|
Items in cart [0] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page R1
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETIES
International Workshop Proceedings
Glenn Schweitzer, Editor
Committee on the U.S.-Iran Workshop on Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies
Office for Central Europe and Eurasia
Development, Security, and Cooperation
Policy and Global Affairs
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washington, D.C.
www.nap.edu
OCR for page R2
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-11927-6
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-11927-8
A limited number of copies are available from the Office for Central Europe and Eurasia, National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001; (202) 334-2376.
Additional copies of this report are available from the
National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
OCR for page R3
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
OCR for page R4
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
This page intentionally left blank.
OCR for page R5
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMITTEE ON THE U.S.-IRAN WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETIES
George Bugliarello, Chair, President Emeritus and University Professor,
Polytechnic University
David R. Challoner, Vice President for Health Affairs,
Emeritus, University of Florida
Michael T. Clegg, Donald Bren Professor of Biological Sciences,
University of California, Irvine
Staff
Glenn E. Schweitzer, Program Director,
The National Academies
A. Chelsea Sharber, Senior Program Associate,
The National Academies
Elizabeth D. Keller, Mirzayan Science Policy Graduate Fellow,
The National Academies
Merc Fox, Senior Program Assistant,
The National Academies
OCR for page R6
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
This page intentionally left blank.
OCR for page R7
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
Preface
In June 2006, seventeen scientists and educators selected by the National Academies, the Academy of Sciences of Iran, and the Académie des Sciences of France held a workshop at the estate of the Fondation des Treilles in Toutour, France, to discuss issues concerning the role of science in the development of modern societies. This location was an idyllic setting for relaxed conversations, while simplifying travel and visa arrangements for the participants. The three academies had organized a related workshop on food safety and security, global energy transitions, and education issues at the estate in 2003; the success of that workshop was a strong incentive to return to Toutour.
This report includes the presentations made at the workshop and summarizes the discussions that followed the presentations. The statements made in the enclosed papers are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent positions of the National Academies. Unfortunately, three of the Iranian specialists and one American specialist who were scheduled to participate were unable to travel to France. However, they provided the papers that they intended to present. These papers are included in the appendixes of the report.
An important observation of the participants was that the topics that were addressed, particularly the inclusion of science-oriented themes throughout the K-12 education curriculum, warranted more detailed discussions between Iranian and Western colleagues. The National Academies are currently exploring opportunities to continue such discussions in Iran, and this report provides useful background for the further development of interactions of Western scientists and educators with Iranian specialists.
OCR for page R8
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This volume has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of such an independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for quality. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of selected papers: R. Stephen Berry, University of Chicago; James Childress, University of Virginia; Denis Gray, North Carolina State University; Janet Hustler, Synopsys, Inc.; Richard McCray, University of Colorado at Boulder; Wilhelmine Miller, George Washington University; and Andrew Schrank, University of New Mexico.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the individual papers. Responsibility for the final content of the papers rests with the individual authors and the institution.
George Bugliarello
Chair, National Research Council Committee on the U.S.-Iran Workshop on Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies
Glenn E. Schweitzer
Director, Office for Central Europe and Eurasia, National Research Council
OCR for page R9
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
Contents
SCIENCE AND SOCIETY ISSUES
The Role of Communications and Scientific Thinking
Barbara Schaal
3
Knowledge, Validation, and Transfer: Science, Communication, and Economic Development
John Enderby
5
The Morality of Exact Sciences
Yousef Sobouti
10
Science and Society Issues: Summary of Discussion
Norman Neureiter
14
THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IN DEVELOPMENT
Women in Academic Science and Engineering in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities
Geraldine Richmond
19
Trends in Basic Sciences in Contemporary Iran: Growth and Structure of Mainstream Basic Sciences
Shapour Etemad and Yousef Sobouti
24
OCR for page R10
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
The Role of Science and Engineering in Development: Summary of Discussion
Michael Fischer
31
OBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO DEVELOPMENT
Technology for Health: Are There Any Limits? Economic, Ethical, and Overall Societal Implications
Kenneth Shine
37
Addressing Water Security: The Role of Science and Technology
Henry Vaux
39
Obstacles and Opportunities in the Application of Science and Technology to Development: Summary of Discussion
Geraldine Richmond
45
SCIENTIFIC THINKING OF DECISION MAKERS
How to Promote Scientific Thinking Amongst Decision Makers
Alimohammad Kardan
49
MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
The Role of International Scientific and Technical Cooperation in National Economic Development
Norman Neureiter
55
The Role of Chemistry and Biology in the Future Development of Iran
Mojtaba Shamsipur
61
Management and Utilization of Scientific Knowledge: Summary of Discussion
Henry Vaux
75
SCIENCE, SOCIETY, AND EDUCATION
About the Relation of School Teachers with Science
Yves Quéré
81
Promotion of Health Education in Primary Schools
Béatrice Descamps-Latscha
84
OCR for page R11
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
Science, Society, and Education: Summary of Discussion
Barbara Schaal and Henry Vaux
92
APPENDIXES
A
Workshop Agenda: International Workshop on Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies
97
B
Workshop Participants
101
C
Science, Technology, and Society—The Tightening Circle
George Bugliarello
103
D
Current Issues on the Utilization of Scientific Findings
Hassan Zohoor
112
E
Ethics in Engineering as a Prerequisite for Technological Development of Societies
Mehdi Bahadori and Mahmood Yaghoubi
117
F
Science and Society
Reza Davari Ardakani
125
OCR for page R12
Science and Technology and the Future Development of Societies: International Workshop Proceedings
This page intentionally left blank.
