et al., 1988a Cohort Social and behavioral outcomes among American Legion members who served in Vietnam, examining combat and herbicide exposures Questionnaire Separate exposure opportunity indexes for Agent Orange and for all herbicides, based on 1986 proximity model using HERBS and Services HERBS tapes and point locations for centers of major troop activity Stellman et al., 1988b Cohort Health and reproductive outcomes among American Legion members who served in Vietnam, examining combat and herbicide exposures Questionnaire Separate exposure opportunity indexes for Agent Orange and for all herbicides, based on 1986 proximity model using HERBS and Services HERBS tapes and point locations for centers of major troop activity

OCR for page 131
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Other Studies of Vietnam Veterans Aschengrau and Monson, 1989 Case-control Paternal Vietnam service and risk of spontaneous abortion Federal military records Massachusetts Vietnam bonus list Vietnam service Aschengrau and Monson, 1990 Case-control Paternal Vietnam service and risk of late adverse pregnancy outcomes Federal military records Massachusetts Vietnam bonus list Vietnam service Tarone et al., 1991 Case-control Vietnam veterans with testicular cancer and hospital controls with other cancers Questionnaire Vietnam service NOTES: Excludes studies of the Air Force Health Study (Ranch Hand) and Army Chemical Corps cohorts. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; DMDC, Defense Manpower Data Center; EOI, exposure opportunity index; ESG, U.S. Army and Joint Services Environmental Support Group; NHL, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; STS, soft-tissue sarcoma; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. SOURCE: Adapted from Table C-3 (IOM, 2007).

OCR for page 132
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans REFERENCES Anderson, H. A., L. P. Hanrahan, M. Jensen, D. Laurin, W. Y. Yick, and P. Wiegman. 1986. Wisconsin Vietnam veteran mortality study: Final report. Madison: Wisconsin Division of Health. Aschengrau, A., and R. R. Monson. 1989. Paternal military service in Vietnam and risk of spontaneous abortion. Journal of Occupational Medicine 31(7):618–623. Aschengrau, A., and R. R. Monson. 1990. Paternal military service in Vietnam and the risk of late adverse pregnancy outcomes. American Journal of Public Health 80(10):1218–1224. Boehmer, T. K., W. D. Flanders, M. A. McGeehin, C. Boyle, and D. H. Barrett. 2004. Postservice mortality in Vietnam veterans: 30-year follow-up. Archives of Internal Medicine 164(17):1908–1916. Boyle, C. A., P. Decouflé, R. J. Delaney, F. DeStefano, M. L. Flock, M. I. Hunter, M. R. Joesoef, J. M. Karon, M. L. Kirk, P. M. Layde, D. L. McGee, L. A. Moyer, D. A. Pollock, P. Rhodes, M. J. Scally, and R. M. Worth. 1987. Postservice mortality among Vietnam veterans. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Breslin, P., H. K. Kang, Y. Lee, V. Burt, and B. Shepard. 1988. Proportionate mortality study of US Army and US Marine Corps veterans of the Vietnam War. Journal of Occupational Medicine 30(5):412–419. Bullman, T. A., H. K. Kang, and K. K. Watanabe. 1990. Proportionate mortality among U.S. Army Vietnam veterans who served in Military Region I. American Journal of Epidemiology 132(4):670–674. Bullman, T. A., H. K. Kang, and T. L. Thomas. 1991. Posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans on the Agent Orange Registry: A case-control analysis. Annals of Epidemiology 1(6):505–512. Bullman, T. A, K. K. Watanabe, and H. K. Kang. 1994. Risk of testicular cancer associated with surrogate measures of Agent Orange exposure among Vietnam veterans on the Agent Orange Registry. Annals of Epidemiology 4:11–16. Burt, V. L., P. P. Breslin, H. K. Kang, and Y. Lee. 1987. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in Vietnam veterans. Department of Medicine and Surgery, U.S. Veterans Administration, Washington, DC. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1987. Postservice mortality among Vietnam veterans. Journal of the American Medical Association 257(6):790–795. CDC. 1988a. Health status of Vietnam veterans: I. Psychosocial characteristics. Journal of the American Medical Association 259(18):2701–2707. CDC. 1988b. Health status of Vietnam veterans: II. Physical health. Journal of the American Medical Association 259(18):2708–2714. CDC. 1988c. Health status of Vietnam veterans: III. Reproductive outcomes and child health. Journal of the American Medical Association 259(18):2715–2719. CDC. 1988d. Serum 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin levels in U.S. Army Vietnam-era veterans. Journal of the American Medical Association 260(9):1249–1254. CDC. 1989. Health status of Vietnam veterans: Vietnam Experience Study. Volumes I–V, Supplements A–C. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/veterans/default1c.htm (accessed December 21, 2007). CDC. 1990a. The association of selected cancers with service in the U.S. military in Vietnam: I. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Archives of Internal Medicine 150:2473–2483. CDC. 1990b. The association of selected cancers with service in the U.S. military in Vietnam: II. Soft-tissue and other sarcomas. Archives of Internal Medicine 150:2485–2492.

OCR for page 133
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans CDC. 1990c. The association of selected cancers with service in the U.S. military in Vietnam: III. Hodgkin’s disease, nasal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, and primary liver cancer. Archives of Internal Medicine 150:2495–2505. CDC. 1990d. The association of selected cancers with service in the U.S. military in Vietnam: Final report. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Clapp, R. W. 1997. Update of cancer surveillance of veterans in Massachusetts, USA. International Journal of Epidemiology 26(3):679–681. Clapp, R. W., L. A. Cupples, T. Colton, and D. M. Ozonoff. 1991. Cancer surveillance of veterans in Massachusetts, USA, 1982–1988. International Journal of Epidemiology 20(1):7–12. Dalager, N. A., H. K. Kang, V. L. Burt, and L. Weatherbee. 1991. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among Vietnam veterans. Journal of Occupational Medicine 33(7):774–779. Dalager, N. A., H. K. Kang, and T. L. Thomas. 1995a. Cancer mortality patterns among women who served in the military: The Vietnam experience. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 37(3):298–305. Dalager, N. A., H. K. Kang, V. L. Burt, and L. Weatherbee. 1995b. Hodgkin’s disease and Vietnam service. Annals of Epidemiology 5(5):400–406. Decouflé, P., P. Holmgreen, C. Boyle, and N. Stroup. 1992. Self-reported health status of Vietnam veterans in relation to perceived exposure to herbicides and combat. American Journal of Epidemiology 135(3):312–323. Deprez, R. D., M. E. Carvette, and M. S. Agger. 1991. The health and medical status of Maine veterans: Final report. Portland, ME: Public Health Resource Group, Inc. Eisen, S., J. Goldberg, W. R. True, and W. G. Henderson. 1991. A co-twin control study of the effects of the Vietnam War on the self-reported physical health of veterans. American Journal of Epidemiology 134:49–58. Erickson, J. D., J. Mulinare, P. W. McClain, T. G. Fitch, L. M. James, A. B. McClearn, and M. J. Adams, Jr. 1984a. Vietnam veterans’ risks for fathering babies with birth defects. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Erickson, J. D., J. Mulinare, P. W. McClain, T. G. Fitch, L. M. James, A. B. McClearn, and M. J. Adams, Jr. 1984b. Vietnam veterans’ risks for fathering babies with birth defects. Journal of the American Medical Association 252(7):903–912. Farberow, N. L., H. K. Kang, and T. A. Bullman. 1990. Combat experience and postservice psychosocial status as predictors of suicide in Vietnam veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 178(1):32–37. Fiedler, N., M. Gochfeld, and W. W. Lewis. 1992. The Pointman Project: Neurobehavioral correlates of herbicide exposure in Vietnam veterans. New Jersey Agent Orange Commission. Goldberg, J., W. R. True, S. A. Eisen, and W. G. Henderson. 1990. A twin study of the effects of the Vietnam War on posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association 263(9):1227–1232. Goun, B. D., and L. H. Kuller. 1986. Final report: A case control study on the association of soft tissue sarcomas, non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, and other selected cancers and Vietnam military service in Pennsylvania males. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh. Greenwald, P., B. Kovasznay, D. N. Collins, and G. Therriault. 1984. Sarcomas of soft tissues after Vietnam service. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 73:1107–1109. Holmes, A. P., C. Bailey, R. C. Baron, E. Bosanac, J. Brough, C. Conroy, and L. Haddy. 1986. Vietnam-era veterans mortality study, West Virginia residents, 1968–1983: Preliminary report. Charleston: West Virginia Department of Health. IOM. 2007. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2006. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

OCR for page 134
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Kahn, P. C., M. Gochfeld, M. Nygren, M. Hansson, C. Rappe, H. Velez, T. Ghent-Guenther, and W. P. Wilson. 1988. Dioxins and dibenzofurans in blood and adipose tissue of Agent Orange-exposed Vietnam veterans and matched controls. Journal of the American Medical Association 259(11):1661–1667. Kahn, P. C., M. Gochfeld, and W. W. Lewis. 1992a. Immune status and herbicide exposure in the New Jersey Pointman I Project. New Jersey Agent Orange Commission. Kahn, P. C., M. Gochfeld, and W. W. Lewis. 1992b. Semen analysis in Vietnam veterans with respect to presumed herbicide exposure. Pointman II Project. New Jersey Agent Orange Commission. Kang, H. K., L. Weatherbee, P. Breslin, Y. Lee, and B. Shepard. 1986. Soft tissue sarcomas and military service in Vietnam: A case comparison group analysis of hospital patients. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 28(12):1215–1218. Kang, H. K., F. Enziger, P. Breslin, M. Feil, Y. Lee, and B. Shepard. 1987. Soft tissue sarcoma and military service in Vietnam: A case-control study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 79(4):693–699. Kang, H. K., C. M. Mahan, K. Y. Lee, C. A. Magee, S. H. Mather, and G. M. Matanoski. 2000a. Pregnancy outcomes among U.S. women Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38:447–454. Kang, H. K., C. M. Mahan, K. Y. Lee, C. A. Magee, and S. Selvin. 2000b. Prevalence of gynecologic cancers among female Vietnam veterans. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42(11):1121–1127. Kogan, M. A., and R. Clapp. 1985. Mortality among Vietnam veterans in Massachusetts, 1972–1983. Office of the Commissioner of Veterans’ Services, Agent Orange Program. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Kogan, M. A., and R. Clapp. 1988. Soft tissue sarcoma mortality among Vietnam veterans in Massachusetts, 1972–1983. International Journal of Epidemiology 7(1):39–43. Lawrence, C. E., A. A. Reilly, P. Quickenton, P. Greenwald, W. F. Page, and A. J. Kuntz. 1985. Mortality patterns of New York State Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Public Health 75:277–279. Levy, C. J. 1988. Agent Orange exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 176(4):242–245. Mahan, C. M., T. A. Bullman, and H. K. Kang. 1997. A case-control study of lung cancer among Vietnam veterans. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 39(8):740–747. McKinney, W. P., D. D. McIntire, T. J. Carmody, and A. Joseph. 1997. Comparing the smoking behavior of veterans and nonveterans. Public Health Reports 112:212–217. Newell, G. R. 1984. Development and preliminary results of pilot clinical studies: Report of the chairman. Agent Orange Advisory Committee to the Texas Department of Health. O’Brien, T. R., P. Decouflé, and C. A. Boyle. 1991. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in a cohort of Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Public Health 81(6):758–760. Pollei, S., F. A. Mettler, Jr., C. A. Kelsey, M. R. Walters, and R. E. White. 1986. Follow-up chest radiographs in Vietnam veterans: Are they useful? Radiology 161:101–102. Rellahan, W. 1985. Aspects of the health of Hawaii’s Vietnam-era veterans reflecting the impact of the Vietnam experience. Hawaii Department of Health. Snow, B. R., J. M. Stellman, S. D. Stellman, and J. F. Sommer, Jr. 1988. Post-traumatic stress disorder among American Legionnaires in relation to combat experience in Vietnam: Associated and contributing factors. Environmental Research 47(2):175–192. Stellman, J. M., S. D. Stellman, and J. F. Sommer, Jr. 1988a. Social and behavioral consequences of the Vietnam experience among American Legionnaires. Environmental Research 47(2):129–149.

OCR for page 135
The Utility of Proximity-Based Herbicide Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies of Vietnam Veterans Stellman, J. M., S. D. Stellman, and J. F. Sommer, Jr. 1988b. Utilization, attitudes, and experiences of Vietnam era veterans with Veterans Administration health facilities: The American Legion experience. Environmental Research 47(2):150–174. Tarone, R. E., H. M. Hayes, R. N. Hoover, J. F. Rosenthal, L. M. Brown, L. M. Pottern, N. Javadpour, K. J. O’Connell, R. E. Stutzman. 1991. Service in Vietnam and risk of testicular cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 83(20):1497–1499. Thomas, T. L., H. K. Kang, and N. A. Dalager. 1991. Mortality among women Vietnam veterans, 1973–1987. American Journal of Epidemiology 134(9):973–980. True, W. R., J. Goldberg, and S. A. Eisen. 1988. Stress symptomatology among Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Epidemiology 128(1):85–92. Visintainer, P., M. Barone, H. McGee, and E. L. Peterson. 1995. Proportionate mortality study of Vietnam-era veterans of Michigan. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 37(4):423–428. Watanabe, K. K., and H. K. Kang. 1995. Military service in Vietnam and the risk of death from trauma and selected cancers. Annals of Epidemiology 5:407–412. Watanabe, K. K., and H. K. Kang. 1996. Mortality patterns among Vietnam veterans. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 38(3):272–278. Watanabe, K. K., H. K. Kang, and T. L. Thomas. 1991. Mortality among Vietnam veterans: With methodological considerations. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 33(7):780–785. Wendt, A. S. 1985. Iowa Agent Orange survey of Vietnam veterans. Iowa State Department of Health.