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References Addington, L. A. (2005). Disentangling the effects of bounding and mobility on reports of criminal victimization. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 21(3), 321– 343. Addington, L. A. (2007). Using NIBRS to study methodological sources of divergence between the UCR and NCVS. See Lynch and Addington (2007), Chapter 8. Alaska Justice Statistical Analysis Center (2002, February). Measuring Adult Victim- ization in Alaska: Technical Report. Report for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. JC 20 | 0109.011. Anchorage: Justice Center, University of Alaska Anchorage. Anderson, D. A. (1999). The aggregate burden of crime. Journal of Law and Eco- nomics 42(611). Atrostic, B., N. Bates, G. Burt, and A. Silberstein (2001). Nonresponse in U.S. gov- ernment household surveys: Consistent measures, recent trends, and new insights. Journal of Official Statistics 17(2), 209–226. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006, April). Crime and Safety, Australia—2005. Release 4509.0. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Bachman, R., H. Dillaway, and M. S. Lachs (1998). Violence against the elderly: A comparative analysis of robbery and assault across age and gender groups. Re- search on Aging 20(2), 183–198. Bachman, R., L. E. Saltzman, M. P. Thompson, and D. C. Carmody (2002). Dis- entangling the effects of self-protective behaviors on the risk of injury in assaults against women. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 18(2), 135–157. Bachman, R. and B. M. Taylor (1994). The measurement of family violence and rape by the redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey. Justice Quarterly 11, 499–512. 127

128 SURVEYING VICTIMS Bates, N. (2006, December 29). Noninterview rates for selected major demographic household surveys, 1990–2005. Internal memorandum, Demographic Surveys Division, U.S. Census Bureau. Baum, K. (2007, November). National Crime Victimization Survey: Identity Theft, 2005. NCJ 219411. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Baum, K. and P. Klaus (2005, January). National Crime Victimization Survey: Violent Victimization of College Students, 1995–2002. NCJ 206836. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Baumer, E. P. (2002). Neighborhood disadvantage and police notification by victims of violence. Criminology 40(3), 579–616. Baumer, E. P., J. Horney, R. B. Felson, and J. L. Lauritsen (2003). Neighborhood disadvantage and the nature of violence. Criminology 41(1), 39–71. Belli, R. F. (1998). The structure of autobiographical memory and the event history calendar: Potential improvements in the quality of retrospective reports in surveys. Memory 6(4), 383–406. Belli, R. F., W. L. Shay, and F. P. Stafford (2001). Event history calendars and ques- tion list surveys: A direct comparison of interviewing methods. Public Opinion Quarterly 65, 45–74. Belli, R. F., L. M. Smith, P. M. Andreski, and S. Agrawal (2007). Methodological comparisons between CATI event history calendar and standardized conventional questionnaire instruments. Public Opinion Quarterly 71(4), 603–622. Bensley, L., M. S., J. Van Eenwyk, K. Wynkoop Simmons, and D. Ruggles (2000, July 7). Prevalence of intimate partner violence and injuries—Washington, 1998. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports 49(26), 589–592. Biderman, A. D. and D. Cantor (1984). A longitudinal analysis of bounding respon- dent conditioning and mobility as sources of panel bias in the National Crime Survey. In Proceedings of the Survey Methods Research Section. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association. Biderman, A. D., D. Cantor, J. P. Lynch, and E. Martin (1986). Final Report of Re- search and Development for the Redesign of the National Crime Survey. Prepared for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: Bureau of Social Science Re- search, Inc. Biderman, A. D., D. Cantor, and A. Reiss (1985). A quasi-experimental analysis of personal victimization by household respondents in the NCS. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Statistical Association, Philadelphia. Biderman, A. D. and A. J. Reiss (1967, November). On exploring the “dark figure” of crime. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 374, 1–15.

REFERENCES 129 Bijleveld, C. C. and P. R. Smit (2004, September). Netherlands. See Farrington et al. (2004), Chapter 6, pp. 151–186. Bradburn, N. M., J. Huttenlocher, L. Hedges, N. Schwartz, and S. Sudman (1994). Telescoping and temporal memory. In N. Schwartz and S. Sudman (Eds.), Autobi- ographical Memory and the Validity of Retrospective Reports. New York: Springer- Verlag. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1989). Redesign of the National Crime Survey. NCJ 111457. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2000, May). Criminal Victimization in the United States, 1995: A National Crime Victimization Survey Report. NCJ 171129. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006a, December). Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2005—Statistical Tables. NCJ 215244. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006b). National Crime Victimization Survey Longitu- dinal File, 1995–1999. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Com- merce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR 04414. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Con- sortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2006c). State Justice Statistics Fiscal Year 2006 Program Announcement. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007a). National Crime Victimization Survey, 2005. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Cen- sus. ICPSR 04451. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Justice Statistics (2007b, January 15). National Crime Victimization Sur- vey: MSA Data, 1979–2004. Computer file. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR 04576. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor]. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2007, February 16). 2005 Consumer Expenditure Diary Survey, Public Use Microdata Documentation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Consumer Expenditure Surveys. Bushery, J. M. (1981a). Recall biases for different reference periods in the National Crime Survey. In Proceedings of the Survey Methods Research Section, pp. 238– 243. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association. Bushery, J. M. (1981b, March 31). Results of the NCS Reference Period Research Experiment. Memorandum for the NCS Reference Committee. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

130 SURVEYING VICTIMS Cantor, D. and J. P. Lynch (2000). Self-report surveys as measures of crime and criminal victimization. In Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, Vol- ume 4 of Criminal Justice 2000, pp. 85–138. NCJ 182411. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Cantor, D. and J. P. Lynch (2005). Exploring the effects of changes in design on the analytical uses of the NCVS data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 21(3), 293–319. Carcase, C. (2004, September). Australia. See Farrington et al. (2004), Chapter 4, pp. 75–118. Catalano, S. M. (2006, September). National Crime Victimization Survey: Criminal Victmization, 2005. NCJ 214644. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Catalano, S. M. (2007). Methodological change in the NCVS and the effect on convergence. See Lynch and Addington (2007), Chapter 5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2003). Public health surveillance for behavioral risk factors in a changing environment: Recommendations from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Team. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Re- port 52(RR-9), 1–12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005, September 2). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Questionnaire. Behavioral Surveillance Branch. At- lanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Con- trol and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006a). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveil- lance System Operational and User’s Guide. Version 3.0. Behavioral Surveillance Branch. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006b, January 23). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Questionnaire. Behavioral Surveillance Branch. At- lanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Con- trol and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2007, February 14). 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data Quality Report Handbook. Version 1.0.0. Behavioral Surveillance Branch. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Central Statistics Office (2007, April 25). Crime and Victimisation: Quarterly National Household Survey, 2006 (including results for 1996 and 2003). Ref 75/2007. Dublin: Central Statistics Office. Clements, W. and M. Bellas (2003). Criminal Victimization in Vermont, 2001. Mont- pelier, VT: Vermont Center for Justice Research.

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REFERENCES 135 Klaus, P. A. (1994). The Costs of Crime to Victims: Crime Data Brief. NCJ 145865. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Lauritsen, J. L. (2001). The social ecology of violent victimization: Individual and contextual effects in the NCVS. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17(1), 3–32. Lauritsen, J. L. (2005). Social and scientific influences on the measurement of crimi- nal victimization. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 21(3), 245–266. Lauritsen, J. L. (2006a, August). Criminal victimization in American metropolitan areas. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Associ- ation, Montreal, Canada. Lauritsen, J. L. (2006b, February 17). Evaluation of NCVS Methodology and Costs: Report for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Final Report for Visiting Research Fel- lowship, Grant (2005-BJ-CX-K025). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Lauritsen, J. L. and R. Schaum (2004). The social ecology of violence against women. Criminology 42(2), 323–358. Lauritsen, J. L. and R. J. Schaum (2005). Crime and Victimization in the Three Largest Metropolitan Areas, 1980–98. NCJ 208075. Washington, DC: U.S. De- partment of Justice. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (1981). Current objectives for the Na- tional Crime Survey program. See Lehnen and Skogan (1981), pp. 10. Excerpted from a memorandum from James Gregg, Acting Administrator, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, to Peter F. Flaherty, Deputy Attorney General, entered as testimony before the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representa- tives, October 13, 1977. Lee, M., D. Lewis, M. Crowley, E. Hock, C. Laskey, C. Loftin, W. Logan, and L. Addington (1999). Developing hate crime questions for the National Crime Victimization Survey. In Proceedings of the Survey Methods Research Section, pp. 1036–1041. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association. Lehnen, R. G. and W. G. Skogan (Eds.) (1981). The National Crime Survey Work- ing Papers: Volume I: Current and Historical Perspectives. Number NCJ 75374. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Lehnen, R. G. and W. G. Skogan (Eds.) (1984). The National Crime Survey Working Papers: Volume II: Methodological Studies. Number NCJ 90307. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Lepkowski, J. P. and M. P. Couper (2002). Nonresponse in longitudinal household surveys. See Groves et al. (2002), Chapter 17, pp. 259–272. Levitt, S. D. (1999). The changing relationship between income and crime victim- ization. Economic Policy Review 5(3), 993–1016.

136 SURVEYING VICTIMS Lewis, D. (2002, June). NCVS research. NCVS Research Unit, Demographic Surveys Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Memorandum 02-02. Lynch, J. P. (2002). Trends in Juvenile Violent Offending. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. NCJ 191052. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Lynch, J. P. (2006). Problems and promise of victimization surveys for cross-national research. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 34. Accessed through Lexis- Nexis; pagination differs from printed volume. Lynch, J. P. and L. A. Addington (Eds.) (2007). Understanding Crime Statistics: Re- visiting the Divergence of the NCVS and UCR. Cambridge Studies in Criminology. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lynch, J. P., M. L. Berbaum, and M. Planty (1998). Investigating Repeated Vic- timization with the NCVS. Final report for National Institute of Justice Grant 97-IJ-CX-0027. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Lynn, P. (1997). Collecting Data About Non-Respondents to the British Crime Survey. London: Social and Community Planning Research. Maltz, M. D. (1999, September). Bridging Gaps in Police Crime Data: A Discussion Paper from the BJS Fellows Program. Bureau of Justice Statistics and Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reporting Program. NCJ 176365. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Maltz, M. D. (2007). Missing UCR data and divergence of the NCVS and UCR trends. See Lynch and Addington (2007), Chapter 10. Martin, E., R. M. Groves, J. Matlin, and C. Miller (1986). Report on the Develop- ment of Alternative Screening Procedures for the National Crime Survey. Washing- ton, DC: Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc. May, D., J. Wells, K. Minor, K. Cobb, E. Angel, and K. Cline (2004). Crime Victim- ization Experiences, Fear of Crime, Perceptions of Risk, and Opinion of Criminal Justice Agents Among a Sample of Kentucky Residents. Center for Criminal Jus- tice Education Research, Department of Correctional and Juvenile Justice Studies, College of Justice and Safety. Richmond, KY: Eastern Kentucky University. McDowall, D. and C. Loftin (2007). What is convergence, and what do we know about it? See Lynch and Addington (2007), Chapter 4. McManus, R. (2002). Criminal Victimization Trends in South Carolina. Blythewood, SC: Office of Justice Programs, South Carolina Department of Public Safety. Miller, P. V. and R. M. Groves (1985). Matching survey responses to official records: An exploration of validity in victimization reporting. The Public Opinion Quar- terly 49(3), 366–380.

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It is easy to underestimate how little was known about crimes and victims before the findings of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) became common wisdom. In the late 1960s, knowledge of crimes and their victims came largely from reports filed by local police agencies as part of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system, as well as from studies of the files held by individual police departments. Criminologists understood that there existed a "dark figure" of crime consisting of events not reported to the police. However, over the course of the last decade, the effectiveness of the NCVS has been undermined by the demands of conducting an increasingly expensive survey in an effectively flat-line budgetary environment.

Surveying Victims: Options for Conducting the National Crime Victimization Survey, reviews the programs of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS.) Specifically, it explores alternative options for conducting the NCVS, which is the largest BJS program. This book describes various design possibilities and their implications relative to three basic goals; flexibility, in terms of both content and analysis; utility for gathering information on crimes that are not well reported to police; and small-domain estimation, including providing information on states or localities.

This book finds that, as currently configured and funded, the NCVS is not achieving and cannot achieve BJS's mandated goal to "collect and analyze data that will serve as a continuous indication of the incidence and attributes of crime." Accordingly, Surveying Victims recommends that BJS be afforded the budgetary resources necessary to generate accurate measure of victimization.

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