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HARDBACK price:$57.95 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Sign in to download PDF book and chapters Free Resources PDF SUMMARY PDF Report Brief Display this book on your site! Related Titles Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children: Opportunities to Improve Identification, Treatment, and Prevention Other Related Titles Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities (2009) Board on Children, Youth and Families (BOCYF) Citation Manager Export the bibliographic data for this book in your chosen format Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Citation Manager . "Appendix E: Tables of Risk Factors." Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009. Please select a format: Page 521   E-mail Share on facebook Facebook Share on delicious Delicious Share on stumbleupon Stumble Share on twitter Twitter More Sharing ServicesMore The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Appendix E Tables of Risk Factors Page 521 Front Matter (R1-R30) Summary (1-14) 1 Introduction (15-32) Part I: Overview and Background (33-34) 2 The Nature and Extent of the Problem (35-58) 3 Defining the Scope of Prevention (59-70) 4 Using a Developmental Framework to Guide Prevention and Promotion (71-112) 5 Perspectives from Developmental Neuroscience (113-150) Part II: Preventive Intervention Research (151-156) 6 Family, School, and Community Interventions (157-190) 7 Prevention of Specific Disorders and Promotion of Mental Health (191-220) 8 Screening for Prevention (221-240) 9 Benefits and Costs of Prevention (241-262) 10 Advances in Prevention Methodology (263-294) Part III: New Frontiers (295-296) 11 Implementation and Dissemination of Prevention Programs (297-336) 12 Prevention Infrastructure (337-376) 13 Toward an Improved Approach to Prevention (377-396) References (397-492) Appendixes (493-494) Appendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff (495-502) Appendix B: Open Session and Workshop Agenda (503-510) Appendix C: Sources of Data on Prevalence of MEB Disorders of Young People (Studies Contributing to Table 2-1 and Figure 2-1) (511-514) Appendix D: Preventive Intervention Meta-Analyses (515-520) Appendix E: Tables of Risk Factors (521-532) Appendix F: Intervention Research Portfolio One-Year Snapshot: Summary Analysis (533-538) Index (539-562)

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities Appendix E Tables of Risk Factors

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities TABLE E-1 Risk Factors for Depression Developmental Period Context Individual Family School and Peers Neighborhood and Community Preconception/prenatal Genetic predisposition1,2,3,6       Infancy Left frontal lobe hypoactivation1,2,5 Difficult temperament, such as negative affect, difficult to soothe, and lower activity1 Insecure attachment1       Early childhood Dysregulated growth hormone process2,3 Left frontal lobe hypoactivation2,5 Temperament: inhibited, socially reticent and easily upset2,4 Subsyndromal symptoms and dysthymia4 Insecure attachment1 Hostile to peers, socially inhibited4   Poor grades/achievement1,3  

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities Middle childhood Dysregulated growth hormone process2,3 Left frontal lobe hypoactivation2,5 Temperament: apathy2 Negative cognitions about self and negative explanatory and inferential style1,2,3 Anxiety2 Dysthymia4 Insecure attachment1 Disengagement, involuntary, and emotion-focused coping2 Poor social skills: impulsive, aggressive, passive, withdrawal, poor social problems solving2,3 Parental depression1,2,3 Poor parenting: rejection, lack of parental warmth, high hostility, harsh discipline, high maternal negative affect3 Child abuse/maltreatment1 Loss1 Marital conflict3,4,5 or divorce1 Aversive family environment3 Peer rejection2,3,5 and poor-quality peer relationships3 Stressful life events2,5 Self-generated stressors4,5 Poor grades/achievement1,3 Poverty4 Community stressful events such as interpersonal conflict, separation, and loss1,4,5

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities Developmental Period Context Individual Family School and Peers Neighborhood and Community Adolescence Female gender1,2,3,4,5 Early puberty4 Dysregulated growth hormone process2,3 Left frontal lobe hypoactivation2 Difficult temperament: inflexibility, low positive mood, withdrawal, poor concentration2 Negative cognitions such as low global self-worth, perceived incompetence, negative explanatory and inferential style5 Anxiety1,2 Subsyndromal depressive symptoms2 and dysthymia4 Insecure attachment1,5 Disengagement, involuntary, and emotion-focused coping2 Poor social skills: communication skills and problem-solving skills2 Extreme need for approval and social support4 Parental depression1,2,3 Parent-child conflict1,2,3 Poor parenting: parental rejection, lack of parental warmth, rejection, high hostility, harsh discipline,2,3 high maternal negative affect3 Child abuse/maltreatment1 Single parent family (for girls only)1 Divorce1 Marital conflict3,4,5 Family conflict3 Aversive family environment3 Peer rejection2,3,5 and poor-quality peer relationships3 Stressful events2,5 Self-generated stressors4,5 Poor grades/achievement1,3 Poverty and low SES Community-level stressful events such as conflict, separation, and loss1,4,5

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities Young Adulthood Dysregulated growth hormone process2,3 Left frontal lobe hypoactivation2,5 Early onset depression and anxiety2 Negative cognitions Need for extensive social support4 Parental depression1,2,3 Decrease in social support accompanying entering new social context4   1Cicchetti and Toth (1998). 2Garber (2006). 3Hammen and Rudolph (2003). 4Reinherz, Tanner, et al. (2006). 5Garber and Flynn (2001). 6Schulenberg and Zarrett (2006).

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities TABLE E-2 Risk Factors for Schizophrenia Developmental Period Context Individual Family School and Peers Neighborhood Preconception/prenatal Genetic predisposition2,3,4,5 2nd generation immigrant1,3 Problems during pregnancy (diabetes and bleeding)3,4 Problems with fetal growth and development4,5 Maternal stress during pregnancy (such as spousal death)3,4 Maternal infection or flu exposure during pregnancy2,4,5 Hypoxia-related delivery complications2,3,4,5 Male gender3,5 Parental diagnosis of schizophrenia2,4,5   Urban setting1,3,4 Low SES1 Infancy Head injury2     Urban setting1,3,4 Social adversity1 Early childhood Head injury2 Motor, language, and cognitive impairments3,4 Family dysfunction1   Urban setting1,3,4 Social adversity1 Middle childhood Head injury2 Self-reported psychotic symptoms4 Family dysfunction1   Urban setting1,3,4 Social adversity1 Adolescence Head injury2 Cannabis use3,4 Family dysfunction1   Urban setting1,3,4 Social adversity1

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities Young adulthood Head injury2 Family dysfunction1   Social adversity1 1Cantor-Graae (2007). 2Walker, Kestler, et al. (2004). 3Cannon and Clarke (2005a). 4Cannon and Clarke (2005b). 5Faraone, Brown, et al. (2002).

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities TABLE E-3 Risk Factors for Substance Abuse Developmental Period Context Individual Family School and Peers Neighborhood and Community Preconception/prenatal Genetic predisposition1,2,3 Prenatal alcohol exposure3       Infancy         Early childhood Difficult temperament1,2,3 Cold and unresponsive mother behavior Parental modeling of drug/alcohol using1     Middle childhood Poor impulse control1,2,3 Low harm avoidance1,2 Sensation seeking1,2 Lack of behavioral self-control/regulation2 Aggressiveness1,2,3 Anxiety2 Depression2,3 Hyperactivity ADHD1,2,3 Antisocial behavior1,3 Early persistent problem behaviors1 Early substance use1,2 Permissive parenting1,3 Parent–child conflict1 Low parental warmth1 Parental hostility1,3 Harsh discipline1,3 Child abuse/maltreatment2 Parental/sibling modeling of drug using1,2 Parental favorable attitudes toward alcohol and/or drugs1,2,3 Inadequate supervision and monitoring1,2,3 Parental involvement Low parental aspirations for child Lack of or inconsistent discipline School failure1,2 Low commitment to school1 Peer rejection1,2 Deviant peer group2,3 Peer attitudes toward drug2 Interpersonal alienation1,2,3 Laws and norms favorable toward use1,2 Accessibility/availability1,2 Extreme poverty fort hose children antisocial in childhood1,2

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities Adolescence Behavioral disengagement coping Negative emotionality Conduct disorder Favorable attitudes toward drugs Rebelliousness Early substance use Antisocial behavior School failure1 Low commitment to school1 Not college bound Aggression toward peers Associating with drug-using peers   Norms (e.g., advertising) favorable toward alcohol use Accessibility/availability Young adulthood Lack of commitment to conventional adult roles Antisocial behavior Leaving home Attending college Substance-using peers   1Hawkins, Catalano, and Miller (1992). 2Mayes and Suchman (2006). 3Sher, Grekin, and Williams (2005).

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities TABLE E-4 Risk Factors for Anxiety Developmental Period Context Individual Family School and Peers Neighborhood and Community Preconception/prenatal Genetic predisposition3       Infancy   Insecure attachment3 Marital satisfaction1 Discrepant coparenting1 Parental modeling of anxiety1 Specific traumatic experiences1 Specific traumatic experiences3 Early childhood Behavioral inhibition2,3 Marital conflict1 Negative events2,3 Specific traumatic experiences2 Negative events2,3 Lack of control experiences Specific traumatic experiences2 Negative life events2,3 Lack of control experiences Middle childhood Behavioral inhibition2,3 Disgust sensitivity3 Cognitive development allows cognitive errors3 Parental anxiety2; parental overcontrol2,3 Rejection1,3 Anxious childrearing3 Parents model, prompt, and reinforce threat appraisals and avoidant behavior2 Marital conflict1; poor marital adjustment1 Negative events2,3 Specific traumatic experiences2 Negative events2,3 Lack of control experiences Specific traumatic experiences2 Negative life events2,3 Lack of control experiences Adolescence Behavioral inhibition2,3 Disgust sensitivity3 Cognitive development allows cognitive errors3 Marital conflict1 Family conflict1    

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Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities Young adulthood Childhood history of untreated anxiety disorders4 Childhood history of poor physical health5 Poor physical health6,9 Childhood history of sleep and eating problems7 Spousal conflict8 Single parenthood10   Negative life events10 1Bögels and Brechman-Toussaint (2006). 2Donovan and Spence (2000). 3Muris (2006). 4Bittner, Egger, et al. (2007). 5Clark, Rodgers, et al. (2007). 6Benton, Christopher, and Walter (2007). 7Ong, Wickramaratne, et al. (2006). 8Whisman (2007). 9Mehnert and Koch (2007). 10Fergusson, Boden, and Horwood (2007).

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