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Ballistic Imaging (2008)

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Ballistic Imaging. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12162.
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References AFTE Criteria for Identification Committee (1992). Theory of identification, range of striae comparison reports and modified glossary definitions—An AFTE criteria for identifica- tion committee report. AFTE Journal 24(3), 336–340. American Institute of Applied Science (1982). Firearms examination, lessons 1–3. AFTE Journal 14(2), 16–86. Argaman, U., E. Shoshani, and G. Hocherman (2001). Utilization of the IBIS™ in Israel. AFTE Journal 33(3), 269–272. Bachrach, B. (2002). Development of a 3D-based automated firearms evidence comparison system. Journal of Forensic Sciences 47(6), 1253–1264. Banno, A., T. Masuda, and K. Ikeuchi (2004). Three dimensional visualization and comparison of impressions on fired bullets. Forensic Science International 140, 233–240. Beauchamp, A., and D. Roberge (2005). Model of the behavior of the IBIS correlation scores in a large database of cartridge scores. Unpublished manuscript provided to the committee. Biasotti, A.A. (1959). A statistical study of the individual characteristics of fired bullets. Jour- nal of Forensic Sciences 4(1), 34–50. Biasotti, A.A. (1970). A proposal for a computer based firearms class characteristics informa- tion system. Newsletter of the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners (5), 12–16. Biasotti, A.A., and J.E. Murdock (2002). Firearms and toolmark identification—Scientific i ­ssues. Pp. 205–230 (Chapter 4, Section 4-2) in D. Faigman, D.H. Kaye, M.J. Saks, and J. Sanders (Eds.), Modern Scientific Evidence: The Law and Science of Expert Testimony. St. Paul, MN: West Group Publishing Company. Blackwell, R., and E. Framan (1980). Automated firearms identification systems afids: Phase I. AFTE Journal 12(4), 11–37. Blumstein, A. (1995). Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86, 10–36. 281

282 BALLISTIC IMAGING Boesman, W.C., and W.J. Krouse (2001). National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN) for Law Enforcement. (CRS Report for Congress #RL31040.) Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Bonfanti, M.S., and J. De Kinder (1999a). The influence of manufacturing processes on the identification of bullets and cartridge cases—A review of the literature. Science & Justice 39(1), 3–10. Bonfanti, M.S., and J. De Kinder (1999b). The influence of the use of firearms on their char- acteristic marks. AFTE Journal 31(3), 318–323. Braga, A.A. (2003). Serious youth gun offenders and the epidemic of youth violence in Boston. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 19(1), 33–54. Braga, A.A., and G.L. Pierce (2004). Linking gun crimes: The impact of ballistics imaging technology on the productivity of the Boston Police Department’s ballistics unit. Journal of Forensic Sciences 46(4), 701–706. Braga, A.A., D.M. Kennedy, and G.E. Tita (2002). New Approaches to the strategic prevention of gang and group-involved violence. Pp. 271–285 (Chapter 17) in C. Ronald Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America III. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Braga, A.A., D.M. Kennedy, E.J. Waring, and A.M. Piehl (2001). Problem-oriented policing, deterrence, and youth violence: An evaluation of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38(3), 195–225. Brundage, D.J. (1998). The identification of consecutively rifled gun barrels. AFTE Journal 30(3), 438–444. Burd, D., and P. Kirk (1942). Tool marks—Factors involved in their comparison and use as evidence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 32, 679–686. Burrard, G. (1962). The Identification of Firearms and Forensic Ballistics. New York: A.S. Barnes and Company. (First American edition; originally published in United Kingdom in 1934.) Butler, A. (2005, March 10). House weighs ballistics database: State police head testifies to committee on report calling system ineffective. Baltimore Sun, p. 2B. Butterfield, F. (2002, October 24). The hunt for a sniper: Technology—Now, 4 states look to start tracing shells and bullets. New York Times. Available: http://query.nytimes.com/ gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06E6D8123CF937A15753C1A9649C8B63 [accessed April 2008]. Campbell, D.T., and J. Stanley (1966). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago: Rand McNally. Carr, J., and T. Fadal (1997). The Miami barrel. AFTE Journal 29(2), 232–234. Carso, K.E. (2007). Symposium: Is the rule of law waning in America? Twelfth Annual C ­ lifford Symposium on Tort Law and Social Policy: Comment: Amending the Illinois postconviction statute to include ballistics testing. DePaul Law Review 56(695). Castaneda, R., and D. Snyder (2005, April 2). Ballistics database yields 1st conviction: Oxon Hill man tied to murder weapon. Washington Post, p. B1. Champod, C. (2000). Identification/individualization—Overview and meaning of ID. Pp. 1077–1084 (Volume 3) in J.A. Siegel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. London: Academic Press. Champod, C., D. Baldwin, F. Taroni, and J. Buckleton (2003). Firearm and tool marks iden- tification: The Bayesian approach. AFTE Journal 35(3), 307–316. Chan, R. (2000). The relationship between acquisition positions of cartridge cases and dis- crepancy in correlation scores on IBIS. AFTE Journal 32(4), 337–341. Churchman, J. (1981). The reproduction of characteristics in signatures of Cooey rifles. AFTE Journal 13(1), 46–52. Collins, J.M. (1997). Manufacturing the Lorcin L380 and corresponding characteristics. AFTE Journal 29(4), 498–502.

REFERENCES 283 Cook, P.J., and A.A. Braga (2001). Comprehensive firearms tracing: Strategic and investigative uses of new data on firearms markets. Arizona Law Review 43(2), 277–309. Cook, P.J., and J.H. Laub (2002). After the epidemic: Recent trends in youth violence in the United States. Pp. 117–153 in M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Cook, P.J., and J.O. Ludwig (2000). Gun Violence: The Real Costs. New York: Oxford Uni- versity Press. Cook, P.J., and J.O. Ludwig (2002). The costs of gun violence against children. The Future of Children 12(2), 87–99. Cook, T.D., and D.T. Campbell (1979). Quasi Experimentation: Design and Analytical Issues for Field Settings. Chicago: Rand McNally. Davis, J. (1958). An Introduction to Tool Marks, Firearms, and the Striagraph. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. De Kinder, J. (2002a). Ballistic fingerprinting databases. Science and Justice 42, 197–203. De Kinder, J. (2002b, December). Review—AB 1717 report, technical evaluation: Feasibility of a ballistics imaging database for all new handgun sales. Independent review for California Department of Justice, National Institute for Forensic Science, Belgium. De Kinder, J., and M. Bonfanti (1999). Automated comparisons of bullet striations based on 3D topography. Forensic Science International 101, 85–93. De Kinder, J., P. Prevot, M. Pirlot, and B. Nys (1998). Surface topology of bullet striations: An innovating technique. AFTE Journal 30(2), 294–299. De Kinder, J., F. Tulleners, and H. Thiebaut (2004, March 10). Reference ballistic imaging database performance. Forensic Science International 140(2–3), 207–215. Denio, D. (1999). Drugfire: The Federal Bureau of Investigation which is a participant in the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN). AFTE Journal 31(3), 383–385. Dillon, Jr., J.H. (2005). BulletTRAX™-3D, MatchPoint Plus™ and the Firearms Examiner: A Practical Application of Forensic Science, Technology and Engineering to Case Linkage in Shooting Incidents Not Previously Related by Investigative Personnel. Independent report commissioned by Forensic Technology WAI, Inc. Ethridge, M.W. (1998). The ATF National Firearm Examiner Academy—A new part of ATF’s integrated firearm enforcement strategy. AFTE Journal 30(4), 703–704. Evans, J.P.O., C.L. Smith, and M. Robinson (2004). Validation of the linescan imaging technique for imaging cylindrical forensic ballistics specimens. AFTE Journal 36(4), 275–280. Fadal, Jr., T.G. (1995). One striker leaves two different firing pin impressions. AFTE Journal 27(1), 38–39. Fadal, Jr., T.G., and A. Nuñez (2003). The Miami barrel saga continues. AFTE Journal 35(3), 290–297. Fadal, Jr., T.G., and A. Nuñez (2006). Glock’s new “EBIS” barrel: The finale to the Miami barrel story. AFTE Journal 38(2), 96–100. Flater, J.A. (2002). Manufacturing marks on Winchester USA brand 9mm Luger primers. AFTE Journal 34(3), 315. Forensic Technology WAI, Inc. (2001). IBIS User Guide, Version 3.3. Montréal: Forensic Technology WAI, Inc. Forensic Technology WAI, Inc. (2002a, March). Comments of Forensic Technology, Inc., on the technical evaluation: Feasibility of a ballistics imaging database for all new handgun sales. Response to California Department of Justice evaluation. Forensic Technology WAI, Inc. (2002b). IBIS Version 3.4 Training Course: Student Book. Montréal: Forensic Technology WAI, Inc.

284 BALLISTIC IMAGING Frost, G.E. (1990). Ammunition Making: An Insider’s Story. Washington, DC: National Rifle Association of America. Gardner, G.Y. (1979). Computer identification of bullets. AFTE Journal 11(2), 26–33. George, W. (2004a). A validation of the Brasscatcher™ portion of the NIBIN/IBIS™ system. AFTE Journal 36(4), 286–288. George, W. (2004b). The validation of the Brasscatcher™ portion of the NIBIN/IBIS™ system part two: “Fingerprinting firearms” reality or fantasy. AFTE Journal 36(4), 289–294. Giverts, P., U. Argaman, E. Shoshani, and O. Aharon (2002). An average phase scoring for bullets, in the IBIS™ correlation results. AFTE Journal 34(2), 199–202. Glass, S., and W. Gibson (1997). Firearms factory tours. AFTE Journal 29(4), 487–493. Goddard, C.H. (1980). A history of firearms identification. AFTE Journal 12(4), 38–57. [ ­ Reprinted from Chicago Police Journal, 1936.] Goddard, C.H. (1999). History of firearms identification to 1930 [reprint of 1953 address]. AFTE Journal 31(3), 225–241. Goebel, R., K. Gross, H. Katterwe, and W. Kammrath (1980). The comparison scanning elec- tron microscope: First experiments in forensic application. Scanning 3, 193–201. Grooß, K. (1995). The “hammer-murderer.” AFTE Journal 27(1), 27–30. Grove, C., C. Judd, and R. Horn (1972). SEM—A new technique for firearms examination. Newsletter of the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners (18), 19–21. Grzybowski, R.A., and J.E. Murdock (1998). Firearm and toolmark identification—Meeting the Daubert challenge. AFTE Journal 30(1), 3–14. Grzybowski, R., J. Miller, B. Moran, J. Murdock, R. Nichols, and R. Thompson (2003). F ­ irearm/toolmark identification: Passing the reliability test under federal and state evi- dentiary standards. AFTE Journal 35(2), 209–241. Haag, L.C. (2004). Ballistic ID tagging. Presentation to the Committee on the Feasibility, A ­ ccuracy, and Technical Capability of a National Ballistics Database, December. Hall, E.E. (1983). Bullet markings from consecutively rifled Shilen DGA barrels. AFTE Journal 15(1), 33–53. Hamby, J.E. (1974). Identification of projectiles. AFTE Journal 6(5–6), 22. Hamby, J.E., and J.W. Thorpe (1999). The history of firearm and toolmark identification. AFTE Journal 31(3), 266–284. Hatcher, J.S. (1935). Textbook of Firearms Investigation, Identification and Evidence (First Edition). Marines, NC: Small-Arms Technical Publishing Company. Hayes, C.S., M. Basoa, and R. Freese (2004). Reduction of characteristic breechface marks due to primer sealants. AFTE Journal 36(2), 139–146. Heard, B.J. (1997). Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons. Hess, P.A., and B. Moran (2006). The removal of superficial rust/corrosion from the working surfaces of firearms for the purpose of revealing their potentially identifiable signature and an application of this technique in a firearms identification. AFTE Journal 38(2), 112–132. Insurance Information Institute (2006). Hot Topics and Issue Updates: Auto Theft. Available: http://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/test4/ [accessed February 2008]. Kennedy, D.M., A.M. Piehl, and A.A. Braga (1996). Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction strategy. Law and Contemporary Problems 59(1):147–196. Kennington, R.H. (1992). The Matrix, 9mm Parabellum: An Empirical Study of Type Deter- mination. Miami: R.H. Kennington. Kennington, R.H. (1995). 9mm arcology: Arch contenders. AFTE Journal 27(3), 213–219. Kirk, P. (1963). The ontogeny of criminalistics. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 54, 235–238.

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286 BALLISTIC IMAGING Michel, L., and D. Herbeck (2001). American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing. New York: ReganBooks. Miller, J. (2000). Criteria for identification of toolmarks part II: Single land impression com- parisons. AFTE Journal 32(2), 116–131. Miller, J. (2001). An examination of the application of the conservative criteria for identifica- tion of striated toolmarks using bullets fired from ten consecutively rifled barrels. AFTE Journal 33(2), 125–132. Miller, J. (2004). Criteria for identification of toolmarks part III: Supporting the conclusion. AFTE Journal 36(1), 7–38. Miller, J., and M. McLean (1998). Criteria for identification of toolmarks. AFTE Journal 30(1), 15–61. Molnar, S. (1970, December). What is a firearms examiner—Some provocative thoughts. Asso­ ciation of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Newsletter (11), 36–39. Molnar, S. (1977). Notes on breech face marks and fouling. AFTE Journal 9(1), 21. Moran, B. (2000). Firearms examiner expert witness testimony: The forensic firearms iden- tification process including criteria for identification and distance determination. AFTE Journal 32(3), 231–251. Moran, B. (2002). A report on the AFTE theory of identification and range of conclusions for tool mark identification and resulting approaches to casework. AFTE Journal 34(2), 227–235. Moran, B. (2003). Photo documentation of toolmark identifications—An argument in support. AFTE Journal 35(2), 174–189. Moran, B., and J. Murdock (2002). Joseph Ramirez vs. State of Florida [Supreme Court deci- sion, December 20.] AFTE Journal 34(2), 215. Murdock, J.E. (1981). A general discussion of gun barrel individuality and an empirical assess­ ment of the individuality of consecutively button rifled .22 caliber rifle barrels. AFTE Journal 13(3), 84–95. Murray, K. (2004). Toolmark identifications on unfired primers: More Fiocchi manufacturing marks. AFTE Journal 36(4), 313–314. Nagin, D. (1998). Deterrence and incapacitation. Pp. 345–368 in M. Tonry (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Crime and Punishment. New York: Oxford University Press. National Research Council (1996). The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. Committee on DNA Forensic Science: An Update. Commission on DNA Forensic Science: An Update. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council (2005). Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review. Committee to Improve Research Information and Data on Firearms. C.F. Wellford, J.V. Pepper, and C.V. Petrie (Eds.). Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social S ­ ciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Nennstiel, R., and J. Rahm (2006a). An experience report regarding the performance of the IBIS™ correlator. Journal of Forensic Sciences 51(1), 24–30. Nennstiel, R., and J. Rahm (2006b). A parameter study regarding the IBIS™ correlator. Jour- nal of Forensic Sciences 51(1), 18–23. Newton, J. (2006, August 10). Mayor, police chief endorse bullet-identification measure. Los Angeles Times, p. B5. NIBIN Branch (2003, May). NIBIN News: Guidance for Hit Reporting. Available: http://www. nibin.gov/documents/0503hitdefinition.pdf [accessed February 2008]. NIBIN Program (2001). The Missing Link: Ballistics Technology That Helps Solve Crimes. (Publication ATF P.3315.1.) Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Fire- arms, and Explosives. Nichols, R.G. (1995). Glock versus Smith & Wesson model SW40F: Comparison of markings on fired cartridge cases. AFTE Journal 27(2), 133–139.

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Ballistic Imaging assesses the state of computer-based imaging technology in forensic firearms identification. The book evaluates the current law enforcement database of images of crime-related cartridge cases and bullets and recommends ways to improve the usefulness of the technology for suggesting leads in criminal investigations. It also advises against the construction of a national reference database that would include images from test-fires of every newly manufactured or imported firearm in the United States. The book also suggests further research on an alternate method for generating an investigative lead to the location where a gun was first sold: "microstamping," the direct imprinting of unique identifiers on firearm parts or ammunition.

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