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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." Institute of Medicine. 2009. Military Medical Ethics: Issues Regarding Dual Loyalties: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12478.
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Page 37
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: References." Institute of Medicine. 2009. Military Medical Ethics: Issues Regarding Dual Loyalties: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12478.
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Page 38

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A References ACOEM (American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine). 2008. ACOEM code of ethical conduct. http://www.acoem.org/codeofcon duct.aspx (accessed 10/22/2008). Beam, T. E., and L. R. Sparacino. 2003. Military Medical Ethics. Washington, DC: Borden Institute. Volumes 1 and 2. http://www.bordeninstitute.army. mil/published.html (accessed 10/22/2008). Bloche, M. G., and J. H. Marks. 2005. When doctors go to war. New England Journal of Medicine 352(1):3–6. Boyd, J. W., D. U. Himmelstein, K. Lasser, D. McCormick, D. H. Bor, S. L. Cutrona, and S. Woolhandler. 2007. U.S. medical students’ knowledge about the military draft, the Geneva Conventions, and military medical eth- ics. International Journal of Health Services 37(4):643–650. DoD (U.S. Department of Defense). 2006a. Policy guidance for deployment- limiting psychiatric conditions and medications. http://www.health.mil/Con tent/docs/pdfs/policies/2006/Guidance_20061107_deplo_limiting_psyc_con d.pdf (accessed 10/30/2008). DoD. 2006b. Instruction: Medical program support for detainee operations. Number2310.08E. http://www.js.pentagon.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/23 1008p.pdf (accessed 10/22/2008). Gostin, L., and J. M. Mann. 1994. Towards the development of a human rights impact assessment for the formulation and evaluation of public health poli- cies. Health and Human Rights 1(1):58–80. ICOH (International Commission on Occupational Health). 2002. International code of ethics for occupational health professionals. http://www. icohweb.org/core_docs/code_ethics_eng.pdf (accessed 10/22/2008). International Dual Loyalty Working Group. 2003. Dual loyalty and human rights in health professional practice: Proposed guidelines and institutional mechanisms. Cambridge, MA: Physicians for Human Rights. 37

38 MILITARY MEDICAL ETHICS: ISSUES REGARDING DUAL LOYALTIES Johnson, W. B., R. Bacho, M. Heim, and J. Ralph. 2006. Multiple-role dilem- mas for military mental health care providers. Military Medicine 171(4): 311–315. Kenneth B. Schwartz Center. 2008. Schwartz Center Rounds. http://www.the schwartzcenter.org/programs/rounds.html (accessed 10/22/2008). Strasburger, L. H., T. G. Gutheil, and A. Brodsky. 1997. On wearing two hats: Role conflict in serving as both psychotherapist and expert witness. Ameri- can Journal of Psychiatry 154(4):448–456. U.S. Army. 2004. Oaths of enlistment and oaths of office. http://www.history. army.mil/faq/oaths.htm (accessed 10/22/2008). WMA (World Medical Association). 1975. Declaration of Tokyo. Guideline for physicians concerning torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treat- ment or punishment in relation to detention and imprisonment. Adopted by the 29th World Medical Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975, and edito- rially revised in May 2005 and May 2006, Divonne-les-Bains, France. http://www.wma.net/e/policy/c18.htm (accessed 10/22/2008). WMA. 2006. Declaration on hunger strikers. Adopted by the 43rd World Medi- cal Assembly, Malta, November 1991, and editorially revised at the 44th World Medical Assembly, Marbella, Spain, September 1992, and revised by the WMA General Assembly, Pilanesberg, South Africa, October 2006. http://www.wma.net/e/policy/h31.htm (accessed 10/22/2008).

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Dual loyalties exist in many medical fields, from occupational health to public health. Military health professionals, as all health professionals, are ethically responsible for their patients' well-being. In some situations, however, military health professionals can face unique ethical tensions between responsibilities to individual patients and responsibilities to military operations.

This book summarizes the one-day workshop, Military Medical Ethics: Issues Regarding Dual Loyalties, which brought together academic, military, human rights, and health professionals to discuss these ethical challenges. The workshop examined two case studies: decisions regarding returning a servicemember to duty after a closed head injury, and decisions on actions by health professionals regarding a hunger strike by detainees. The workshop also addressed the need for improvements in medical ethics training and outlined steps for organizations to take in supporting better ethical awareness and use of ethical standards.

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