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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1990. Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1219.
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Index A Abiotic processes, 125-130,133 Accuracy and uncertainty, models, 6,15-16, 20,171,178, 216-233, 240,249, 252-254 computer models, 2,1o-ll,18, 214 deep aquifer, pressure head, 182, 183, 203-205 estimation methods, 166,265-266 fracture flow models, 107 generic vs site-specific models, 10, 214-215,262 hazardous waste, 166 long-term prediction, 171,178, 249, 252-254 numerical models, 72-73,82-83, 86-87,189-190 parameters, 84, 221-225, 254 quantification, 278-279 radioactive materials transport, 164 sampling, 217-225, 230,273 Alec also Error of measurement 291 Acids and acidity, pH conditions, 47,48,125,128, 133,275 Administrative law, Cc Regulations Administrative Procedures Act, 180 Absorption and adsorption, arc Sorption Advection, 1, 37-39,55, 62, 275 solute transport, 113-116,120, 132,140-141,143,215 Aerobic bacteria, 50,63 Air Force, 199-200 Airports, 174,175, 191-200 Aldicarb, 143,146-147 Anaerobic bacteria, 51 Analytical models, 67-68,170,212, 251-252, 254 Aquifers case studies, 173,181-186, 191-200 input estimation, 225-230 landfill contamination, 200-206 permeability, 83-84,119,137-138 point source pollution, 186-lg sampling techniques, 217-225 seawater intrusion, 149

292 well injection, 171-172, 186, 274-276 well withdrawals from regional, 5, 181-186 see also Boundary and initial conditions; Vertical-horizontal spread model Arizona, 174, 175, 191-200 Arthur D. Little, 201, 203, 204 Artificial intelligence, 267-269 Attenuation, see Dispersion B Bacteria contaminant degradation by, 20, 50-51, 63 contaminant transport by, 20 permeability clogging, 137-138 Big Lost River, 188 Biodegradation, 21, 140, 261-262, 273 bacterial, 20, 50-51 microorganisms, 133-138, 139 vertical-horizontal spread model. 180 Biological processes, 223 contaminant transformation, 50-52, 63 solute transport models, 133-138. 261-262 Bee ~80 Microbiological processes; Organic compounds Biomass, 134-137 Boundary and initial conditions, 2, 15, 32, 53, 54, 64-66, 220, 222, 225, 226-227, 239, 240, 265 dimensionality, 85-86 multiphase flow, 153-155 em also Mass transport; Pressure head Bureau of Land Management, 185 C Capillary forces multiphase flows, 33-35 unsaturated flows, 88-91 Case studies, 5, 172-206 INDEX Madison aquifer, 173, 175, 181-186 Niagara Falls, landfill, 200 Snake River plain, 5, 174-175, 186-191 Tucson Airport, 174, 175, 191-200 Vertical-horizontal spread model (McConnelsville, Ohio), 173, 174, 175-181 Center of Exposure Assessment Modeling, 167 Chemical processes; 8CC Reaction kinetics and dynamics CHEMTRN, 129 Chlorine, 186, 187-189 Chromium, 199 CH2M Hill, 193-194, 195, 197 Citrus fruit, 143, 144 well clusters, 145 Clay, 145, 202, 203, 275 Climate factors, 141, 251 Coal slurry pipelines, 181-186 Colloids, 131 Colorado, 191-200 Complexation, 47-48, 125-126, 128 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 23, 199 Computer databases, 8CC Databases Computer hardware, 266-267 Computer simulation accuracy, 2, 10-11, 18, 214 aquifer flow, 183, 187-198, 203-206 artificial intelligence, 267-271 code development and documentation, 13, 16, 17, 127-129, 162-164, 167, 212, 234, 235-239, 241, 264-265 deep-well injection, 275-276 expertise required, 214 expert systems, computers, 3, 267-271 geochemical models, 127, 129, 143; linkage to physical models, 258-262 landfills, 253 limitations, 10-11 mass balance, 128 multiphase flows, 37, 153-155

INDEX nuclear waste disposal, 252-253 numerical models and, 67-68, 83 research, 266-271 seawater intrusion, 149 Computer simulations, specific CHEMTRN, 129 DEMOTOX, 269 EPASMOD, 168-169, 181 EXINS, 269, 270 EXPAR, 269-270 FASTCHEM, 129, 261 GEOCHEM, 127 IMPES, 203 MICROQL:1, 261 MINEQL, 261 MINTED, 127, 129 PHREEQE, 127 PRZM, 143 ROKEY, 269 SWANFLOW, 203 TRANQL, 129, 261 vertical-horizontal spread model, 5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276 WATEQF, 127 Computer software code development and documentation, 13, 16, 17, 127-129, 162-164, 167, 234, 235-239, 241, 264-265 management system, nuclear waste disposal, 163-164 Conduits, 102 pipelines, 181-186 Contaminants, specific aldicarb, 143, 146-147 chlorine, 186, 187-189 chromium, 199 fertilizers, 139 pesticides, 139, 143, 144, 146-147 278 salinity, 148-149, 151-152, 154, 275 strontium-90, 186, 187 trichloroethene, 191, 193, 196-199 tritium, 43, 186, 187 Continuity equations, 56-61 Convection, 255-256 Cost factors, 251, 276 deep-well injection data, 275 numerical models, 72-73 293 sampling designs, 224 unsaturated flow experiments, 3 Court cases, Cc Litigation D Darcy equation, 56-57, 81-82, 83, 85 Databases, 3, 16 abiotic reactions, 125, 129, 133 limitations, 108-109, 155, 182 mu It iphase flows, 155 thermodynamics, 128 Data collection, 9-10, 241 Decisionmaking computer models, accuracy, 2, 214 expertise, 17-19, 20, 82-83, 182-183, 212-216, 249 models, use of, 3, 6-7, 9-14, 20, 79-80, 214-216, 252-254 in regulatory system, 160-205 saturated continuum flow models, 85-88 site-specific models, 172-206 Cc also Artificial intelligence; Expert systems DEMOTOX, 269 Density and density modeling, 222, 275 phase transfers, 130 seawater intrusion, 151-152, 154 Department of Energy, 164, 172, 186, 252 Department of Justice, 206 Differential equations, 67-68 advection and dispersion, 120 saturated continuum flow, 82, 83 Diffusion, 1, 39-40, 55, 62, 134-135, 154 fractured media, 118, 147 Dispersion, 1, 40-41, 61-62, 141, 143, 145, 154, 215, 226, 255-256, 275 numerical modeling, 116-117, 119 research, 250 sampling scale, 119-120, 222 Dissolution, 46-47, 125-126, 128, 133

294 Documentation, software and code, 13, 16, 17, 127-129, 162-164, 167, 212, 234, 235-239, 241, 264-265 Dosimetry, 164 Drinking water, 23, 168, 169, 171-172, 176, 191, 199, 215, 275 EEconomic factors, see Cost factors Education, 23 personnel training, 18-19, 20, 82-83, 213 Efficiency, 23 Electric Power Research Institute, 26 Environmental Protection Agency, 26, 160, 164-172, 185, 199-200, 201, 205-206, 252 models, problems with, 211-212, 215 National Environmental Policy Act, 23 personnel qualifications, 213 research, 276-279 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 23, 167-170, 180, 242, 275, 279 Superfund, 23, 161, 164-167, 169, 211-212, 213-214, 242, 279 Underground Injection Control Program, 171-172 vertical-horizontal spread model, 5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276 EPASMOD, 168-169, 181 Equations, Cc Differential equations; Mathematical models Error of measurement, 6, 67, 68, 189-190, 232, 233, 238 sampling, 218, 219-220, 224, 230 Estimation and estimation theory dispersivity and sampling scale, 110120, 222 hazardous waste, 166 input estimation, 225-230, 241 sampling, 23, 119-120, 217-225, 230, 273 validity, 223, 265-266 INDEX dCC ~80 Accuracy and uncertainty; Parameter estimation; Probabilistic methods Evaporation, 33 EXINS, 269, 270 EXPAR, 269-270 Expertise, 18, 182-183, 212, 249 qualifications, 18-19, 20, 82-83, 213-216 shortages, 17 Expert systems, 3, 267-271 F FASTCHEM, 129, 261 Fertilizers, sorption, 139 Field studies, 3, 16, 23 nuclear waste disposal, 161, 163 recommendations, 19-20 research 19-20, 264-267 sampling, 23, 119-120, 217-225, 230, 273 saturated continuum flows, 85 solute transport, 129-130 8CC ~80 Case studies; Site-specific models and data Finite-difference/finite element methods, 190 Flow models, 1, 29-37, 79-103, 256-258, 275 differential equations, 2, 28-73 fractured media, 99-102 regulatory system and, 160-208 research, 19-20 solution of, 66-73, 230 viscosity, 100, 120, 155, 275 d CC ~80 apecipc pow types Fluxes, em Advection; Diffusion; Dispersion; Mass transport Fractured media, 2, 4, 8, 9, 99-109, 11S, 222 continuum, 104-105, 107 research, 20 transport, 118, 143-148 voids, 35, 118, 144, 145 G see ~80 Gases (geochemical), 275 multiphase transport, 154

INDEX phase transfers, 130, 132-133, 138, 153 soil, 33 unsaturated flow and transport, 88, 139 Generic models, 276 V8 site-specific, 10, 214-215, 262 vertical-horizontal spread model, 5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276 GEOCHEM, 127 Geochemistry, 127-129 physical transport models, linkages, 250, 258-262 radioactive contaminant transport, 162 reactive contaminants, 4-5 see ~80 Gases (geochemical) Geology complexity, 6, 10 nuclear waste disposal, 161-164, 252-253 see also Hydrogeology Goodness of fit, 230, 231 Gould, Inc., 179 Governing equations, 55-63, 72, 151-153 Government role, 25-26 agency guidelines and, 11-13, 20-21, 25, 160, 212 financial, 20, 276-281 research, 11-13, 20-21, 25, 160, 276-281 see ~80 Decisionmaking; Legislation; Litigation; Regulations; Standards; specific agencies Groundwater C7ontanur~ation, 253 H Hazardous waste injection wells, 171-172, 186, 274-276 Monte Carlo simulations, 184, 233 permits, EPA, 167-172 sampling, 217-225 Superfund, 23, 161, 164-167, 169, 211-212, 213-214, 242, 279 vertical-horizontal spread model, 5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276 295 Cc ale o Nuclear waste Historic perspectives ground water models, 79-81 hydrogeological data, 219-220, 229 numerical solute transport models, 113-114 Hooker Chemicals Plastics Corporation, 200 Hughes Aircraft Company, 199 Human factors computer-human interface, see Expert systems expertise, 18, 182-183, 212 qualifications, 18-19, 20, 82-83, 213-216 shortages, 17 subjective, 252, 279 em also Decisionmaking Hydraulic conductivity, 29, 31, 32, 33-34, 52, 54, 56-57, 222, dispersivity and, 116, 226 fracture cow, 99-101, 104-105 108 unsaturated flows, 90-91 8ec ~80 Porosity Hydraulic potential gradients, 1 Hydrogeology, 79-156, 222 aquifer dynamics, 183, 185 complexity of, 2, 6, 7, 16, 20, 63, 116-117, 183, 276-277 hazardous waste and, 169 historical data, 219-220, 229 research, 250, 279 Snake River point source pollution, 186 Tucson Airport, 193-194 Hydrolysis, 9, 48-49, 125-126, 128, 133 Hysteresis, 155, 203, 276 I Idaho, 186-191 Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, 186 Illinois, 275 Ill-posed problems, 227-228 IMPES, 203 Indiana, 275

296 Infiltration, 140,216 radioactive waste, 162 structured soils, 145 time dependence following pending, 93,94-96 Initial conditions, ecu Boundary and initial conditions Input estimation, 225 230 sensitivity analysis, 229,232,238, 241 see also Sampling Interdisciplinary approaches, 271-276 Interfacial phenomena, 153 seawater intrusion, 151-152 8ec ~80 Multiphase Bow and transport; Phase transfers and phase equilibria; Surface chemistry International Groundwater Modeling Center, 167 Ions and ionization processes complexation, 47-48,125-126, 128 exchange, 142 Iterative methods, 68-69,72,191 K Karst systems, 99 Kentucky, 99 L Laboratory studies, 16 geochemical models, 129-130 recommendations, 19-20 unsaturated flows, 3 Landfills case studies, 5,174,175,200-206 Hyde Park, 101, 200 Love Canal, 23,101, 200 vertical-horizontal spread model, 176 Law, ace Legislation; Liability; Litigation Leaching, 106,168,186 vertical-horizontal spread model, 5,169,173, 175-181,215,276 Legislation INDEX Administrative Procedures Act, 180 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 23,199 contaminant problems, needs assessment, 24-25 National Environmental Policy Act, 23 Nuclear Waste Policies Act of 1982,252 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 23,167-170, 180,242,275,279 Safe Drinking Water Act, 23, 171-172,275 Superfund, 23,161,164-167,169, 211-212,213-214,242,279 Licenses and permits, hazardous waste disposal, 167-170,171,180-181 injection wells, 171-172,186 nuclear facilities, 161-164,211, 279 Liability, 165,249,277 Limestone, 181 Litigation case study models, 175,200-202, 205-206 hazardous waste disposal, 165 models used, evaluation of, 12, 23,278 Louisiana, 275 Love Canal, 23,101 M Macropores, Cc Fractured media; Voids Madison aquifer, 5,173,181-186 Mammoth Cave, 99 Management, software storage system, nuclear waste, 163-164 Mass transport, 2,8-9,37,61,69, 124-125,131-132,261 within aquifer, 196,275 biological reactions, 133-136 biomass, 134-137 complexation, 48

INDEX multiphase, 153 solution of equations, 66-73, 134, 128-129, 134-136 in unsaturated media, 138-148 see also Advection; Diffusion; Dispersion Mathematical models alternatives, 14 analytical V8 numerical, 67-69, 163 application, 239-243 aquifers, 181-186, 194-200, 203-206 complexity, 14-15 continuity equations, 56-61 Darcy equation, 56-57, 81-82, 83, 85 decisionmaking and, 2, 3, 6-7, 9-14, 20, 79-80 defined, 1, 28, 52-55 development and use, 211-243, 252-254 fractured media flow, 102-109 generic, 10, 214-215, 262, 276; Cc also Vertical-horizontal spread model goodness of fit, 230, 231 governing equations, 55-63, 72, 151-153 hazardous waste disposal sites, 165-167, 170-171 mult iph use flow, 102, 103-104, 151-153 input estimation, 225-230 Navier-Stokes equations, 81-82 nuclear facilities, 164, 172 parameterization, 64-66 point sources, 5, 32, 155, 174-175, 186-200 policy assumptions, 18 problems affecting, 211-212 process, 28-73 quality control, 13, 16, 17, 127-129, 162-164, 167, 212, 234, 235-243, 264-265 research, 6, 11-13, 19-21, 25, 160, 212, 225, 249-281 well injection, 171-172, 186, 274-276 297 see also Accuracy and uncertainty; Computer simulation; Numerical models; Parameter estimation; Reliability; Site-specific models and data; Statistics; Validity Matrix systems equations, 68 fractured flows, 4, 147 thermodynamics of mass balance, 128 unsaturated flows, 139 Measurement techniques research, 21 sampling, 23, 119-120, 217-225, 230, 273 transport codes, calibration, 162-163, 187, 189, 236-238, 241, 265-266 see also Error of measurement Michigan, 275 Microbiological processes, 50, 137-138, 139, 250, 261 bacterial, 20, 50-51 reaction kinetics, 133-136 MICROQL:1, 261 MINEQL, 261 MINTED, 127, 129 Missouri, 23 Models, Cc Computer simulation; Mathematical models; Site-specific models and data; specie types of flows Montana, 181-186 Monte Carlo simulations, 184, 233 Multidisciplinary approaches, see Interdisciplinary approaches Multiphase flow and transport, 5, 7-8, 32-37, 148-155, 250 in fractured media, 101, 102, 103-104 governing equations, 61, 151-153 organic fluid contamination, 149-151 parameters and boundary conditions, 153-155 problems, 155 seawater intrusion, 148-149, 151-152, 154

298 solute transport, 130-138 transport models and, 256-258 N National Environmental Policy Act, 23 National Science Foundation, 26, 279 Natural gas, 84 Navier-Stokes equations, 81-82 Nevada, 100, 108 New York, 23 Nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPL), 36-37, 88, 101, 108, 133, 201-202, 203, 205, 256-258 Nonreactive contaminants fractured cow, 4 saturated flow, 2 transport, 113 Nuclear reactors, 186 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 185 26, 101, 160-164, 211, 252, 277, 279 Nuclear waste, 23, 101, 161-164, 172, 211, 252-253, 277 Nuclear Waste Policies Act of 1982, 252 Numerical models, 67-69 accuracy and cost, 72-73, 82-83, 189 aquifer, 187-191, 203 computer codes, 235-236 hazardous waste, 170 personnel training in, 18-19, 20, 82-83 radioactive waste transport, 163 research, 266-267 seawater intrusion, 149 solute transport, 113-155 o Occidental Chemical Corporation, 200-206 Ohio, 179, 275 Oil, 84, 150 Organic compounds, 136, 191, 276 aerobic bacterial degradation, 51 hazardous, EPA list, 168 INDEX multiphase transport, 149-151, 152-153, 154 nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPL), 36-37, 88, 101, 108, 133, 201-202, 203, 205, 256-258 scarcity of data, 7-8 sorption, 45-46, 138, 257-268 Bee also Biological processes A Parameter estimation, 6, 7, 15, 21, 53, 64-66, 229, 240, 241 boundary conditions, 226-227 computer simulations, 2 constitutive coefficients and, 226, 228 fracture flow, 108 mass transport, 9 multiphase flow, 153-155 pressure head, 33-35, 84, 88-91, research, 250 saturated flows, 83, 87-88 uncertainty and reliability, 221-225 Peer review, 242-243 Percolation, sec Leaching Permeability, Cc Porosity Permits and licenses see Licenses and permits Personnel qualifications, 18-19, 20, 82-83, 212-216, 249 shortages, 17 Pesticides in shallow water table, 143, 144, 146-147 regulation, 278 sorption, 139 Phase transfers and phase equilibria, 124-125, 130-138, 259-260 abiotic reactions, 125-130 den also Multiphase flow and transport; Nonaqueous phase liquids pH conditions and measurements, 47, 48, 275

INDEX solute transport, 125, 128, 133 PHREEQE, 127 Physical processes, 22, 255 advection, 1, 37-39, 55, 62, 113-116, 120, 132, 140-141, 143, 215, 275 capillary forces, 33-35, 88-91 convection, 255-256 diffusion, 1, 39-40, 55, 62, 118, 134-135, 147, 154 dispersion, 1, 40-41, 61-62, 116-120, 141, 143, 145, 154, 215, 222, 226, 250, 255-256, 275 evaporation, 33 geochemical models, linkages, 258-262 hysteresis, 155, 203, 276 infiltration, 93, 94-96, 140, 145, 162, 216 interracial phenomena, 151-153 leaching, 106, 168, 186 pressure head, 33-35, 66, 67, 79, 84, 81-82, 87, 89-90, 182, 183, 203-205 radioactive contaminant transport, 162 recharge, 88, 182, 216, 275 runoff, 96 saturated flows, 8~81 seawater, intrusion of, 148-149, 151-152, 154 sinks, 1, 32, 33, 37, 51, 57, 85-86, 130, 226-227 surface roughness, 100 thermodynamics, 125, 126, 127-128, 131, 133, 183, 275 velocity modeling, 87, 117, 120-121, 132, 140-141, 221-222, 274 vertical-horizontal spread model, 5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276 wetting, 35 see Boundary and initial conditions; Mass transport; Porosity; Spatial dimensionality; Transport models Pipelines, 181-186 Point sources, 32 299 multiphase transport, 155 Tucson Airport, 174, 175, 191-200 Snake River, 5, 174-175, 186-191 Policy issues assumptions in models, 18, 26-27 research support, 250, 276-281 ace Legislation; Regulations; Standards Pollutant transport, Cc Contaminants, specific; Transport models Porosity, 7, 55-56, 275 aquifers, 83-84, 119, 137-138, 203, 274 capillary rise and pressure head, 33-35, 88-91, 203-205 Darcy equation, 82 expert systems, 269 hysteresis and, 155 secondary/macropores, 117-118; Cc also Fractured media; voids transport models, 12~121, 150 arc also Saturated flows; Unsaturated flows Postaudit analysis, 242 Potentiometry, 182 Powder River, 181-186 Precipitation (meteorology), 141 Precipitation (solution chemistry), 9, 46-47, 126, 128, 133, 180, 260 Predictive validity, sec Validity Pressure head, 33-35, 66, 67, 79, 84, 87, 89-90 aquifer, 182, 183, 203-205 Darcy equation, 81-82 Probabilistic methods, 255, 256, 262-263 stochastic models, 6, 262 Problem solving, 8CC Artificial intelligence; Decisionmaking; Expert systems Process models, 28-73, 221-225, 256 analytical, 212 biological, 50-52, 63, 133-138, 223, 261-262 chemical, see Reaction kinetics and dynamics

300 flow, 79-103 microbiological, 20, 50-51, 133-138, 139, 250, 261 pH conditions and measurements, 47, 48, 125, 128, 133, 275 research trends, 255-263 see Physical processes PROM, 143 Public opinion and review, 12, 23 Q Quality control code development and documentation, 13, 16, 17, 127-129, 162-164, 167, 212, 234, 235-239, 241, 264-265 model application, 239-243 models, general, 212, 233-235 peer review, 242-243 postaudit analysis, 242 radioactive materials containment, 162-164 sensitivity analysis, 229, 232, 238, 241 Bee also Accuracy and uncertainty; Reliability; Standards; Validity RRadioactivity decay, 9, 42-44, 62, 125, 129 fractured flow, 4, 101 BCC ~80 Nuclear waste Rain, 8CC Precipitation (meteorology) Reaction kinetics and dynamics abiotic, 125-130 biological, 133-136, 273-274 complexity, 2, 274 dissolution, 46-47, 125-126, 128, 133 hydrolysis/substitution, 9, 48-49, 125-126, 128, 133 · ~ ~ - ~ons ant . ionization processes, 47-48, 125-126, 128, 142 microbiological, 133-136 models, 124-125, 275 INDEX multiple contaminants, 9 phase transfers, 131-132 potentiometry, 182 precipitation, 9, 46-47, 126, 128, 133, 180, 260 reactive transport models, 4-5, 124-125 redox, 9, 49-50, 125-126, 128, 133 Bee also Sorption Recharge, See Water recharge Recordkeeping, 23, 238 am ale o Documentation Redox reactions, 9, 49-50 microorganisms, 133 solute transport, 125-126, 128, 133 Regression (statistics), 223 Regulations, 23, 26, 160 aquifer contamination, 199-200, 205-206 expertise in model use, 213-216 injection wells, 171-172 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 26, 101, 160-164, 211, 252, 277, 279 models, general, 14, 18-19, 22, 27, 160-206, 277-278 model use requirements, 11-13, 139-140, 211-216 pesticides, 278 state agencies, 212 arc also Environmental Protection Agency; Licenses and permits; Standards Reliability, 20, 216-233 Remedial actions, 23, 139-140, 214, 273-274 airport chemical releases to aquifer, 191, 193, 199, 200 hazardous waste, 220 landfills, 206 Superfund, 165 Remote sensing, 225 Research agency guidelines and, 11-13, 20-21, 25, 160, 212 artificial intelligence and expert systems, 3, 267-271 computer models and hardware, 266-271

INDEX federal agency support, 11-13, 20-21, 25, 160, 276-281 field tests, 19-20, 264-267 interdisciplinary approaches, 271-276 laboratory experiments, 3, 16, 19-20, 129-130 recent efforts, 6 recommendations, detailed, 249-281 sampling designs, 225, 273 theoretical, 22, 99-102, 108 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 23, 167-170, 180, 242, 275, 279 Risk assessment hazardous waste, 165, 169, 170 worst-case assumptions, 215-216, 276 Rivers Big Lost River, 188 fracture cows, analogy, 98-99 Powder River basin, 181-186 Snake River, point source contamination, 5, 174-175, 186-191 ROKEY, 269 Runoff, 96 S Safe Drinking Water Act, 23, 171-172, 275 Salinity, 148-149, 151-152, 154, 275 Sampling, 217-225, 230, 273 and estimation of dispersivity, 119-120 location selection, 23 uncertainty and reliability, 217-221 Sand, 141 S-Area Landfill, 200-206 Saturated cows continuum, 80-88, 107 decisionmaking, models used in, 85-88 early models, 79-80 in fractured media, 98, 107 simplicity, 3, 7, 83 301 single nonreactive contaminants in, 2 va transient unsaturated flows, 98 Seawater, intrusion of, 148-149, 151-152, 154 Sensitivity analysis, 229, 232, 238, 241 Sinks, 1, 37 Darcy equation, 57 dimensionality, 85-86 energy, 51 forcing terms, 226-227 ground water Bow, general, 32 multiphase flows, 33, 130 Site-specific models and data, 15, 172-206 administrative records, 23, 238 generic models w, 10, 214-215, 262 hazardous waste, 164-170, 22() nuclear waste disposal, 160-164, 172, 252-253 uncertainty and reliability, 216-233 validity, 236-238, 265-265 eec ~80 Case studies; Field studies Sludge, 179 Snake River, 5, 174-175, 186-191 Software, Cc Computer software Soil characteristics modeling clay, 147, 202, 203, 275 contouring, 228 expert systems, 269 duid-soil interactions, 90, 95-97, 153 gases, 33 heterogeneous, 4 sand, 141 structured, 143-148 unsaturated flows, 3, 90, 91-92, 95-97, 140-141, 143-148 sec alto Hydraulic conductivity; Porosity Solid wastes, 173 sludge, 179 Solute transport, 113-155 abiotic transformations, 128-130 biological processes, 137-138 dissolution, 46-47, 125-126, 128, 133

302 numerical models, 113-114 phase transfers and, 132 sec also Contaminants, specific Sorption, 9, 44~46, 48, 154, 275 mass transport and, 63, 147 organic solvents, 45-46, 138, 257-258 unsaturated zone, 139, 140~142 vert~cal-hortzontal spread model, 5, 169,173, 175-181, 215, 276 ace also InfilI-rat~on; Leaching South Dakota, 184 Spatial dimensionality, 217, 276 aquifers, 189, 201 mult~phase Bow and transport, 155 percolation, 106 river basin, 175 unsaturated Bows, 83, 85-86, 14~141 velocity and, 117 sec also Three-dimensional models Standards, 231 drinking water, 23, 168, 169, 170, 171-172, 176, 179 generic, vet site-specific, 10, 214-215, 262; vertical-hormontal spread model, 5, 169; 17S, 175-181, 215 hazardous waste disposal, 165-167, 168 nuclear waste disposal, 161-163 State-Ievel actions, expertise, 212 8CC ~80 Pacific Arch Statistics goodness of fit,. 230, 231 iterative methods, 68-69, 72, 191 Monte Card simulations, 184, 233 probabilistic methods, 255, 256, 262-2.63. regression, 223 sampling, 23,119-120, 217-225, 230, 273 stochastic models, 6, 262 Statutes, sec Law Steady state flows, 32, 64, 72, 196 saturated media, 86 unsaturated media, 86,91,96-97 vertical-horizontal spread model, 177-178 INDEX Stochastic models, 6 Strontium-90, 186,187 Subjective factors, 252,279 Substitution (reaction chemistry), 9,48-49,125-126, 128,133 Supercomputers, 266-267 Superfund, 23,161,164-167,169, 211-212,213-214, 242,279 Surface chemistry, 130, 155 dCC ~80 Sorption Surface roughness, fracture flow, 100 SWANFLOW, 203 T Technological innovation, JCC Research Texas, 275 Theory, 22 fracture flow, 99-102, 108 Thermodynamics, 275 abiotic reactions, 125,126, 127-128 aquifers, 183 microorganisms, reactions, 133 phase transfers, 127,131 Three-dimensional models, 83, 85-86,98,154,222 aquifers, 184,190-191,201 dispersivity and, 116 fracture cow, 106-107 river basin, 175 seawater intrusion, 149 Time factors, 217,225 infiltration rate, 93,94-96 Monte Carlo simulations, 233 numerical models, accuracy, 72-73 steady-state flow, 32,64, 72,86, 96-97,177-178, 196 transient cows, 32,86,92-98, 116,196 unsaturated Bows, 92-98,139,140 Cc also Velocity modeling Times Beach, 23 Toxicity level, 176 dosimetry, 164 TFL\NQL, 129, 261 Transient flows, 32, 86, 92-98, 116, 196

INDEX Transport models, 1, 18, 37-52, 62-63, 79, 113-155, 275 abiotic transformations, 128-130 aquifers, 187, 194-198, 203 expertise, 213 geochemical and, 258-262 hazardous waste, 165-167, 169, 170 landfill contaminants, 200-201 multiphase flow and, 256-258 nonreactive contaminants, 2, 4, 113 phase transfers, 132-133 radioactive waste, 161-164 research requirements, 19-20, 250 solution of, 66-73, 230 unsaturated cows, 138-148 8ec ~80 Boundary and initial conditions; Dispersion; Diffusion; Mass transport; Vertical-horizontal spread model Treatment techniques, see Remedial actions Trichloroethene, 191, 193, 196-199 Tritium, 43, 186, 187 Tucson Airport, 174, 175, 191-200 U Uncertainty, see Accuracy and uncertainty; Stochastic models Underground Injection Control Program, 171 Unsaturated flows, 3, 34-35, 80, 88-98, 222, 226 equations, steps involved, 57-60 in fractured media, 108 research, 20 saturated media models, coupling, 139-140 solute transport, 138-148 in structured soils, 142-143 V Validity, 26, 281 estimation methods, 223, 265-266 geochemical models, 129-130 long-term prediction, 171, 178, 249, 252-254 303 models, general, 6, 212, 230-233, 235, 236-238, 241 saturated flows in porous media, 7 unsaturated solute transport models, 139 Vapor phase, unsaturated zone, 139 Velocity modeling, 87, 117, 120-121, 132, 140-141, 221-222, 274 Vertical-horizontal spread model, 5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276 Viscosity fracture flow and transport, 100 multiphase flow and transport, 155 transport models, 120, 275 Voids, 35, 118, 144, 145 W Waste management, 160 chemical, 191-205 landfills, 5, 23, 101, 174, 175, 176, 200-206 sludge, 179 solid, 173 Superfund, 23, 161, 164-167, 169, 211-212, 213-214, 242, 279; dCC ~80 Hazardous waste; Nuclear waste Wastewater, 179, 191 WATEQF, 127 Water recharge, 88, 182, 216, 275 Wells, 80, 82, 138 clusters, 145 injection, 171-172, 186, 274-276 for monitoring hazardous waste sites, 165, 187, 189, 222, 275 municipal, 199 regional aquifers, withdrawals, 5, 173, 181-186 remedial action, 274 sampling cores, 218 vertical-horizontal spread model, 5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215 see ~80 Drinking water Wetting, 35 Worst-case scenario, 215-216, 276 Wyoming, 181-186

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The discovery of toxic pollution at Love Canal brought ground water contamination to the forefront of public attention. Since then, ground water science and modeling have become increasingly important in evaluating contamination, setting regulations, and resolving liability issues in court.

A clearly written explanation of ground water processes and modeling, Ground Water Models focuses on the practical aspects of model application. It:

  • examines the role of models in regulation, litigation, and policy development;
  • explains ground water processes and describes specific applications for models;
  • presents emerging technologies; and
  • offers specific recommendations for better use of ground water science in policy formation.
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