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âDâ The Uniform Crime Reporting Program Coordinated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program is a cooperative program of law enforce- ment agencies that produces aggregate data on crimes reported to police. UCR data collection began in January 1930, drawing information from 400 U.S. cities; as of 2004, 17,000 law enforcement agencies participate in UCR (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2004:Foreword). As it has evolved, the UCR program consists of two major systems: the long-established Summary Reporting System (SRS) and a newer, more detailed reporting systemâthe National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)âthat is poised to even- tually supplant the SRS but has been slow to develop. We discuss these two component systems in turn. The major features of the UCR compared with the National Crime Vic- timization Survey (NCVS) are summarized in Table D-1. Dâ1 SUMMARY REPORTING SYSTEM Dâ1.a Index Crimes The core content of the Uniform Crime Reporting program inherits di- rectly from the work of a Committee on Uniform Crime Records convened by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1927. âRecog- nizing a need for national crime statistics,â that committee âevaluated vari- ous crimes on the basis of their seriousness, frequency of occurrence, perva- 171
172 SURVEYING VICTIMS Table D-1 National Data Sources Related to Crime Victimization in the United States UCR Data Characteristics NCVS Summary NIBRS Target population Noninstitu- Crime incidents Crime incidents tionalized per- occurring in the occurring in the sons age 12 and United States United States older in the United States Unit of observation Individual Law enforce- Crime incident ment agency Estimated coverage Nationally rep- 94.2 percent of Approximately resentative United States 25 percent of sample population cov- United States ered by agen- population cov- cies active in ered by agen- UCR reporting cies reporting in NIBRS for- mat Types of victimization covered Criminal Homicide No Yes Yes Other Index Crimes Yes Yes Yes Geographic areas identiï¬ed Region Yes Yes Yes State Yes Yes Yes County Yes Yes Yes Census Tract Yes No No Demographic coverage Age Yes No No Race Yes No Yes Sex Res No Yes Ethnicity Res No Yes Vulnerable groups Children 12 & older No Yes Immigrants (native born) No No No Disabled (learning disability only) No No No Elderly Yes No No Timeliness of data availability Time between reference period and data availability Pre-announced schedule Yes Yes Yes Fixed schedule Yes Yes Yes Accuracy and quality Sampling error Routinely Unmeasured Unmeasured estimated Other errors (nonsampling) No ongoing Unknown Unknown evaluation
APPENDIX D 173 siveness in all geographic areas, and likelihood of being reported to law en- forcementâ (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2004:2). Although the labels have changed slightly, the seven crimes identiï¬ed by the 1927 IACP com- mittee remain the focus of todayâs Uniform Crime Reports and are known as âPart I offenses.â Three of these are crimes against personsâcriminal homicide, forcible rape, and aggravated assaultâand four are crimes against property: robbery, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. The only substantive change to this list of Part I offenses was made in 1978, when leg- islation directed that arson be designated a Part I offense; however, arson continues to be reported on a separate form rather than the standard âRe- turn Aâ used to report the other Part I offenses. The Part I offenses are also known as âindex crimesâ because they are used to derive a general, national indicator of criminalityâthe national Crime Index. The indexâï¬rst computed and reported in 1958âconsists of the sum of the seven original Part I offenses, except that larceny is re- stricted to thefts of over $50. Dâ1.b Hierarchy Rule The general order in which the Part I offenses are listed is not accidental. Instead, with some interleaving, the listing of offenses deï¬nes a strict hier- archy that agencies are asked to follow in coding offenses. In descending order, the UCR hierarchy by Part I offense and suboffense is as follows: 1. Criminal homicide a. Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter b. Manslaughter by negligence 2. Forcible rape a. Rape by force b. Attempts to commit forcible rape 3. Robbery a. Firearm b. Knife or cutting instrument c. Other dangerous weapon d. Strong-arm (hands, ï¬sts, feet, etc.) 4. Aggravated assault a. Firearm b. Knife or cutting instrument
174 SURVEYING VICTIMS c. Other dangerous weapon d. Strong-arm (hands, ï¬sts, feet, etc.) 5. Burglary a. Forcible entry b. Unlawful entry (no force) c. Attempted forcible entry 6. Larceny-theft (except motor vehicle theft) 7. Motor vehicle theft a. Autos b. Trucks and buses c. Other vehicles 8. Arson a.âg. Structural h.âi. Mobile j. Other For purposes of UCR collection, the FBI directs that multiple- offense situationsâincidents in which more than one crime is committed simultaneouslyâare to be handled by âlocat[ing] the offense that is highest on the hierarchy list and scor[ing] that offense involved and not the other offense(s)â (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2004:10). However, three major exceptions to the general hierarchy rule are deï¬ned. First, motor vehicle theftâas a special class of larceny, generallyâcan outrank larceny; hence, the theft of a car with valuables inside it would be coded as a motor vehicle theft (trumping the classiï¬cation as larceny) even if the vehicle is subsequently recovered but the valuables are not. Arson is also a special case because it is reported on a separate form from the other Part I offense: multiple-offense crimes involving arson can include two reported Part I of- fenses, the arson tally on the separate schedule and the highest-ranking Part I offense under the usual rule reported on Return A. The third exception to the hierarchy rule is justiï¬able homicide, âdeï¬ned as and limited to the killing of a felon by a police ofï¬cer in the line of duty [or] the killing of a felon, during the commission of a felony, by a private citizen.â By this deï¬nition, justiï¬able homicide necessarily âoccurs in conjunction with other offensesâ; those offenses are the ones to be considered in classifying the incident. Addington (2007:229) notes that the NCVS uses a âseriousness hierarchyââcomparable to the UCR hierarchy ruleâfor classiï¬cation of
APPENDIX D 175 events in incident count tabulations. However, the NCVS practice differs from the UCR rule in that âthe NCVS collects and preserves information for each crime occurring in the incident, which enables researchers to create their own classiï¬cation scheme;â in comparison, application of the UCR hierarchy rule collapses incidents involving several crime types to record just one type, losing the full incident detail. Dâ1.c Supplemental Reports In the Summary Reporting System, participating agencies are asked to report counts of all Part I offenses known to law enforcement on a standard, monthly form known as Return A. However, Return A is not the only data collection requested by the FBI. The Summary Reporting System also asks participating agencies to complete additional forms, at various intervals: ⢠Age, race, and sex arrest data: On a monthly basis, agencies are asked to provide counts of completed arrests by the age, race, and sex of the arrestee(s). Speciï¬cally, the age, sex, and race breakdowns are required for arrests for each of the Part II offenses, making these data the UCRâs only systematic source of information on these offenses as well as the only source of offender attributes.1 ⢠Law enforcement ofï¬cers killed and assaulted: Data collected annually since 1972. ⢠Hate crime statistics: The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 led to the collection of a variable on âbias motivation in incidents in which the offense resulted in whole or in part because of the offenderâs preju- dice against a race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national originâ (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2004:3). The scope of hate crimes reported in this series was expanded in 1994 to include crimes motivated by victimsâ physical or mental disability. ⢠Supplementary homicide reports: Since 1962, reporting agencies have also been asked to complete Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR). 1 The 21 offenses currently tallied as Part II offenses are other assaults; forgery and coun- terfeiting; fraud; embezzlement; stolen property (buying, receiving, possessing); vandalism; weapons (carrying, possessing, etc.); prostitution and commercialized vice; sex offenses; drug abuse violations; gambling; offenses against the family and children; driving under the inï¬u- ence; liquor laws; drunkenness; disorderly conduct; vagrancy; all other offenses; suspicion; curfew and loitering laws (persons under 18); and runaways (persons under 18) (Federal Bu- reau of Investigation, 2004:8).
176 SURVEYING VICTIMS Dâ2 NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM The Uniform Crime Reporting Program Handbook (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2004:3) describes the origin of a new, more detailed format for the UCR as follows: By the 1980s, law enforcement was calling for a complete overhaul and modernization of the UCR Program. At a conference on the future of UCR, which was held in Elkridge, Maryland, in 1984, participants be- gan developing a national data collection system that would gather in- formation about each crime incident. By the end of the decade, the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) was operational. NIBRS collects data on each incident and arrest within 22 offense cat- egories made up of 46 speciï¬c crimes called Group A offenses. For each incident known to police within these categories, law enforcement collects administrative, offense, victim, property, offender, and arrestee information. In addition to the Group A offenses, there are 11 Group B offenses for which only arrest data are collected. The intent of NIBRS is to take advantage of available crime data maintained in modern law en- forcement records systems. Providing considerably more detail, NIBRS yields richer and more meaningful data than those produced by the traditional summary UCR system. The conference attendees recom- mended that the implementation of national incident-based reporting proceed at a pace commensurate with the resources and limitations of contributing law enforcement agencies. The NIBRS incident report is quite intricate and allows for great ï¬exibil- ity in the coding of individual events: spanning 46 offense categories, each incident report can include up to 10 offenses, 3 weapons, 10 relationships to victim, and 2 circumstance codes. Although development of NIBRS began with a 1984 conference, a major impediment to the systemâs usefulness is that the âpace commensurate with the resources and limitations of contributing law enforcement agenciesâ en- visioned in 1984 has turned out to be extremely slow. As of September 2007, the Justice Research and Statistics Association2 estimated that only about 25 percent of the nationâs population is included in NIBRS-compliant jurisdictions. In all, about 26 percent of agencies that supply data to the UCR do so using the NIBRS format. Among the states that have not yet implemented NIBRS are California, New York, and Pennsylvania; in Illi- nois, the only NIBRS participant to data is the Rockford Police Department. Five statesâAlaska, Florida, Georgia, Nevada, and Wyomingâhave not yet speciï¬ed any formal plan for participation in NIBRS. 2 See http://www.jrsa.org/ibrrc/background-status/nibrs_states.shtml [12/1/07].