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OCR for page 291
Index
A
Abiotic processes, 125-130,133
Accuracy and uncertainty, models,
6,15-16, 20,171,178,
216-233, 240,249, 252-254
computer models, 2,1o-ll,18,
214
deep aquifer, pressure head, 182,
183, 203-205
estimation methods, 166,265-266
fracture flow models, 107
generic vs site-specific models, 10,
214-215,262
hazardous waste, 166
long-term prediction, 171,178,
249, 252-254
numerical models, 72-73,82-83,
86-87,189-190
parameters, 84, 221-225, 254
quantification, 278-279
radioactive materials transport,
164
sampling, 217-225, 230,273
Alec also Error of measurement
291
Acids and acidity, pH conditions,
47,48,125,128, 133,275
Administrative law, Cc Regulations
Administrative Procedures Act,
180
Absorption and adsorption, arc
Sorption
Advection, 1, 37-39,55, 62, 275
solute transport, 113-116,120,
132,140-141,143,215
Aerobic bacteria, 50,63
Air Force, 199-200
Airports, 174,175, 191-200
Aldicarb, 143,146-147
Anaerobic bacteria, 51
Analytical models, 67-68,170,212,
251-252, 254
Aquifers
case studies, 173,181-186,
191-200
input estimation, 225-230
landfill contamination, 200-206
permeability, 83-84,119,137-138
point source pollution, 186-lg
sampling techniques, 217-225
seawater intrusion, 149
OCR for page 292
292
well injection, 171-172, 186,
274-276
well withdrawals from regional, 5,
181-186
see also Boundary and initial
conditions; Vertical-horizontal
spread model
Arizona, 174, 175, 191-200
Arthur D. Little, 201, 203, 204
Artificial intelligence, 267-269
Attenuation, see Dispersion
B
Bacteria
contaminant degradation by, 20,
50-51, 63
contaminant transport by, 20
permeability clogging, 137-138
Big Lost River, 188
Biodegradation, 21, 140, 261-262,
273
bacterial, 20, 50-51
microorganisms, 133-138, 139
vertical-horizontal spread model.
180
Biological processes, 223
contaminant transformation,
50-52, 63
solute transport models, 133-138.
261-262
Bee ~80 Microbiological processes;
Organic compounds
Biomass, 134-137
Boundary and initial conditions, 2,
15, 32, 53, 54, 64-66, 220, 222,
225, 226-227, 239, 240, 265
dimensionality, 85-86
multiphase flow, 153-155
em also Mass transport; Pressure
head
Bureau of Land Management, 185
C
Capillary forces
multiphase flows, 33-35
unsaturated flows, 88-91
Case studies, 5, 172-206
INDEX
Madison aquifer, 173, 175,
181-186
Niagara Falls, landfill, 200
Snake River plain, 5, 174-175,
186-191
Tucson Airport, 174, 175, 191-200
Vertical-horizontal spread model
(McConnelsville, Ohio), 173,
174, 175-181
Center of Exposure Assessment
Modeling, 167
Chemical processes; 8CC Reaction
kinetics and dynamics
CHEMTRN, 129
Chlorine, 186, 187-189
Chromium, 199
CH2M Hill, 193-194, 195, 197
Citrus fruit, 143, 144
well clusters, 145
Clay, 145, 202, 203, 275
Climate factors, 141, 251
Coal slurry pipelines, 181-186
Colloids, 131
Colorado, 191-200
Complexation, 47-48, 125-126, 128
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act, 23, 199
Computer databases, 8CC Databases
Computer hardware, 266-267
Computer simulation
accuracy, 2, 10-11, 18, 214
aquifer flow, 183, 187-198,
203-206
artificial intelligence, 267-271
code development and
documentation, 13, 16, 17,
127-129, 162-164, 167, 212,
234, 235-239, 241, 264-265
deep-well injection, 275-276
expertise required, 214
expert systems, computers, 3,
267-271
geochemical models, 127, 129,
143; linkage to physical
models, 258-262
landfills, 253
limitations, 10-11
mass balance, 128
multiphase flows, 37, 153-155
OCR for page 293
INDEX
nuclear waste disposal, 252-253
numerical models and, 67-68, 83
research, 266-271
seawater intrusion, 149
Computer simulations, specific
CHEMTRN, 129
DEMOTOX, 269
EPASMOD, 168-169, 181
EXINS, 269, 270
EXPAR, 269-270
FASTCHEM, 129, 261
GEOCHEM, 127
IMPES, 203
MICROQL:1, 261
MINEQL, 261
MINTED, 127, 129
PHREEQE, 127
PRZM, 143
ROKEY, 269
SWANFLOW, 203
TRANQL, 129, 261
vertical-horizontal spread model,
5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276
WATEQF, 127
Computer software
code development and
documentation, 13, 16, 17,
127-129, 162-164, 167, 234,
235-239, 241, 264-265
management system, nuclear
waste disposal, 163-164
Conduits, 102
pipelines, 181-186
Contaminants, specific
aldicarb, 143, 146-147
chlorine, 186, 187-189
chromium, 199
fertilizers, 139
pesticides, 139, 143, 144, 146-147
278
salinity, 148-149, 151-152, 154,
275
strontium-90, 186, 187
trichloroethene, 191, 193, 196-199
tritium, 43, 186, 187
Continuity equations, 56-61
Convection, 255-256
Cost factors, 251, 276
deep-well injection data, 275
numerical models, 72-73
293
sampling designs, 224
unsaturated flow experiments, 3
Court cases, Cc Litigation
D
Darcy equation, 56-57, 81-82, 83,
85
Databases, 3, 16
abiotic reactions, 125, 129, 133
limitations, 108-109, 155, 182
mu It iphase flows, 155
thermodynamics, 128
Data collection, 9-10, 241
Decisionmaking
computer models, accuracy, 2, 214
expertise, 17-19, 20, 82-83,
182-183, 212-216, 249
models, use of, 3, 6-7, 9-14, 20,
79-80, 214-216, 252-254
in regulatory system, 160-205
saturated continuum flow models,
85-88
site-specific models, 172-206
Cc also Artificial intelligence;
Expert systems
DEMOTOX, 269
Density and density modeling, 222,
275
phase transfers, 130
seawater intrusion, 151-152, 154
Department of Energy, 164, 172,
186, 252
Department of Justice, 206
Differential equations, 67-68
advection and dispersion, 120
saturated continuum flow, 82, 83
Diffusion, 1, 39-40, 55, 62,
134-135, 154
fractured media, 118, 147
Dispersion, 1, 40-41, 61-62, 141,
143, 145, 154, 215, 226,
255-256, 275
numerical modeling, 116-117,
119
research, 250
sampling scale, 119-120, 222
Dissolution, 46-47, 125-126, 128,
133
OCR for page 294
294
Documentation, software and code,
13, 16, 17, 127-129, 162-164,
167, 212, 234, 235-239, 241,
264-265
Dosimetry, 164
Drinking water, 23, 168, 169,
171-172, 176, 191, 199, 215,
275
EEconomic factors, see Cost factors
Education, 23
personnel training, 18-19, 20,
82-83, 213
Efficiency, 23
Electric Power Research Institute,
26
Environmental Protection Agency,
26, 160, 164-172, 185,
199-200, 201, 205-206, 252
models, problems with, 211-212,
215
National Environmental Policy
Act, 23
personnel qualifications, 213
research, 276-279
Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act, 23, 167-170,
180, 242, 275, 279
Superfund, 23, 161, 164-167, 169,
211-212, 213-214, 242, 279
Underground Injection Control
Program, 171-172
vertical-horizontal spread model,
5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276
EPASMOD, 168-169, 181
Equations, Cc Differential
equations; Mathematical
models
Error of measurement, 6, 67, 68,
189-190, 232, 233, 238
sampling, 218, 219-220, 224, 230
Estimation and estimation theory
dispersivity and sampling scale,
110120, 222
hazardous waste, 166
input estimation, 225-230, 241
sampling, 23, 119-120, 217-225,
230, 273
validity, 223, 265-266
INDEX
dCC ~80 Accuracy and uncertainty;
Parameter estimation;
Probabilistic methods
Evaporation, 33
EXINS, 269, 270
EXPAR, 269-270
Expertise, 18, 182-183, 212, 249
qualifications, 18-19, 20, 82-83,
213-216
shortages, 17
Expert systems, 3, 267-271
F
FASTCHEM, 129, 261
Fertilizers, sorption, 139
Field studies, 3, 16, 23
nuclear waste disposal, 161, 163
recommendations, 19-20
research 19-20, 264-267
sampling, 23, 119-120, 217-225,
230, 273
saturated continuum flows, 85
solute transport, 129-130
8CC ~80 Case studies; Site-specific
models and data
Finite-difference/finite element
methods, 190
Flow models, 1, 29-37, 79-103,
256-258, 275
differential equations, 2, 28-73
fractured media, 99-102
regulatory system and, 160-208
research, 19-20
solution of, 66-73, 230
viscosity, 100, 120, 155, 275
d CC ~80 apecipc pow types
Fluxes, em Advection; Diffusion;
Dispersion; Mass transport
Fractured media, 2, 4, 8, 9, 99-109,
11S, 222
continuum, 104-105, 107
research, 20
transport, 118, 143-148
voids, 35, 118, 144, 145
G
see ~80 Gases (geochemical), 275
multiphase transport, 154
OCR for page 295
INDEX
phase transfers, 130, 132-133,
138, 153
soil, 33
unsaturated flow and transport,
88, 139
Generic models, 276
V8 site-specific, 10, 214-215, 262
vertical-horizontal spread model,
5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276
GEOCHEM, 127
Geochemistry, 127-129
physical transport models,
linkages, 250, 258-262
radioactive contaminant
transport, 162
reactive contaminants, 4-5
see ~80 Gases (geochemical)
Geology
complexity, 6, 10
nuclear waste disposal, 161-164,
252-253
see also Hydrogeology
Goodness of fit, 230, 231
Gould, Inc., 179
Governing equations, 55-63, 72,
151-153
Government role, 25-26
agency guidelines and, 11-13,
20-21, 25, 160, 212
financial, 20, 276-281
research, 11-13, 20-21, 25, 160,
276-281
see ~80 Decisionmaking;
Legislation; Litigation;
Regulations; Standards; specific
agencies
Groundwater C7ontanur~ation, 253
H
Hazardous waste
injection wells, 171-172, 186,
274-276
Monte Carlo simulations, 184, 233
permits, EPA, 167-172
sampling, 217-225
Superfund, 23, 161, 164-167, 169,
211-212, 213-214, 242, 279
vertical-horizontal spread model,
5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276
295
Cc ale o Nuclear waste
Historic perspectives
ground water models, 79-81
hydrogeological data, 219-220,
229
numerical solute transport
models, 113-114
Hooker Chemicals Plastics
Corporation, 200
Hughes Aircraft Company, 199
Human factors
computer-human interface, see
Expert systems
expertise, 18, 182-183, 212
qualifications, 18-19, 20, 82-83,
213-216
shortages, 17
subjective, 252, 279
em also Decisionmaking
Hydraulic conductivity, 29, 31, 32,
33-34, 52, 54, 56-57, 222,
dispersivity and, 116, 226
fracture cow, 99-101, 104-105
108
unsaturated flows, 90-91
8ec ~80 Porosity
Hydraulic potential gradients, 1
Hydrogeology, 79-156, 222
aquifer dynamics, 183, 185
complexity of, 2, 6, 7, 16, 20, 63,
116-117, 183, 276-277
hazardous waste and, 169
historical data, 219-220, 229
research, 250, 279
Snake River point source
pollution, 186
Tucson Airport, 193-194
Hydrolysis, 9, 48-49, 125-126, 128,
133
Hysteresis, 155, 203, 276
I
Idaho, 186-191
Idaho National Engineering
Laboratory, 186
Illinois, 275
Ill-posed problems, 227-228
IMPES, 203
Indiana, 275
OCR for page 296
296
Infiltration, 140,216
radioactive waste, 162
structured soils, 145
time dependence following
pending, 93,94-96
Initial conditions, ecu Boundary
and initial conditions
Input estimation, 225 230
sensitivity analysis, 229,232,238,
241
see also Sampling
Interdisciplinary approaches,
271-276
Interfacial phenomena, 153
seawater intrusion, 151-152
8ec ~80 Multiphase Bow and
transport; Phase transfers and
phase equilibria; Surface
chemistry
International Groundwater
Modeling Center, 167
Ions and ionization processes
complexation, 47-48,125-126,
128
exchange, 142
Iterative methods, 68-69,72,191
K
Karst systems, 99
Kentucky, 99
L
Laboratory studies, 16
geochemical models, 129-130
recommendations, 19-20
unsaturated flows, 3
Landfills
case studies, 5,174,175,200-206
Hyde Park, 101, 200
Love Canal, 23,101, 200
vertical-horizontal spread model,
176
Law, ace Legislation; Liability;
Litigation
Leaching, 106,168,186
vertical-horizontal spread model,
5,169,173, 175-181,215,276
Legislation
INDEX
Administrative Procedures Act,
180
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act, 23,199
contaminant problems, needs
assessment, 24-25
National Environmental Policy
Act, 23
Nuclear Waste Policies Act of
1982,252
Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act, 23,167-170,
180,242,275,279
Safe Drinking Water Act, 23,
171-172,275
Superfund, 23,161,164-167,169,
211-212,213-214,242,279
Licenses and permits,
hazardous waste disposal,
167-170,171,180-181
injection wells, 171-172,186
nuclear facilities, 161-164,211,
279
Liability, 165,249,277
Limestone, 181
Litigation
case study models, 175,200-202,
205-206
hazardous waste disposal, 165
models used, evaluation of, 12,
23,278
Louisiana, 275
Love Canal, 23,101
M
Macropores, Cc Fractured media;
Voids
Madison aquifer, 5,173,181-186
Mammoth Cave, 99
Management, software storage
system, nuclear waste,
163-164
Mass transport, 2,8-9,37,61,69,
124-125,131-132,261
within aquifer, 196,275
biological reactions, 133-136
biomass, 134-137
complexation, 48
OCR for page 297
INDEX
multiphase, 153
solution of equations, 66-73, 134,
128-129, 134-136
in unsaturated media, 138-148
see also Advection; Diffusion;
Dispersion
Mathematical models
alternatives, 14
analytical V8 numerical, 67-69,
163
application, 239-243
aquifers, 181-186, 194-200,
203-206
complexity, 14-15
continuity equations, 56-61
Darcy equation, 56-57, 81-82, 83,
85
decisionmaking and, 2, 3, 6-7,
9-14, 20, 79-80
defined, 1, 28, 52-55
development and use, 211-243,
252-254
fractured media flow, 102-109
generic, 10, 214-215, 262, 276; Cc
also Vertical-horizontal spread
model
goodness of fit, 230, 231
governing equations, 55-63, 72,
151-153
hazardous waste disposal sites,
165-167, 170-171
mult iph use flow, 102, 103-104,
151-153
input estimation, 225-230
Navier-Stokes equations, 81-82
nuclear facilities, 164, 172
parameterization, 64-66
point sources, 5, 32, 155, 174-175,
186-200
policy assumptions, 18
problems affecting, 211-212
process, 28-73
quality control, 13, 16, 17,
127-129, 162-164, 167, 212,
234, 235-243, 264-265
research, 6, 11-13, 19-21, 25, 160,
212, 225, 249-281
well injection, 171-172, 186,
274-276
297
see also Accuracy and uncertainty;
Computer simulation;
Numerical models; Parameter
estimation; Reliability;
Site-specific models and data;
Statistics; Validity
Matrix systems
equations, 68
fractured flows, 4, 147
thermodynamics of mass balance,
128
unsaturated flows, 139
Measurement techniques
research, 21
sampling, 23, 119-120, 217-225,
230, 273
transport codes, calibration,
162-163, 187, 189, 236-238,
241, 265-266
see also Error of measurement
Michigan, 275
Microbiological processes, 50,
137-138, 139, 250, 261
bacterial, 20, 50-51
reaction kinetics, 133-136
MICROQL:1, 261
MINEQL, 261
MINTED, 127, 129
Missouri, 23
Models, Cc Computer simulation;
Mathematical models;
Site-specific models and data;
specie types of flows
Montana, 181-186
Monte Carlo simulations, 184, 233
Multidisciplinary approaches, see
Interdisciplinary approaches
Multiphase flow and transport, 5,
7-8, 32-37, 148-155, 250
in fractured media, 101, 102,
103-104
governing equations, 61, 151-153
organic fluid contamination,
149-151
parameters and boundary
conditions, 153-155
problems, 155
seawater intrusion, 148-149,
151-152, 154
OCR for page 298
298
solute transport, 130-138
transport models and, 256-258
N
National Environmental Policy
Act, 23
National Science Foundation, 26,
279
Natural gas, 84
Navier-Stokes equations, 81-82
Nevada, 100, 108
New York, 23
Nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPL),
36-37, 88, 101, 108, 133,
201-202, 203, 205, 256-258
Nonreactive contaminants
fractured cow, 4
saturated flow, 2
transport, 113
Nuclear reactors, 186
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 185
26, 101, 160-164, 211, 252,
277, 279
Nuclear waste, 23, 101, 161-164,
172, 211, 252-253, 277
Nuclear Waste Policies Act of 1982,
252
Numerical models, 67-69
accuracy and cost, 72-73, 82-83,
189
aquifer, 187-191, 203
computer codes, 235-236
hazardous waste, 170
personnel training in, 18-19, 20,
82-83
radioactive waste transport, 163
research, 266-267
seawater intrusion, 149
solute transport, 113-155
o
Occidental Chemical Corporation,
200-206
Ohio, 179, 275
Oil, 84, 150
Organic compounds, 136, 191, 276
aerobic bacterial degradation, 51
hazardous, EPA list, 168
INDEX
multiphase transport, 149-151,
152-153, 154
nonaqueous-phase liquids
(NAPL), 36-37, 88, 101, 108,
133, 201-202, 203, 205,
256-258
scarcity of data, 7-8
sorption, 45-46, 138, 257-268
Bee also Biological processes
A
Parameter estimation, 6, 7, 15, 21,
53, 64-66, 229, 240, 241
boundary conditions, 226-227
computer simulations, 2
constitutive coefficients and, 226,
228
fracture flow, 108
mass transport, 9
multiphase flow, 153-155
pressure head, 33-35, 84, 88-91,
research, 250
saturated flows, 83, 87-88
uncertainty and reliability,
221-225
Peer review, 242-243
Percolation, sec Leaching
Permeability, Cc Porosity
Permits and licenses see Licenses
and permits
Personnel
qualifications, 18-19, 20, 82-83,
212-216, 249
shortages, 17
Pesticides
in shallow water table, 143, 144,
146-147
regulation, 278
sorption, 139
Phase transfers and phase
equilibria, 124-125, 130-138,
259-260
abiotic reactions, 125-130
den also Multiphase flow and
transport; Nonaqueous phase
liquids
pH conditions and measurements,
47, 48, 275
OCR for page 299
INDEX
solute transport, 125, 128, 133
PHREEQE, 127
Physical processes, 22, 255
advection, 1, 37-39, 55, 62,
113-116, 120, 132, 140-141,
143, 215, 275
capillary forces, 33-35, 88-91
convection, 255-256
diffusion, 1, 39-40, 55, 62, 118,
134-135, 147, 154
dispersion, 1, 40-41, 61-62,
116-120, 141, 143, 145, 154,
215, 222, 226, 250, 255-256,
275
evaporation, 33
geochemical models, linkages,
258-262
hysteresis, 155, 203, 276
infiltration, 93, 94-96, 140, 145,
162, 216
interracial phenomena, 151-153
leaching, 106, 168, 186
pressure head, 33-35, 66, 67, 79,
84, 81-82, 87, 89-90, 182, 183,
203-205
radioactive contaminant
transport, 162
recharge, 88, 182, 216, 275
runoff, 96
saturated flows, 8~81
seawater, intrusion of, 148-149,
151-152, 154
sinks, 1, 32, 33, 37, 51, 57, 85-86,
130, 226-227
surface roughness, 100
thermodynamics, 125, 126,
127-128, 131, 133, 183, 275
velocity modeling, 87, 117,
120-121, 132, 140-141,
221-222, 274
vertical-horizontal spread model,
5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276
wetting, 35
see Boundary and initial
conditions; Mass transport;
Porosity; Spatial
dimensionality; Transport
models
Pipelines, 181-186
Point sources, 32
299
multiphase transport, 155
Tucson Airport, 174, 175, 191-200
Snake River, 5, 174-175, 186-191
Policy issues
assumptions in models, 18, 26-27
research support, 250, 276-281
ace Legislation; Regulations;
Standards
Pollutant transport, Cc
Contaminants, specific;
Transport models
Porosity, 7, 55-56, 275
aquifers, 83-84, 119, 137-138,
203, 274
capillary rise and pressure head,
33-35, 88-91, 203-205
Darcy equation, 82
expert systems, 269
hysteresis and, 155
secondary/macropores, 117-118;
Cc also Fractured media;
voids
transport models, 12~121, 150
arc also Saturated flows;
Unsaturated flows
Postaudit analysis, 242
Potentiometry, 182
Powder River, 181-186
Precipitation (meteorology), 141
Precipitation (solution chemistry),
9, 46-47, 126, 128, 133, 180,
260
Predictive validity, sec Validity
Pressure head, 33-35, 66, 67, 79,
84, 87, 89-90
aquifer, 182, 183, 203-205
Darcy equation, 81-82
Probabilistic methods, 255, 256,
262-263
stochastic models, 6, 262
Problem solving, 8CC Artificial
intelligence; Decisionmaking;
Expert systems
Process models, 28-73, 221-225,
256
analytical, 212
biological, 50-52, 63, 133-138,
223, 261-262
chemical, see Reaction kinetics
and dynamics
OCR for page 300
300
flow, 79-103
microbiological, 20, 50-51,
133-138, 139, 250, 261
pH conditions and measurements,
47, 48, 125, 128, 133, 275
research trends, 255-263
see Physical processes
PROM, 143
Public opinion and review, 12, 23
Q
Quality control
code development and
documentation, 13, 16, 17,
127-129, 162-164, 167, 212,
234, 235-239, 241, 264-265
model application, 239-243
models, general, 212, 233-235
peer review, 242-243
postaudit analysis, 242
radioactive materials
containment, 162-164
sensitivity analysis, 229, 232, 238,
241
Bee also Accuracy and uncertainty;
Reliability; Standards;
Validity
RRadioactivity
decay, 9, 42-44, 62, 125, 129
fractured flow, 4, 101
BCC ~80 Nuclear waste
Rain, 8CC Precipitation
(meteorology)
Reaction kinetics and dynamics
abiotic, 125-130
biological, 133-136, 273-274
complexity, 2, 274
dissolution, 46-47, 125-126, 128,
133
hydrolysis/substitution, 9, 48-49,
125-126, 128, 133
· ~ ~ -
~ons ant . ionization processes,
47-48, 125-126, 128, 142
microbiological, 133-136
models, 124-125, 275
INDEX
multiple contaminants, 9
phase transfers, 131-132
potentiometry, 182
precipitation, 9, 46-47, 126, 128,
133, 180, 260
reactive transport models, 4-5,
124-125
redox, 9, 49-50, 125-126, 128, 133
Bee also Sorption
Recharge, See Water recharge
Recordkeeping, 23, 238
am ale o Documentation
Redox reactions, 9, 49-50
microorganisms, 133
solute transport, 125-126, 128,
133
Regression (statistics), 223
Regulations, 23, 26, 160
aquifer contamination, 199-200,
205-206
expertise in model use, 213-216
injection wells, 171-172
Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
26, 101, 160-164, 211, 252,
277, 279
models, general, 14, 18-19, 22, 27,
160-206, 277-278
model use requirements, 11-13,
139-140, 211-216
pesticides, 278
state agencies, 212
arc also Environmental Protection
Agency; Licenses and permits;
Standards
Reliability, 20, 216-233
Remedial actions, 23, 139-140, 214,
273-274
airport chemical releases to
aquifer, 191, 193, 199, 200
hazardous waste, 220
landfills, 206
Superfund, 165
Remote sensing, 225
Research
agency guidelines and, 11-13,
20-21, 25, 160, 212
artificial intelligence and expert
systems, 3, 267-271
computer models and hardware,
266-271
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INDEX
federal agency support, 11-13,
20-21, 25, 160, 276-281
field tests, 19-20, 264-267
interdisciplinary approaches,
271-276
laboratory experiments, 3, 16,
19-20, 129-130
recent efforts, 6
recommendations, detailed,
249-281
sampling designs, 225, 273
theoretical, 22, 99-102, 108
Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act, 23, 167-170,
180, 242, 275, 279
Risk assessment
hazardous waste, 165, 169, 170
worst-case assumptions, 215-216,
276
Rivers
Big Lost River, 188
fracture cows, analogy, 98-99
Powder River basin, 181-186
Snake River, point source
contamination, 5, 174-175,
186-191
ROKEY, 269
Runoff, 96
S
Safe Drinking Water Act, 23,
171-172, 275
Salinity, 148-149, 151-152, 154, 275
Sampling, 217-225, 230, 273
and estimation of dispersivity,
119-120
location selection, 23
uncertainty and reliability,
217-221
Sand, 141
S-Area Landfill, 200-206
Saturated cows
continuum, 80-88, 107
decisionmaking, models used in,
85-88
early models, 79-80
in fractured media, 98, 107
simplicity, 3, 7, 83
301
single nonreactive contaminants
in, 2
va transient unsaturated flows, 98
Seawater, intrusion of, 148-149,
151-152, 154
Sensitivity analysis, 229, 232, 238,
241
Sinks, 1, 37
Darcy equation, 57
dimensionality, 85-86
energy, 51
forcing terms, 226-227
ground water Bow, general, 32
multiphase flows, 33, 130
Site-specific models and data, 15,
172-206
administrative records, 23, 238
generic models w, 10, 214-215,
262
hazardous waste, 164-170, 22()
nuclear waste disposal, 160-164,
172, 252-253
uncertainty and reliability,
216-233
validity, 236-238, 265-265
eec ~80 Case studies; Field studies
Sludge, 179
Snake River, 5, 174-175, 186-191
Software, Cc Computer software
Soil characteristics modeling
clay, 147, 202, 203, 275
contouring, 228
expert systems, 269
duid-soil interactions, 90, 95-97,
153
gases, 33
heterogeneous, 4
sand, 141
structured, 143-148
unsaturated flows, 3, 90, 91-92,
95-97, 140-141, 143-148
sec alto Hydraulic conductivity;
Porosity
Solid wastes, 173
sludge, 179
Solute transport, 113-155
abiotic transformations, 128-130
biological processes, 137-138
dissolution, 46-47, 125-126, 128,
133
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302
numerical models, 113-114
phase transfers and, 132
sec also Contaminants, specific
Sorption, 9, 44~46, 48, 154, 275
mass transport and, 63, 147
organic solvents, 45-46, 138,
257-258
unsaturated zone, 139, 140~142
vert~cal-hortzontal spread model,
5, 169,173, 175-181, 215, 276
ace also InfilI-rat~on; Leaching
South Dakota, 184
Spatial dimensionality, 217, 276
aquifers, 189, 201
mult~phase Bow and transport,
155
percolation, 106
river basin, 175
unsaturated Bows, 83, 85-86,
14~141
velocity and, 117
sec also Three-dimensional models
Standards, 231
drinking water, 23, 168, 169, 170,
171-172, 176, 179
generic, vet site-specific, 10,
214-215, 262;
vertical-hormontal spread model,
5, 169; 17S, 175-181, 215
hazardous waste disposal,
165-167, 168
nuclear waste disposal, 161-163
State-Ievel actions, expertise, 212
8CC ~80 Pacific Arch
Statistics
goodness of fit,. 230, 231
iterative methods, 68-69, 72, 191
Monte Card simulations, 184, 233
probabilistic methods, 255, 256,
262-2.63.
regression, 223
sampling, 23,119-120, 217-225,
230, 273
stochastic models, 6, 262
Statutes, sec Law
Steady state flows, 32, 64, 72, 196
saturated media, 86
unsaturated media, 86,91,96-97
vertical-horizontal spread model,
177-178
INDEX
Stochastic models, 6
Strontium-90, 186,187
Subjective factors, 252,279
Substitution (reaction chemistry),
9,48-49,125-126, 128,133
Supercomputers, 266-267
Superfund, 23,161,164-167,169,
211-212,213-214, 242,279
Surface chemistry, 130, 155
dCC ~80 Sorption
Surface roughness, fracture flow,
100
SWANFLOW, 203
T
Technological innovation, JCC
Research
Texas, 275
Theory, 22
fracture flow, 99-102, 108
Thermodynamics, 275
abiotic reactions, 125,126,
127-128
aquifers, 183
microorganisms, reactions, 133
phase transfers, 127,131
Three-dimensional models, 83,
85-86,98,154,222
aquifers, 184,190-191,201
dispersivity and, 116
fracture cow, 106-107
river basin, 175
seawater intrusion, 149
Time factors, 217,225
infiltration rate, 93,94-96
Monte Carlo simulations, 233
numerical models, accuracy, 72-73
steady-state flow, 32,64, 72,86,
96-97,177-178, 196
transient cows, 32,86,92-98,
116,196
unsaturated Bows, 92-98,139,140
Cc also Velocity modeling
Times Beach, 23
Toxicity level, 176
dosimetry, 164
TFL\NQL, 129, 261
Transient flows, 32, 86, 92-98, 116,
196
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INDEX
Transport models, 1, 18, 37-52,
62-63, 79, 113-155, 275
abiotic transformations, 128-130
aquifers, 187, 194-198, 203
expertise, 213
geochemical and, 258-262
hazardous waste, 165-167, 169,
170
landfill contaminants, 200-201
multiphase flow and, 256-258
nonreactive contaminants, 2, 4,
113
phase transfers, 132-133
radioactive waste, 161-164
research requirements, 19-20, 250
solution of, 66-73, 230
unsaturated cows, 138-148
8ec ~80 Boundary and initial
conditions; Dispersion;
Diffusion; Mass transport;
Vertical-horizontal spread
model
Treatment techniques, see Remedial
actions
Trichloroethene, 191, 193, 196-199
Tritium, 43, 186, 187
Tucson Airport, 174, 175, 191-200
U
Uncertainty, see Accuracy and
uncertainty; Stochastic models
Underground Injection Control
Program, 171
Unsaturated flows, 3, 34-35, 80,
88-98, 222, 226
equations, steps involved, 57-60
in fractured media, 108
research, 20
saturated media models, coupling,
139-140
solute transport, 138-148
in structured soils, 142-143
V
Validity, 26, 281
estimation methods, 223, 265-266
geochemical models, 129-130
long-term prediction, 171, 178,
249, 252-254
303
models, general, 6, 212, 230-233,
235, 236-238, 241
saturated flows in porous media, 7
unsaturated solute transport
models, 139
Vapor phase, unsaturated zone, 139
Velocity modeling, 87, 117,
120-121, 132, 140-141,
221-222, 274
Vertical-horizontal spread model, 5,
169, 173, 175-181, 215, 276
Viscosity
fracture flow and transport, 100
multiphase flow and transport,
155
transport models, 120, 275
Voids, 35, 118, 144, 145
W
Waste management, 160
chemical, 191-205
landfills, 5, 23, 101, 174, 175, 176,
200-206
sludge, 179
solid, 173
Superfund, 23, 161, 164-167, 169,
211-212, 213-214, 242, 279;
dCC ~80 Hazardous waste;
Nuclear waste
Wastewater, 179, 191
WATEQF, 127
Water recharge, 88, 182, 216, 275
Wells, 80, 82, 138
clusters, 145
injection, 171-172, 186, 274-276
for monitoring hazardous waste
sites, 165, 187, 189, 222, 275
municipal, 199
regional aquifers, withdrawals, 5,
173, 181-186
remedial action, 274
sampling cores, 218
vertical-horizontal spread model,
5, 169, 173, 175-181, 215
see ~80 Drinking water
Wetting, 35
Worst-case scenario, 215-216, 276
Wyoming, 181-186
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
spread model
