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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Genetically Engineered Organisms, Wildlife, and Habitat: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12218.
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Page 53
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2008. Genetically Engineered Organisms, Wildlife, and Habitat: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12218.
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Page 54

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References Andow, D.A. 2003. UK farm-scale evaluations of transgenic herbicide-tolerant crops. Nature Biotechnology 21:1453–1454. Aspen FACE. 2008. Aspen FACE (Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Experiment Web- site. Available online at http://aspenface.mtu.edu/index.html [accessed on April 11, 2008]. Butler, S.J., J.A. Vickery, and K. Norris. 2007. Farmland diversity and the footprint of agri- culture. Science 315:381–384. Cattaneo, M., C. Yafuso, C. Schmidt, C. Huang, M. Rahman, C. Olson, C. Ellers-Kirk, B. Orr, S.E. Marsh, L. Antilla, P. Dutilleul, and Y. Carrière. Farm-scale evaluation of the impacts of transgenic cotton on biodiversity, pesticide use, and yield. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:7571–7576. Council on Environmental Quality and Office of Science and Technology Policy (CEQ/ OSTP). 2001. Case Studies of Environmental Regulation. Washington, DC: Office of Science and Technology Policy. Available online at http://ostp.gov/html/012201.html [accessed on April 11, 2008]. Dietz, H., and P.J. Edwards. 2006. Recognition that causal processes change during plant invasion helps explain conflicts in evidence. Ecology 87(6):1359–1367. Ewald, D., J. Hu, and M. Yang. 2006. Transgenic Forest Trees in China. Chapter 2 in Tree Transgenesis: Recent Developments, M. Fladung and D. Ewald, eds. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Federico, P., T.G. Hallam, G.F. McCracken, S. Purucker, W. Grant, A.N. Sandoval, J. Westbrook, R. Medellin, C. Cleveland, C.G. Sansone, J.D. López Jr., M. Betke, A. Moreno-Valdez, T. H. Kunz. 2008. Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) as insect pest regulators in transgenic and conventional cotton crops. Ecological Applications 18:826–837. Fernandez-Cornejo, J., and M. Caswell. 2006. The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States. USDA Economic Research Service Economic Information Bulletin 11. Washington, DC: USDA. Marvier, M., C. McCreedy, J. Regetz, and P. Kareiva. 2007. A meta-analysis of effects of Bt cotton and maize on nontarget invertebrates. Science 316:1475–1477. 53

54 GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS, WILDLIFE, AND HABITAT Kapuscinki, A.R., K. Hayes, S. Li, and G. Dana, ed. 2007. Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms, Volume 3: Methodologies for Transgenic Fish. Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). 2008. Available online at http://www. neoninc.org/ [accessed on April 11, 2008]. National Research Council (NRC). 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC. 2001. Ecological Monitoring of Genetically Modified Crops: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC. 2002a. Animal Biotechnology: Science Based Concerns. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. NRC. 2002b. Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy of Regu- lation. The National Academies Press. NRC. 2004. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Pilate, G., E. Guiney, K. Holt, M. Petit-Conil, C. Lapierre, J-C. Leplé, B. Pollet, I. Mila, E.A. Webster, H.G. Marstorp, D.W. Hopkins, L. Jouanin, W. Boerjan, W. Schuch, D. Cornu, and C. Halpin. 2002. Field and pulping performances of transgenic trees with altered lignification. Nature Biotechnology 20:607–612. Rosi-Marshall, E., J.L. Tank, T.V. Royer, M.R. Whiles, M. Evans-White, C. Chambers, N.A. Griffiths, J. Pokelsek, and M.L. Stephen. 2007. Transgenic crop byproducts may affect headwater stream ecosystems. PNAS 104:16204–16208. U.K. Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs. 2008. Farm Scale Evaluations (FSE). Available online at http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/gm/fse/. [accessed on April 11, 2008]. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2008. Program Synopsis: USDA Biotech- nology Risk Assessment Grants (BRAG) Program. Available online at http://www. csrees.usda.gov/funding/brag/brag_synopsis.html. [accessed January 18, 2008]. United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2008. Welcome to the USGS: Biological Resources Discipline. Available online at http://biology.usgs.gov/. [accessed January 18, 2008]. Wolfenbarger, L. L., S. E. Naranjo, J.G. Lundgren, R.J. Bitzer, and L.S. Watrud. 2008. Bt crop effects on functional guilds of non-target arthropods: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 3(5): e2115–e2118.

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Since the first commercial introduction of transgenic corn plants in 1995, biotechnology has provided enormous benefits to agricultural crop production. Research is underway to develop a much broader range of genetically engineered organisms (GEOs), including fish, trees, microbes, and insects, that could have the potential to transform fields such as aquaculture, biofuels production, bioremediation, biocontrol, and even the production of pharmaceuticals . However, biotechnology is not without risk and continues to be an extremely controversial topic. Chief among the concerns is the potential ecological effects of GEOs that interact with wildlife and habitats.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is charged with providing scientific advice to inform federal agencies that manage wildlife and their habitats. USGS has identified biotechnology as one of its major challenges for future research. Seeing an opportunity to initiate a dialogue between ecologists and developers of GEOs about this challenge, the USGS and the National Research Council (NRC) held a two-day workshop in November of 2007, to identify research activities with the greatest potential to provide the information needed to assess the ecological effects of GEOs on wildlife and habitats. The workshop, designed to approach the research questions from a habitat, rather than transgenic organism, perspective, is summarized in this book.

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