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Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty (2009)
Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine (CWSEM)
Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT)

Page
336
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Page
336
Front Matter (R1-R16)
SUMMARY (1-12)
1INTRODUCTION (13-26)
2 STATUS OF WOMEN IN ACADEMIC SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IN 2004 AND 2005 (27-34)
3 Gender Differences in Academic Hiring (35-64)
4 Professional Activities, Institutional Resources, Climate, and Outcomes (65-106)
5 Gender Differences in Tenure and Promotion (107-140)
6 KEY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (141-154)
Bibliography (155-190)
Appendix 1-1 Committee on Gender Differences in Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty (191-196)
Appendix 1-2 List of Research I institutions (197-197)
Appendix 1-3 Committee on Gender Differences in Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty (198-199)
Appendix 1-4The Surveys (200-206)
Appendix 1-5 Survey Instruments (207-232)
Appendix 1-6 Departments in Survey (233-259)
Appendix 2-1 Review of Literature and Relevant Research (260-274)
APPENDIX 2-2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO GENDER DIFFERENCES AMONG FACULTY (275-281)
Appendix 3-1 Review of the Literature and Research on Factors Associated with a Higher Proportion of Female Applicants (282-289)
Appendix 3-2 Estimated adjusted mean effects and differences for the probability that there are no female applicants (290-290)
Appendix 3-3 Estimated adjusted mean effects and differences based on the modeled probability of the percentage of applicants that are female (291-292)
Appendix 3-4 Estimated adjusted mean effects and differences based on the modeled probability of at least one female candidate interviewed (293-294)
Appendix 3-5 Doctoral degrees awarded by all doctoral-granting institutions, by field, gender, and year. (295-295)
Appendix 3-6 Doctoral Degrees Awarded by discipline and gender for Research I institutions, 1999-2003 (296-296)
Appendix 3-7 (297-300)
Appendix 3-8 Main Considerations for taking a position by number of respondents saying "Yes" (301-301)
Appendix 4-1 Distribution of Undergraduate Course Load for Faculty by Gender and Discipline (302-303)
Appendix 4-2 (304-304)
Appendix 4-3 (305-305)
Appendix 4-4 (306-306)
Appendix 4-5 (307-307)
Appendix 4-6 Distribution of Number of Graduate Thesis or Honors Committees for Research I Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty (308-308)
Appendix 4-7 Percentage of Time Spent in Administration or Committee Work on Campus and Service to the Profession Outside the University for Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty at Research I Institutions (309-309)
Appendix 4-8 Distribution of Number of Service Committees for Research I Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty (310-310)
Appendix 4-9 Mean Salary by Gender and Professorial Rank for Tenure and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions (311-311)
Appendix 4-10 Percent of Tenured and Tenure Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Summer Support (312-312)
Appendix 4-11 Percent of Tenured and Tenure-Track Faculty in Research I Institutions Receiving Travel Funds (313-313)
Appendix 4-12 (314-314)
Appendix 4-13 (315-315)
Appendix 4-14 (316-316)
Appendix 4-15 (317-317)
Appendix 4-16 (318-318)
Appendix 4-17 (319-319)
Appendix 4-18 (320-320)
Appendix 4-19 (321-321)
Appendix 4-20a (322-322)
Appendix 4-20b (323-323)
Appendix 4-21 (324-324)
Appendix 4-22 (325-325)
Appendix 4-23 (326-326)
Appendix 4-24 (327-327)
Appendix 5-1 (328-329)
Appendix 5-2 (330-330)
Appendix 5-3 (331-331)
Appendix 5-4 (332-332)
Appendix 5-5 (333-333)
Appendix 5-6 (334-334)
Appendix 5-7 (335-335)
BIBLIOGRAPHY (336-373)

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APPENDIXES 336 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahern, N., and E. Scott. 1981. Career Outcomes in a Matched Sample of Men and Women Ph.D.s. Washington, DC: National Research Council. Allen, T. D., L. T. Eby, S. S. Douthitt, and C. L. Noble. 2002. Applicant gender and family structure: Effects on perceived relocation commitment and spouse resistance. Sex Roles 47(11/12):543-552. Allison, P. 1984. Event History Analysis: Regression for Longitudinal Event Data. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Alvarez, R.M., and Brehm, J. 1995. American ambivalence towards abortion policy: Development of a heteroskedatic probit model of competing values. American Journal of Political Science (39): 1055-1089 Amato, I. 1992. Profile of a field: Chemistry. Science 255(5050):1372-1373. American Association of University Professors (AAUP). 2003. Contingent appointments and the academic profession. Academe 89(5):59-69. American College of Physicians. 1991. Promotion and tenure of women and minorities on medical school faculties. Annals of Internal Medicine 114(1):63-68. Amey, M. J. 1996. The institutional marketplace and faculty attrition. Thought & Action: The NEA Higher Education Journal 12:23-35. Andersen, K. and E. D. Miller. 1997. Gender and student evaluations of teaching. PS: Political Science and Politics 30(2):216-219. Anderson, E. 2002. The New Professoriate: Characteristics, Contributions, and Compensation. Washington, DC: American Council on Education. Antonio, A. 2003. Diverse student bodies, diverse faculties. Academe 89(6):14-17. Aper, J., and J. Fry. 2003. Post-tenure review at graduate institutions in the United States. The Journal of Higher Education 74(3):241-260. Ash, A. S., P. L. Carr, R. Goldstein, and R. H. Friedman. 2004. Compensation and advancement of women in academic medicine: Is there equity? Annals of Internal Medicine 141(3):205-W-44. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 337 Ashenfelter, O., and D. Card. 2002. Did the elimination of mandatory retirement affect faculty retirement flows? American Economic Review 92(4):957-980. Ashraf, J. 1996. The influence of gender on faculty salaries in the United States, 1969-89. Applied Economics 28:857-864. Alvarez, R. M. and Brehm, J. 1995. American ambivalence towards abortion policy: Development of a heteroskedatic probit model of competing values. American Journal of Political Science (39):1055-1089 Association of American Universities (AAU). 1998. Committee on Postdoctoral Education Report and Recommendations, March 31. Washington, DC: AAU. Astin, H., and C. Cress. 2003. A national profile of academic women in research universities. Pp. 53-90 in Equal Rites, Unequal Outcomes: Women in American Research Universities, L. Hornig, ed., New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. August, L. 2006. Attrition among female tenure-track faculty. Paper presented at the meeting of the Association for Institutional Research, Chicago, May 18. August, L., and J. Waltman. 2004. Culture, climate, and contribution: Career satisfaction among female faculty. Research in Higher Education 45(2):177-192. Bagihole, B. 1993. How to keep a good woman down: An investigation of the role of institutional factors in the process of discrimination against women academics. British Journal of Sociology of Education 14(3):261-274. Bahrami, B. 2001. Factors affecting faculty retirement decisions. The Social Science Journal 38(2):297-305. Bailyn, L. 2003. Academic careers and gender equity: Lessons learned from MIT. Gender, Work and Organization 10(2):137-153. Bain, O., and W. Cummings. 2000. Academe's glass ceiling: Societal, professional- organizational, and institutional barriers to the career advancement of academic women. Comparative Education Review 44(4):493-514. Barbezat, D. A. 2004. A loyalty tax? National measures of academic salary compression. Research in Higher Education 45(7):761-776. Barbezat, D. A. 2003. Gender Differences in Career Development: A Cohort Study of Economists (January). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=383822 Barbezat, D. A. 2003. From here to seniority: The effect of experience and job tenure on faculty salaries. New Directions for Institutional Research 117:21-47. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 338 Barbezat, D. A. 2002. History of pay equity studies. New Directions for Institutional Research 115:9-39. Barbezat, D. A. 1992. The market for new Ph.D. economists. Journal of Economic Education 23(3):262-276. Barbezat, D. A. 1991. Updating estimates of male-female salary differentials in the academic labor market. Economics Letters 36:191-195. Barbezat, D. A. 1989. Affirmative action in higher education: Have two decades altered salary differentials by sex and race? Research in Labor Economics 10:107-156. Barbezat, D. A., and J. Hughes. 2005. Salary structure effects and the gender pay gap in academia. Research in Higher Education 46(6):621-640. Barbezat, D. A., and J. Hughes. 2001. The effect of job mobility on academic salaries. Contemporary Economic Policy 19(4):409-423. Barinaga, M. 1992. Profile of a field: Neuroscience. Science 255(5050):1366-1367. Barnes, L. L. B., M. O. Agago, and W. T. Coombs. 1998. Effects of job-related stress on faculty intention to leave academia. Research in Higher Education 39(4):457-469. Basow, S. A., and N.T. Silberg. 1987. Student evaluations of college professors: Are female and male professors rated differently? Journal of Educational Psychology 79:308-14. Baum, R. 2003. Achieving gender equity in chemistry. Chemical & Engineering News 81(15):46-47. Bayer, A., and J. Dutton. 1977. Career age and research-professional activities of academic scientists: Tests of alternative nonlinear models and some implications for higher education faculty policies. The Journal of Higher Education 48(3):259-282. Becker, W. and Toutkoushian R. 2003. Measuring gender bias in the salaries of tenured faculty members. New Directions for Institutional Research 117:5-20. Becker, W., and R. Toutkoushian. 1995. The measurement and cost of removing unexplained gender differences in faculty salaries. Economics of Education Review 14(3):209-220. Bellas, M. L. 1997. Disciplinary differences in faculty salaries: Does gender bias play a role? Journal of Higher Education 68(3):299-321. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 339 Bellas, M. L. 1994. Comparable worth in academia: The effects on faculty salaries of the sex composition and labor-market conditions of academic disciplines. American Sociological Review 59(6):807-821. Bellas, M. L. 1993. Faculty salaries: Still a cost of being female? Social Science Quarterly 74(1):62-75. Bellas, M. L., and Toutkoushian, R.K. 1999. Faculty time allocations and research productivity: Gender, race, and family effects. Review of Higher Education 22(4):367- 390. Bellas, M. L., P. N. Ritchey, and P. Parmer. 2001. Gender differences in the salaries and salary growth rates of university faculty: An exploratory study. Sociological Perspectives 44(2):163-187. Bement, Jr., A. L. 2005. Remarks, setting the agenda for 21st century science. Presented at the meeting of the Council of Scientific Society Presidents, [location?], December 5. Available at: http://www.nsf.gov/news/speeches/bement/05/alb051205_societypres.jsp Benedict, M. E., and L. Wilder. 1999. Unionization and tenure and rank outcomes in Ohio universities. Journal of Labor Research 20(2):185-201. Benjamin, E. 1999. Disparities in the salaries and appointments of academic women and men. Academe 85(1):60-62. Bennof, R. J. 2004. Federal science and engineering obligations to academic and nonprofit institutions reached record highs in FY 2002. NSF InfoBrief, June, (NSF 04- 324). Bentley, R. J., and R. T. Blackburn. 1992. Two decades of gains for female faculty? Teachers College Record 93(4):697-709. Beutel, A. M. and D. J. Nelson. 2005. The gender and race-ethnicity of faculty in top science and engineering research departments. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 11(4):389-402. Bhattacharjee, Y. 2005. Princeton resets family-friendly tenure clock. Science 309(5739):1308. Bhattacharjee, Y. 2004a. Children vs. tenure, Science Now (June 21):2. Bhattacharjee, Y. 2004b. Family matters: Stopping tenure clock may not be enough. Science 306(5704):2031, 2033. Billard, L. 1992. The influence of gender on advancement in astronomy, physics and mathematics. Pp. 23-42 in Proceedings of Women at Work: A Meeting on the Status of PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 340 Women in Astronomy, C. M. Urry, L. Danly, L. E. Sherbert, and S. Gonzaga, eds. Baltimore, MD: Space Telescope Science Institute, September 8-9. Billard, L. 1991. The past, present, and future of academic women in the mathematical sciences. Notices 38(7):707-714. Bird, S., J. Litt, and Y. Wang. 2004. Creating status of women reports: Institutional housekeeping as ‘women’s work’. NWSA Journal 16(1):194-207. Bleak, J., H. Neiman, C.S. Rule, and C. Trower. 2000. Faculty Recruitment Study: Statistical Analysis Report. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Education. Blum, D. 1991. Environment still hostile to women in academe, new evidence indicates. Chronicle of Higher Education 38(7):A2. Boedeker, A. 2003. Science funds low for startup packages. The Daily Toreador (October 14). Bradburn, E. M., and Sikora, A. C. 2002. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in salary and other characteristics of postsecondary faculty: Fall 1998 (NCES 2002–170). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Bradley, G. 2004. Contingent faculty and the new academic labor system. Academe 90(1):28-31. Brennan, M. B. 1996. Women chemists considering careers at research activities. Chemical and Engineering News 74(June 10: 8-15. Bronstein, P., and L. Farnsworth. 1998. Gender differences in faculty experiences of interpersonal climate and processes for advancement. Research in Higher Education 39(5):557-585. Brown, B. W., and S. A. Woodbury. 1995. Gender Differences in Faculty Turnover. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Bugeja, M. 2004. The drama behind the job ad. Chronicle of Higher Education 51(13):C1-2. Burton, L., and L. Parker. 1998. Degrees and occupations in engineering: How much do they diverge? NSF Issue Brief, December (NSF 99-318). [presentation is different for reference for Bennof R.J. line 148; which is correct?] Byrum, A. 2001. Women’s place in ranks of academia. Chemical and Engineering News 79(40):98-99. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 341 Callister, R. R. 2006. The impact of gender and department climate on job satisfaction and intentions to quit for faculty in science and engineering fields. Journal of Technology Transfer 31(3):367-375. Campbell, K. 2001b. Leaders of 9 universities and 25 women faculty meet at MIT, agree to equity reviews. MIT News (January 30). Campbell, K. 2001. Statement on gender equity in academic science and engineering. MIT News (January 30). Carr, P. L., A. S. Ash, R. H. Friedman, L. Szalacha, R. C. Barnett, A. Palepu, and M. M. Moskowitz. 2000. Faculty perceptions of gender discrimination and sexual harassment in academic medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine 132(11):889-896. Carr, P. L., R. H. Friedman, M. M. Moskowitz, and L. E. Kazis. 1993. Comparing the status of women and men in academic medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine 119(9):908- 913. Carter, O., S. Nathisuwan, G. J. Stoddard, and M. A Munger. 2003. Faculty turnover within academic pharmacy departments. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 37:197-201. Cashin, W. E. 1995. Student ratings of teaching: The research revisited. Idea Paper No. 32, Manhatten, KS: Kansas State University, Center for Faculty Evaluation and Development. Case Western Reserve University. 2003. Resource Equity at Case Western Reserve: Results of Faculty Focus Groups. Available at http://www.case.edu/president/aaction/resourcequity2003.doc. Accessed April 22, 2009 Cataldi, E. F., E. M. Bradburn, and M. Fahimi, 2005. 2004 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:04): Background Characteristics, Work Activities, and Compensation of Instructional Faculty and Staff: Fall 2003 (NCES 2006-176). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Cataldi, E. F., M. Fahimi, and E. M. Bradburn. 2005. 2004 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:04) Report on Faculty and Instructional Staff in Fall 2003 (NCES 2005–172). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Cauble, S., A. Christy, and M. Lima. 2000. Toward plugging the leaky pipeline: Biological and agricultural engineering female faculty in the United States and Canada. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 6:229-249. Center for Research on Learning and Teaching (CRLT), The University of Michigan. Resources on Faculty Mentoring. Available at http://www.crlt.umich.edu/publinks/facement.html. Accessed on April 22, 2009 PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 342 Centra, J., and N. Gaubatz. 2000. Is there gender bias in student evaluations of teaching? The Journal of Higher Education 70(1):17-33. Chander, R. and Mervis, J. 2001. The bottom line for U.S. life scientists. Science Magazine. 294(554): 395. COACHE (Collaborative on Academic Careers in Higher Education). 2006. 2006 COACHE Survey. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Graduate School of Education. Available at http://www.gse.harvard.edu/~newscholars/downloads/COACHE_Report_20060925.pdf Cohoon, J. McGrath, R. Shwalb, and L.-Y. Chen, 2003. Faculty turnover in CS departments. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 35(1):108-112. Cole, J. R., and H. Zuckerman. 1984. The productivity puzzle: Persistence and change in patterns of publication among men and women scientists. Pp. 217-258 in Advances in Motivation and Achievement, vol. 2, P. Maehr and M.W. Steinkamp, eds. Greenwich, CT.: JAI Press. Cole, M. S., H. S. Feild, and W. F. Giles. 2004. Interaction of recruiter and applicant gender in resume evaluation: A field study. Sex Roles. 51(9/10):597-608. Collins, J. 2002. May you live in interesting times: Using multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary programs to cope with change in the life sciences. BioScience 52(1):75- 83. Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology (CPST). 2006. Four Decades of STEM Degrees, 1966-2004: “The Devil is in the Details.” STEM Workforce Data Project: Report No. 6. Washington, DC: CPST. Conley, V. M. 2005. Career paths for women faculty: Evidence from NSOPF:99. New Directions for Higher Education 130:25-39. Connell, M. A., and F. Savage. 2001. Does collegiality count? Academe 87(6):37-41. Conway, D. 1993. Can statistics tell us what we do not want to hear? The case of complex salary structures: Comment. Statistical Science 8(2):158-165. Corley, E. A. 2005. How do career strategies, gender, and work environment affect faculty productivity levels in university-based science centers? Review of Policy Research 22(5):637-655. Cornell University. 2002. Cornell Higher Education Research Institute (CHERI) Survey on Start-up Costs and Laboratory Allocation Rules: Summary of the Findings. Available at http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/cheri/surveys/2002surveyResults.html. Accessed October 7, 2008 PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 344 Dundar, H., and D. R. Lewis. 1998. Determinants of research productivity in higher education. Research in Higher Education 39(6):607-631. Dupree, A. 2001. Evaluation of the status of women in astronomy. STATUS: A Report on Women in Astronomy (June):1-4. Ehrenberg, R.G. 2003. Unequal progress: The annual report on the economic status of the profession, 2002-03. Academe 89(2):21-33. Ehrenberg, R.G. 2001. Career’s end. Academe 87(4):24-30. Ehrenberg, R.G. 1992. The flow of new doctorates. Journal of Economic Literature 30(2):830-875. Ehrenberg, R.G., and L. Zhang. 2005. The changing nature of faculty employment in Recruitment, Retention and Retirement in Higher Education: Building and Managing the Faculty of the Future Robert L. Clark and Jennifer Ma, eds., Northampton MA: Edwin Elar Publishing. Ehrenberg, R.G., and M. J. Rizzo. 2004. Financial forces and the future of american higher education. Academe 90(4):28-31. Ellis, R. 2001. Academic Chemists 2000: A Decade of Change: 1990-2000. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. Etzkowitz, H., C. Kemelgor, and B. Uzzi 2000. Athena Unbound: The Advancement of Women in Science and Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Etzkowitz, H., C. Kemelgor, M. Neuschatz, and B. Uzzi 1994. Barriers to women in academic science and engineering. Pp. 43-67 in Who Will Do Science? Educating the Next Generation. W. Pearson Jr. and I. Fechter, eds., Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Etzkowitz, H., C. Kemelgor, M. Neuschatz, B. Uzzi, and J. Alonzo. 1994. The paradox of critical mass for women in science. Science 266(5182):51-54. Euben, D. 2001. Pay equity in the academy. Academe 87(4):30-36. Everett, K.G., W. S. Deloach, and S. E. Bressan. 1996. Women in the ranks: Faculty trends in the ACS-approved departments. Journal of Chemical Education 73(2):139-141. Ezorsky, G. 1977. Hiring women faculty. Philosophy and Public Affairs 7(1):82-91. Fairweather, J.S. 2002. The mythologies of faculty productivity: Implications for institutional policy and decision making. The Journal of Higher Education 73(1):26-48. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 345 Fairweather, J.S. 1996. Faculty Work and Public Trust: Restoring the Value of Teaching and Public Service in American Academic Life. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Fairweather, J.S. 1995. Myths and realities of academic labor markets. Economics of Education Review 14(2):179-192. Fairweather, J.S. 1993. Academic values and faculty rewards. The Review of Higher Education 17(1): 43-68. Farber, S. 1977. The earnings and promotion of women faculty: Comment. American Economic Review 67(2):199-206. Feldman, K. A. 1992. College students’ views of male and female college teachers: Part I-Evidence from the social laboratory and experiments. Research in Higher Education 33:317-75. Feldman. K. A. 1993. College students, views of male and female college teachers: Part II-Evidence from students’ evaluations of their classroom teachers. Research in Higher Education 34:151-211. Ferber, M. A., and J. Loeb. 2002. Issues in conducting an institutional salary-equity study. New Directions for Institutional Research 115:41-70. Ferber, M. A., and C. A. Green. 1982. Traditional or reverse sex discrimination? A case study of a large public university. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 35(4):550-564. Ferreira, M. 2003. Gender issues related to graduate student attrition in two science departments. International Journal of Science Education 25(8):969-989. Finkel, S. K., S. Olswang, and N. She. 1994. Childbirth, tenure, and promotion for women faculty. Review of Higher Education 17:259-270. Finkelstein, M. 2003. The morphing of the American academic profession. Liberal Education 89(4):6-15. Finkelstein, M., and J. Schuster. 2001. Assessing the silent revolution. AAHE Bulletin 54(2):3-7. Fogg, P. 2003a. Family time. Chronicle of Higher Education 49(40):A10. Fogg, P. 2003b. So many committees, so little time. Chronicle of Higher Education 50(17):A14. Fogg, P. 2003c. The gap that won’t go away: Women continue to lag behind men in pay; the reasons may have little to do with gender bias. Chronicle of Higher Education 49(32):A12. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 346 Foschi, M., L. Lai, and K. Sigerson. 1994. Gender and double standards in the assessment of job applicants. Social Psychology Quarterly 57(4):326-339. Fowler, Jr., F. 1993. Survey Research Methods, 2nd edition, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Fox, G., A. Schwartz, and K. M. Hart. 2006. Work-family balance and academic advancement in medical schools. Academic Psychiatry 30(3):227-34. Fox, M. F. 2005. Gender, family characteristics, and publication productivity among scientists. Social Studies of Science 35(February):131-150. Fox, M. F. 2003. Gender, faculty, and doctoral education in science and engineering. Pp. 91-110 in Equal Rites, Unequal Outcomes: Women in American Research Universities, L.Hornig, ed. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Fox, M. F. 2001a. Women, science, and academia: Graduate education and careers. Gender and Society 15(5):654-666. Fox, M. F. 2001b. Women in science and engineering: What we know about education and employment. Pp. 25-28 in Scientists and Engineers for the New Millennium: Renewing the Human Resource. D. Chubin and W. Pearson, eds., Washington, DC: Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology. Fox, M. F. 2000. Organizational environments and doctoral degrees awarded to women in science and engineering departments. Women’s Studies Quarterly 28(1/2):47-61. Fox, M. F. 1998. Women in science and engineering: Theory, practice and policy programs. Signs 42(1):201-223. Fox, M. F. 1992. Research, teaching, and publication productivity: Mutuality versus competition in academia. Sociology of Education 65(4):293-305. Fox, M. F. 1991. Gender, environmental milieu, and productivity in science. The outer circle: Women in the scientific community, H. Zuckerman, J. Cole, and J. Bruer, eds., New York: W. W. Norton. Fox, M. F. 1985. Publication, performance, and reward in science and scholarship. Pp. 255-282 in Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, vol. 1. J. C. Smart, ed. New York: Agathon Press. Fox, M. F. 1983. Publication productivity among scientists: a critical review. Social Studies of Science 13:285-305. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 363 Qamar uz, M. 2004. Review of the Academic Evidence on the Relationship between Teaching and Research in Higher Education. DfES Research Report no. 506. London: U. K. Department for Education and Skills. Quinn, K., S. E. Lange, and S. G. Olswang. 2004. Family-friendly policies and the research university. Academe 90(6):32-34. Radetsky, P. 1994. The modern postdoc: Prepping for the job market. Science 265(5180):1909-1910. Rankin III, S. 2004. Studying gender differences among science, engineering, and mathematics faculty. Presented to the Committee on Gender Differences in Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty. The National Academies. Washington, DC. January 29. Ransom, M., and S. Megdal. 1993. Sex differences in the academic labor market in the affirmative action era. Economics of Education Review 12(1):21-43. Rausch, D.K., B.P. Ortiz, R.A. Douthitt, and L.L. Reed. 1989. The academic revolving door: Why do women get caught? CUPA Journal 40(1):1-16. Rayman, P., and B. Brett. 1995. Women science majors: What makes a difference in persistence after graduation? The Journal of Higher Education 66(4):388-414. Reis, R. 1999. The right start-up package for beginning science professors. Chronicle of Higher Education, August 27. Available at http://chronicle.com/jobs/99/08/99082702c.htm. Regets, M. 1998. Has the use of postdocs changed? NSF Issue Brief, December 2 (NSF 99-310). Reskin, B. 1976. Sex differences in status attainment in science: The case of the postdoctoral fellowship. American Sociological Review 41(4):597-612. Reskin, B., and D. D. Bielby. 2005. A sociological perspective on gender and career outcomes. Journal of Economic Perspectives 19(1):71-86. Rhoads, S. E., and C. H. Rhoads. 2004. Gender roles, infant care and gender neutral post- birth paid leave policies in America. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 16. Riger S., J. Stokes, S. Raja, and M. Sullivan. 1997. Measuring perceptions of the work environment for female faculty. The Review of Higher Education 21:63-78. Rimer, S. “For Women in Science, Slow Progress in Academia” New York Times, April 15. 2005 PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 364 Rivard, N. 2003. Who’s running the show? University Business 6(2):11. Roberts, H. 1993. Can statistics tell us what we do not want to hear? The case of complex salary structures: Comment. Statistical Science 8(2):171-176. Robst, J., J. Keil, and D. Russo. 1998. The effect of gender composition of faculty on student retention. Economics of Education Review 17(4):429-439. Rosenfeld, R., and J. A. Jones. 1987. Patterns and effects of geographic mobility for academic women and men. The Journal of Higher Education 58(5):493-515. Rosser, S. 2006. Senior women scientists overlooked and understudied. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 12(4):275-293. Rosser, S. 2004. Using POWRE to ADVANCE: Institutional barriers identified by women scientists and engineers. NWSA Journal 16(1):50-78. Rosser, S. 2003. Attracting and retaining women in science and engineering. Academe 89(4):24-29. Rosser, S., and J. Z. Daniels. 2004. Widening paths to success, improving the environment, and moving toward lessons learned from the experiences of POWRE and CBL awardees. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 10(2):131-148. Rosser, S., J. Z. Daniels, and L. Wu. 2006. Institutional factors contributing to the dearth of women STEM faculty: Classification and status matter; location doesn’t. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 12(1):79-93. Rosser, S., and E. O. Lane. 2002. A history of funding for women’s programs at the National Science Foundation: From individual POWRE approaches to the ADVANCE of institutional approaches. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 8(3/4):327-346. Rosser, S., and E. O. Lane. 2002. Key barriers for academic institutions seeking to retain female scientists and engineers: Family-unfriendly policies, low numbers, stereotypes, and harassment. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 8(2):161- 189. Rosser, V. 2005. Measuring the change in faculty perceptions over time: An examination of their worklife and satisfaction. Research in Higher Education 46(1):81-107. Rosser, V. 2004. Faculty members’ intentions to leave: A national study on their worklife and satisfaction. Research in Higher Education 45(3):285-309. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 365 Rothblum, E.D. 1988. Leaving the ivory tower: Factors contributing to women's voluntary resignation from academia. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 10(2):14- 17. Rubin, A., and D. M. Powell. 1987. Gender and publication rates: A reassessment with population data. Social Work 32(4):317-320. Sabatier, M., M. Carrere, and V. Mangematin. 2006. Profiles of academic activities and careers: Does gender matter? An analysis based on French life scientist CVs. Journal of Technology Transfer 31(3):311-324. Sadrozinski, R., M. Nerad, and J. Cerny. 2003. PhDs in Art History - Over a Decade Later: A National Career Path Study of Art Historians. Seattle: CIRGE, University of Washington. Sakai, A., and M. Lane. 1996. National Science Foundation funding patterns of women and minorities in biology. Bioscience 46(8):621-626. Sands, R. G., L. A. Parson, and J. Duane. 1991. Faculty mentoring faculty in a public university. The Journal of Higher Education 62(2):174-193. Saunders, N. 2004. Reach out and cuddle up to another discipline. The Times Higher Education Supplement 1621(January 2):21. Sax, L., L.S. Hagedorn, A. Marisol, and F. A. DiCrisi. 2002. Faculty research productivity: Exploring the role of gender and family-related factors. Research in Higher Education, 43:4, pp. 423-446. Schneider, A. 2000. Female scientists turn their backs on jobs at research universities. Chronicle of Higher Education 46(50):A12-14. Schneider, A. 1998. Why don’t women publish as much as men? Chronicle of Higher Education 45(3):A14-16. Sears, A. L. W. 2003. Image problems deplete the number of women in academic applicant pools. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 9(2):169- 181. Selvin, P. 1992. Profile of a field: Mathematics. Science 255(5050):1382-1383. Sharpe, N. R., and G. Sonnert. 1999. Women mathematics faculty: Recent trends in academic rank and institutional representation. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering 5(3):207-217. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 366 Sidanius, J., and M. Crane. 1989. Job evaluation and gender: The case of university faculty. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 19:174-197. Singer, M. 2004. The evolution of postdocs. Science 306(5694):232. Slade, D. 1999. Dual-career couples. Chemical and Engineering News 77(46):61-63. Sonnert, G., with G. Holton. 1995. Who Succeeds in Science? The Gender Dimension. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Sonnert, G., with G. Holton. 1995. Gender Differences in Science Careers: The Project Access Study. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Stacey, A. M. 2003. Report on the University of California, Berkeley Faculty Climate Survey, 2003. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley. Stack, S. 2004. Gender, children and research productivity. Research in Higher Education 45(8):891-920. Stake, J. E., Walker, E. F., and Speno, M. V. 1981. The relationship of sex and academic performance to quality of recommendations for graduate school. Psychology of Women Quarterly 5: 515-522. Steinpreis, R., K. Anders, and D. Ritzke. 1999. The impact of gender on the review of the curricula vitae of job applicants and tenure candidates: A national empirical study. Sex Roles 41(7/8):509-528. Strober, M., and A. Quester. 1977. The earnings and promotion of women faculty: Comment. American Economic Review 67(2):207-213. Sullivan, B., C. Hollenshead, and G. Smith. 2004. Developing and implementing work- family policies for faculty. Academe 90(6):24-27. Swim, J., E. Borgida, G. Maruyama, and D. G. Myers. 1989. Joan McKay versus John McKay: Do gender stereotypes bias evaluations? Psychological Bulletin 105(3):409-429. Tang, J. 2003. Women succeeding in science in the twentieth century. Sociological Forum 18(2):325-342. Tang, J. 1997. The glass ceiling in science and engineering. Journal of Socio-Economics 26(4):383-406. Tatro, C.N. 1995. Gender effects of student evaluations of faculty. Journal of Research and Development in Education 28:169-73. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 367 Tesch, B. J., H. M. Wood, A. L. Helwig, and A. B. Nattinger. 1995. Promotion of women physicians in academic medicine: Glass ceiling or sticky floor? JAMA 273(13):1022- 1025. Thornton, S. 2005. Implementing flexible tenure clock policies. New Directions in Higher Education 130:81-90. Thorton, S. 2004. Where—not when—should you have a baby? Chronicle of Higher Education, 51(7):B12. Tilghman, S. 2004. Ensuring the Future Participation of Women in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering. Pp. 7-12 in The Markey Scholars Conference: Proceedings Washington D.C. National Academies Press Tolbert, P.S. 1995. The effects of gender composition in academic departments on faculty turnover. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48(3):562-579. Toutkoushian, R., and V. M. Conley. 2005. Progress for women in academe, yet inequities persist: Evidence from NSOPF:99. Research in Higher Education 46(1):1-28. Toutkoushian, R., and M. Bellas. 2003. The effects of part-time employment and gender on faculty earnings and satisfaction. The Journal of Higher Education 74(2):172-195. Toutkoushian, R., S. R. Porter, C. Danielson, and P. R. Hollis. 2003. Using publication counts to measure an institution’s research productivity. Research in Higher Education 44(2):121-148. Toutkoushian, R., and E. Hoffman. 2002. Alternatives for measuring the unexplained wage gap. New Directions for Institutional Research 115:71-90. Toutkoushian, R. 1998a. Racial and marital status differences in faculty pay. The Journal of Higher Education 69(5):513-541. Toutkoushian, R. 1998b. Sex matters less for younger faculty: Evidence of disaggregate pay disparities from the 1988 and 1993 NCES surveys. Economics of Education Review 17(1):55-71. Trautner, J. J., K. C. Chou, J. K. Yates, and J. Stalnaker. 1996. Women faculty in engineering: Changing the academic climate. Journal of Engineering Education, 85:45- 51. Trix, F., and C. Psenka. 2003. Exploring the color of glass: letters of recommendation for female and male medical faculty. Discourse & Society 14(2):191-220. Trower, C. A. 2002. Women without tenure, Part 3: Why they leave. Science (March 22) . Available at PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 368 http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/1470/ women_without_tenure_part_3_why_they_leave/(parent)/158 Trower, C. A. 2002. Women without tenure, Part II: The gender sieve. Science (January 25). Available at http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/1400/ women_without_tenure_part_ii_the_gender_sieve Trower, C. A. 2001. Women without tenure, Part 1. Science (September 14). Available at http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/1120/ women_without_tenure_part_1 Trower, C. A., and J. L. Bleak, 2004. Study of New Scholars. Gender: Statistical Report [Universities]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Graduate School of Education. Trower, C. A., and R. Chait. 2002. Faculty diversity. Harvard Magazine (March- April):33-37, 98). Tuckman, H.P., and R. P. Hagemann. 1976. An analysis of the reward structure in two disciplines. Journal of Higher Education 47(4):447-464. Turner, C. S. V., S. L. Myers, Jr., and J. W. Cresswell. 1999. Exploring underrepresentation: The case of faculty of color in the Midwest. The Journal of Higher Education 70(1):27-59. Umbach, P. D. 2007. Gender equity in the academic labor market: An analysis of academic disciplines. Research in Higher Education 48(2):169-192. University of Pennsylvania Almanac, Almanac Supplement. 2001. Vol. 48. no. 14. Available at http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/v48/n14/GenderEquity.html. Accessed April 22, 2009. Urry, M. 2000. The status of women in astronomy. STATUS: A Report on Women in Astronomy (June):1-4, 7. Urry, M., and V. Kuck. 2002. Addendum: ‘Yields’ and ‘parity indices’ for top astronomical institutions. STATUS: A Report on Women in Astronomy (January):8-9. U.S. Department of Education, 2003. The Condition of Education 2003. (NCES 2003- 067). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education. 2002. 1993 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:93), Part-time Instructional Faculty and Staff: Who They Are, What They Do, and What They Think. (NCES 2002-163) By Valerie M. Conley and David W. Leslie. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 369 Project officer: Linda J. Zimbler. Washington DC: National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education. 2002. Supplemental Table Update to 1993 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF:93) Part-time Instructional Faculty and Staff: Who They Are, What They Do, and What They Think. (NCES 2002-163) By Valerie M. Conley and David W. Leslie. Project officer: Linda J. Zimbler. Washington DC: National Center for Education Statistics U.S. Department of Education. 2001. Competing Choices: Men’s and Women’s Paths After Earning a Bachelor’s Degree. (NCES 2001–154) By Michael S. Clune, Anne- Marie Nuñez, and Susan P. Choy. Project officer: C. Dennis Carroll. Washington DC: National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education. 2001. Postsecondary Institutions in the United States: Fall 2000 and Degrees and Other Awards Conferred: 1999–2000. (NCES 2002–156) By Laura G. Knapp, et.al. Project officer: Susan G. Broyles. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics U.S. Department of Education. 2000. Entry and Persistence of Women and Minorities in College Science and Engineering Education. (NCES-2000-601.) Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education. 2000. Financial Aid Profile of Graduate Students in Science and Engineering, (Working Paper No. 2000-11) By Lawrence K. Kojaku. Project officer, Dennis Carroll. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Valian, V. 2004. Beyond gender schemas: Improving the advancement of women in academia. NWSA Journal 16(1):207-220. Valian, V. 1998. Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. Valian, V., and A. Stewart. 2005. Letters to the editor. The Chronicle of Higher Education 51(20):A47. Van Anders, S. 2004. Why the academic pipeline leaks: Fewer men than women perceive barriers to becoming professors. Sex Roles 51(9/10):511-521. Van Ommeren, J., R. E. de Vries, G. Russo, and M. Van Ommeren. 2005. Context in selection of men and women in hiring decisions: Gender composition of the applicant pool. Psychological Reports 96(2):349-360. Van Ummersen, C.A. 2005. No talent left behind: Attracting and retaining a diverse faculty. Change 37(6):27-31. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 370 Vander Putter, J., and L. Wimsatt. 1998. Faculty and departure: An international test of two models. Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Miami, FL, November 5-8. Vardi, M., T. Finin, and T. Henderson. 2003. 2001-2002 Taulbee Survey: Survey results show better balance in supply and demand. Computing Research News 15(2):6-13. Vitulli, M., and M. Flahive. 1997. Are women getting all the jobs? Notices of the American Mathematical Society 44(3):338-339. Volk, C. S., S. Slaughter, and S. L. Thomas. 2001. Models of institutional resource allocation. The Journal of Higher Education 72(4):387-413. Ward, K., and L. E. Wolf-Wendel. 2005. Work and family perspectives from research university faculty. New Directions for Higher Education 130:67- 80. Ward, K., and L. E. Wolf-Wendel. 2004b. Fear factor: How safe is it to make time for family? Academe 90(6):28-31. Ward, K., and L. E. Wolf-Wendel. 2004. Academic motherhood: Managing complex roles in research universities. The Review of Higher Education 27(2):233-257. Weiss, Y., and L. Lillard. 1982. Output variability, academic labor contracts, and waiting times for promotion. Research in Labor Economics 5:157-188. Wells, C. 2003. When tenure isn’t enough. The Chronicle of Higher Education 50(10):C3. Wenneras, C., and A.Wold. 1997. Nepotism and sexism in peer-review. Nature 387(6631):341-343. West, M. S., and J. W. Curtis. 2006. AAUP Faculty Gender Equity Indicators 2006. Washington, DC: American Association of University Professors White, L. 2003. De-con-structing the public-private dichotomy in higher education. Change 35(3):49-54. Williams, J. 2005. The glass ceiling and the maternal wall in academia. New Directions for Higher Education 130, 91-105. Williams, J. 2004. Hitting the maternal wall. Academe 90(6)16-20. Williams, J. 2003. The subtle side of discrimination. Chronicle of Higher Education 49(32):C5. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 371 Williams, J. 2000. What stymies women’s academic careers? It’s personal. Chronicle of Higher Education 47(16):B10. Wilson, R. 2005. Rigid tenure system hurts young professors and women, university officials say. Chronicle of Higher Education 52(7):A12. Wilson, R. 2004. Where the elite teach, it’s still a man’s world. Chronicle of Higher Education 51(15):A8-14. Wilson, R. 2003. Duke and Princeton will spend more to make female professors happy. Chronicle of Higher Education 50(7):A12. Wilson, R. 2003. How babies alter careers for academics. Chronicle of Higher Education 50(15):1. Wilson, R. 2002. Stacking the deck for minority candidates? Chronicle of Higher Education 48(44):A10-12. Wilson, R. 2001. The backlash against hiring couples. Chronicle of Higher Education 47(31):A16-18. Wilson, R. 2000. Female scholars suggest slowing tenure clock. Chronicle of Higher Education 46(20):A18. Wilson, R. 1999. An MIT professor’s suspicion of bias leads to a new movement for academic women. Chronicle of Higher Education 46(15):A16. Winkler, J. 2000. Faculty reappointment, tenure, and promotion: Barriers for women. Professional Geographer 52(4):737-750. Winkler, J. A., D. Tucker, and A. K. Smith. 1996. Salaries and advancement of women faculty in atmospheric science: Some reasons for concern. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77(3):473-490. Wolf-Wendel, L. E., and K. Ward. 2006. Academic life and motherhood: Variations by institutional type. Higher Education 52(3):487-521. Wolf-Wendel, L. E., S. B. Twombly, and S. Rice. 2003. The Two-Body Problem: Dual- Career-Couple Hiring Practices in Higher Education. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Wolf-Wendel, L., S. B. Twombly, and S. Rice. 2000. Dual-career couples: Keeping them together. Journal of Higher Education 71(3):291-321. Women in Science & Engineering Leadership Institute (WISELI), University of Wisconsin-Madison. Reviewing Applicants: Research on Bias and Assumptions. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 372 Available at http://wiseli.engr.wisc.edu/initiatives/hiring/Bias.pdf [Accessed on April 20, 2005]. Workshop on Building Strong Academic Chemistry Departments Through Gender Equity, complete report. 2006. (Arlington, VA, January 29-21, 2006). Available at http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/friend/GenderEquityWorkshop/GenderEquity.pdf Accessed December 18, 2006. Wright A.L., L. A. Schwindt, T. L. Bassford, V. F. Reyna, C. M. Shisslak, P. A. St. Germain, and K. L. Reed. 2003. Gender differences in academic advancement: patterns, causes, and potential solutions in one U.S. college of medicine. Academic Medicine 78(5):500-508. Wyden, R. 2003. Title IX and women in academics. Computing Research News, 15(4):1, 8. Wyden, R. 2002. Statement. Presented at the hearing on Title IX and Science, U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, Washington, DC, October 3. Xie, Y., and K. Shauman. 2003. Women in Science: Career Processes and Outcomes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Yamagata, H. 2002. Trends in faculty attrition at U.S. medical schools, 1980-1999. Analysis in Brief (Association of American Medical Colleges), 2(2):1-2. Yarnell, A. 2003. Grad school: Does it matter where you go? Chemical and Engineering News 81(39):42, 44. Yoder, J., P. Crumpton, and J. Zipp. 1989. The power of numbers in influencing hiring decisions. Gender and Society 3(2):269-276. Yoest, C. 2004. Parental Leave in Academia. Available at http://faculty.virginia.edu/familyandtenure/institutional%20report.pdf Accessed on April 24, 2009 Zare, R. N. 2006. Sex, lies, and Title IX. Chemical & Engineering News 84(20):46-49. Zhou, Y., and J. F. Volkwein. 2004. Examining the influences on faculty departure intentions: A comparison of tenured versus nontenured faculty at research universities using NSOPF-99. Research in Higher Education 45(2):139-176. Zuckerman, H. 2001. The careers of men and women scientists: Gender differences in career attainments. Pp. 69-78 in Women, Science, and Technology: A Reader in Feminist Studies, M. Wyer, M. Barbercheck, D. Ozturk, H.O. Ozturk, and M. Wayne, eds. New York: Routledge. PREPUBLICATION COPY

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APPENDIXES 373 Zuckerman, H. 1991. The careers of men and women scientists: A review of current research in The Outer Circle: Women’s Position in the Scientific Community, H. Zuckerman, J. Cole, and J. Bruer, eds. New York: W. W. Norton. Zweben, S. 2005. Record Ph.D. production on the horizon; undergraduate enrollments continue in decline. Computing Research News. May. Pp. 7-15. PREPUBLICATION COPY