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Index
A
Academic.
See also Educational attainment;
School
competence, 76
engaged time, 184
information systems, 318
performance, 4, 10, 18, 77, 82, 88, 89, 90, 99, 100, 106, 107, 108, 109, 152, 158, 169, 180, 184-185, 210, 217, 231, 254, 255, 292, 293, 315, 344, 382, 390, 517, 535
priorities, 311
research, 303, 306-307, 333
standards, 79, 314-315, 369
training, see Workforce training
Academic–community collaborative approach, 306
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, 228, 365-366
ADAMHA Reorganization Act, 64
Adaptive control beliefs, 90, 102, 106, 141
Addictive disorders, 129-130.
See also Alcohol abuse and dependence;
Drug abuse;
Substance use and abuse
Administration for Children and Families, 270, 338, 347, 348, 354, 357, 381
Adolescence
antisocial behavior, 99, 167, 169, 171, 300, 383-384
anxiety, 192-193, 195, 530
bipolar disorder, 45, 50-51
brain development, 122, 127, 128, 142
comorbidities, 48
competence in, 76
cost-effectiveness of interventions, 256, 257, 260
costs of treatment, 16, 248, 249
decision making, 22
depression, 4, 46, 48, 55, 65, 91, 92, 152-153, 167, 195-196, 197, 225, 228, 238-239, 303-304, 379, 384, 390, 515, 524
design of programs, 329-330
developmental competencies, 72, 75, 76
eating disorders, 232-233
factors affecting healthy development, 76, 80
family disruption, 172, 174
foster care, 175
interventions, 18, 21, 22, 23-24, 25, 50, 59, 77, 90, 91, 98, 152-153, 155, 158, 159, 165, 167-170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 185, 187, 189, 192-193, 200, 201, 203, 209, 210, 216, 255, 256 n.16, 270, 303-304, 306-307, 351
maltreatment, 102, 103, 130, 226
mental health promotion, 203
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moderating factors for, 90
onset of MEB disorders, 1, 49, 54, 92
peer influences, 52, 85, 90, 96, 99, 106, 159, 168, 171, 181, 267, 270, 390, 528
pregnancy, 40, 55, 104, 107, 160, 168, 253, 517
prevalence of MEB disorders, 15, 42, 45, 46, 48
PTSD, 195
research on, 12, 218-219, 536
risk factors, 167-168, 172, 176, 177, 215, 225, 524, 526, 529, 530
risky sexual behavior, 99, 159, 160, 168, 169, 306-307, 383-384, 390
schizophrenia, 94, 95, 189, 280, 526
school dropout, 104
self-regulatory control, 137, 141, 146
substance abuse and dependence, 49, 51, 95-98, 99, 159, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 187, 200, 201, 203, 269, 287, 300, 324-325, 390, 529
surveys of, 35-36, 37-38, 46, 48, 51
violence exposure, 107
Adolescent Medicine Training Program Requirements, 228
Adolescent Transitions Program, 153, 158, 159, 168, 170, 256 n.16
African Americans, 38, 54, 90, 100, 159, 169, 179, 187, 198, 234, 342, 536
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 162, 338, 361, 374
Ages and Stages Questionnaire, 228
Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social-Emotional, 228, 232
Aggression
age at onset, 164
design of interventions, 325
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 4, 68, 109, 152, 155, 158, 159, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 173, 179, 181-183, 184, 185, 209, 210, 217, 226, 284, 518
lifestyle factors and, 212, 214
and MEB disorders, 16, 29, 164, 181, 188, 259, 272, 523, 528
parental, 167, 208-209
prevention research centers, 342
risk factors for, 165
screening for, 226, 231
sex differences, 140, 272
Agoraphobia, 93
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, 64
Alcohol abuse and dependence.
See also Substance use and abuse
age at onset, 49
costs of, 252
definitions, xxiii
developmental aspects, 97-98, 99
effectiveness of interventions, 18, 68, 98, 202-203, 204-205, 354
federal coordination of programs, 349
monitoring, 51
prevalence, 43, 44, 97
prevention-related events, 21
research funding, 340
risk factors, 16, 90, 96-98
underage drinking, 18, 21, 29, 97-98, 202-203, 204-205, 252, 340, 349, 354
Alcohol use disorder, xxiii, 43, 44
All Stars, 256 n.16
American Academy of Pediatrics, 23, 215, 238
American Board of Family Medicine, 366
American Board of Professional Psychology, 367
American Indians, 177, 203, 302-304, 536
American Legacy Foundation, 322
American Nurses Credentialing Center, 368
American Psychological Association, 23, 25
Angelman syndrome, 116-117, 119-120
Animal models, xxiv, 11, 116-117, 121, 126, 127, 130-131, 132, 134, 135, 140, 144, 145, 149, 213
Antisocial behavior
costs, 1
design of intervention, 390
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 4, 109, 152, 158, 159, 163, 164, 171, 172, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 210, 272, 517, 518
genetic factors, 117-118, 234
protective factors, 90, 99, 108, 118
risk factors, xv, 99, 107, 108, 117-118, 163, 248, 324, 528
and substance abuse, 96-97
survey data, 383-384
treatments, 171
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Anxiety disorders, 29.
See also specific disorders
age at onset, 72, 93
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 153, 176, 192-194
genetic factors, 117
neurodevelopmental factors, 133
pathways to, 106
prevalence, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 72, 192
risk factors, 18, 52, 93-94, 530, 531
sex differences, 140
treatment strategies, 133-134, 136, 192
Anxiety sensitivity, 93, 193
Arachidonic acid, 213
Arizona State University, 342, 368
Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse, 361
Assuring Better Child Health and Development, 227-229
Athletic competence, 76
Attachment, 68, 77, 78, 89, 94, 99, 103-104, 131, 134-136, 141, 142, 146, 162, 175, 389, 516, 522, 523, 524, 530
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 29
age of onset, 49, 50, 72
comorbidities, 47, 48-49, 96
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 152, 159, 165, 186, 191, 214, 216
neurodevelopmental aspects, 133, 138, 139, 140-141
prevalence, 42, 43, 44, 45
racial/ethnic similarities, 45
risk factors, 54, 118, 131, 214, 215, 216, 528
sex differences, 45, 54, 140
stigma and labeling, 234
treatment strategies, 138
Australia, 165, 192, 391-392
Autism, 37, 39, 41, 48, 54, 115, 117, 118, 120, 123, 125-126, 136, 137, 213-214, 228
Autism spectrum disorders, 42, 191
Awareness, intervention, and methodology (AIM) approach, 23
B
Baltimore public schools, 76, 184
Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 179
Beat the Timer game, 210
Behavior.
See also Antisocial behavior;
Conduct disorder
hormonal influences, 140-141
Behavioral inhibition, 93, 94, 530
Benefits and costs of prevention, 5, 15
cost-benefit analysis, xxiii, 243, 244-245, 258
cost-effectiveness analysis, xxiii-xxiv, 243-245, 253-258, 259, 260
current knowledge, 3, 256-258
economic need for prevention, xiv, 245-252
intergenerational effects, 247
meta-analyses, 515
methodology, 242
morbidity and quality of life, 246-248
productivity costs, 242, 248-249
quality-adjusted life years, 244-245, 256
recommendations, 11, 260, 261
research needs, 11, 13, 259, 260, 261
total cost estimates, 251-252
utilization of services, 249-250
Bereavement, 83, 106, 154, 155, 209, 222, 315, 316, 319
parental, 89, 104, 105
post, 106
Big Brothers Big Sisters Program, 210-211
Bipolar disorder, 42, 45, 49, 50-51, 115, 120, 138, 191, 206
Blueprints for Violence Prevention, 22, 185, 200, 211, 309, 317, 353
Borderline personality disorder, 135-136
Boston University School of Public Health, 342
Brain development
addictive disorders and, 129-130
apoptosis and synaptic pruning, 122, 125, 126-127, 129, 130, 134, 140, 144
cell differentiation and migration, 123-124, 140
communication connections, 124-126
complexities of, 121-123
continuation with age, 127-129
genetic influences, 114-120
hormonal influences, 140-141
neurulation, 123
nutrition and, 213
research advances in, 113-114
sensitive periods, 130-131
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sex differences, 140-141
sources of knowledge on, 120-121
timeline, 122
Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment, 228
C
California, 205, 228, 322, 329, 349, 353
Carolina Abecedarian project, 158, 180, 254, 255
Carter Center Mental Health Program, 23, 25
CASASTART, 255 n.14
Casey Family Program, 175-176
Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, 22, 185, 353
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 56, 381
Community Preventive Services Task Force, 180, 185
Guide to Community Preventive Services, 202
prevention initiatives, 180, 185, 347, 348, 349, 357
research funding, 338, 344-345
surveys, 37, 39, 40, 347, 348
Technical Assistance Centers, 357
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 57, 381
Charge to committee, 27-31
scope of study, xiv-xv, 2, 3, 30-31
terminology, 28-30
Chicago
Child-Parent Centers, 254, 255
HIV Adolescent Mental Health Program, 170, 307
public school programs, 187, 204, 334
Child Abuse Prevention Program, 348
Child Behavior Check List, 232
Child Development project, 255 n.14
Child Development Review, 228
Child maltreatment
adversity pathway, 106
and attachment, 134-135
and brain development, 130-131
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 4, 152, 181
emotional abuse, 100
meta-analyses, 515
prevalence, 102
preventive interventions, 25, 158, 181, 515
protective factors, 102, 117-118
reactive interventions, 174-175
and risk of MEB disorders, 99, 100, 101, 106, 117-118, 135-136, 172
screening for, 226, 234
sexual abuse, 52, 99, 102, 103, 106, 181, 515
Child-Parent Centers, 158, 180, 254-255
Child Support Enforcement Program, 101
Child Trends, 23-24
Child Well-Being Index, 55
Children (preadolescent).
See also Child maltreatment;
Early childhood;
Family;
Infants;
Parenting;
Preschool children;
School
age at onset of MEB disorders, 49-50, 141
aggressive and antisocial behavior, 164-167
anxiety, 93, 192-193, 530
attention problems, 95
brain development, 122, 126, 127-128, 142
comorbidies, 87
competence in, 76, 77, 99, 172
depression, 106, 195-196, 523
factors that affect healthy development, 79, 211-216
interventions, 155, 161, 164-167, 192-193, 194-196
neurotoxin exposures, 214-215, 324
nutrition, 213, 215-216
peer influences, 96
PTSD, 194-195
risk factors, 63, 87, 95, 96, 99-100, 106, 108, 123, 130, 161, 523, 526, 528, 530
schizophrenia, 526
self-regulatory control, 96, 137, 141
substance abuse, 96, 528
television viewing, 215
Children’s health, defined, 68
Children’s Health Act of 2000, 41
Clarke Cognitive-Behavioral Prevention Intervention, 196, 197
Clifford Beers Foundation, 23
Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy, 23
Cochrane Collaboration, 26 n.1
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy, 153, 162, 188, 192, 194, 256
Cognitive reappraisal, 137, 138
Collaborative HIV Adolescent Mental Health Program, 306-307
Communities
bonding to, 108
collective efficacy, 108
disadvantaged neighborhoods, 107-108
factors affecting healthy development, 78-80
implementation of interventions, 27, 298, 299, 305-307
infrastructure, 18
Internet and electronic media interventions, 188-189
mental health promotion, 77, 81
multicomponent interventions, 203
participatory research, 274-275, 304-305
prevention interventions, 187-189, 202-206
risk factors, 16, 88, 101, 106-109, 110, 221
screening, 221, 222-223, 232, 239
substance abuse interventions, 202-206
violence in, 106-109
Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol, 204
Communities That Care, 188, 222-223, 232, 239, 300-301, 328, 349, 353, 356
Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America, 350
Community-Based Participatory Prevention Research, 345
Community Mental Health Services Block Grant, 7, 372
Community Trials project, 205
Comorbidity of disorders
defined, xxiii
rates, 37, 46-48
Compassion Capital Fund, 348
Comprehensive Child Development Program, 253 n.12
Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, 39, 40
Conditioned learning, 132
Conduct disorder
adversity pathways, 106
age at onset, 50
and competence, 76
cost and health burdens, 15, 250
cost-effectiveness of interventions, 256
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 4, 152, 158, 159, 166, 177, 186, 191
etiological theory, 267
intervention design and opportunities, 2, 379, 390
prevalence, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47
protective factors, 118
race/ethnicity and, 54
risk factors, 16, 52, 54, 72, 214, 267, 529
screening for, 226
sex differences, 54, 140
synergy with other MEB disorders, 96
Conduct Problems Research Group, 186, 256
Congressional Mental Health Caucus, 24
Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2008, 21
Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency, 349
Coping skills, xxvi, 66, 67, 74, 79, 80, 90, 92, 96, 99, 101, 104, 105-106, 174, 197, 209, 210, 272, 303, 390, 523
Cortisol reactivity, 90, 175
Cost-benefit analysis, xxiii, 151, 244-245, 258
Cost-effectiveness of interventions
analysis, xxiii-xxiv, 27, 243, 244-245, 256, 260
disorder-specific, 256
early childhood, 4, 253-255
substance use, 256
youth development, 255
Costs. See Benefits and costs of prevention
Council on Social Work Education, 366
Critical incident stress debriefing, 194
Cross-sectional studies, xxiv, 39, 48, 87
Cultural adaptations
in interventions, xxiii, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 17, 160, 196, 198, 199, 216, 218, 233, 297, 298, 302-305, 306, 307, 313, 319-320, 326, 331, 335, 336, 343-344, 345, 386, 387, 395, 537
in screening, 233, 238
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D
Dads for Life, 173
Defining prevention
cost-benefit perspective, 60-61;
see also Indicated interventions;
Selective interventions;
Universal interventions
current approach, 64-65
debates, 62-64
developmental perspective, 60
early frameworks, 60-61
IOM 1994 framework, xiv, 59-60, 61-62, 65
issues in, 59-64
mental health promotion component, 65-69
NAMHC approach, 62-63, 65
personalized medicine (preemptive psychiatry) concept, 63-64
public health perspective, 60, 61, 64
recommendations, 14, 69
treatment distinguished from prevention, xiii, xiv, 1, 2, 19, 29-30, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 69
Delinquency.
See also Deviant peers
comorbidities, 183
design of interventions, 267
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 68, 90-91, 168, 169, 170, 172-173, 183-184, 300, 301
grant programs, 348, 349
implementation of interventions, 187, 270, 289, 300, 301, 308, 316
opportunities for intervention, 390
rates, 54, 78
risk factors, 78, 89, 109, 167, 181, 183, 248, 267
screening for interventions, 223, 224
Delivery systems for services
clearinghouses, 356
identifying effective interventions, 22, 352-355
linking research and services, 355-356
recommendations, 371-374
technical assistance, 356
Department of Education. See U.S. Department of Education
Department of Health and Human Services. See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Justice. See U.S. Department of Justice
Department of Labor. See U.S. Department of Labor
Depression
age at onset, 49, 50, 92, 106, 191
antidepressants, 120, 129
children and adolescents, 4, 46, 48, 55, 65, 91, 92, 152-153, 167, 195-196, 197, 225, 228, 238-239, 303-304, 379, 384, 390, 515, 524
comorbidities, 48, 96, 99, 153, 192, 528
cost and health burdens, 15, 181, 247, 248
cost-effectiveness of interventions, 253, 256
cultural adaptation of programs, 303
data sources, 511, 512, 513, 516, 517
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 4, 91, 152-153, 155, 176, 178, 180, 182, 184, 193-194, 195-197, 216, 225, 311, 377, 391-392
epidemiology, 30, 42-50, 54, 92, 103, 379, 384
genetic component, 52, 115, 117, 118, 120
gender and, 54, 92, 140
major depressive episode rates, 40, 46, 153, 195, 197
meta-analyses, 515
neurodevelopmental factors and, 129, 140
parental, 3, 4, 9, 52, 53, 87, 92, 93, 101, 104, 105, 161-162, 167, 172, 176, 178, 180, 196-197, 199, 209, 221, 222, 225, 226, 233, 237, 247, 256, 350, 389, 393
pathways to, 106, 512
peripartum, 161-162, 350
preventive interventions, 2, 25, 66, 92-93, 138, 172, 188, 195-197, 198, 199, 311, 312, 316, 389, 393, 394, 515
protective factors, 76, 89, 109-110, 214, 215, 225
research, 25, 38, 178, 344, 363, 385, 420
risk factors, 18, 52, 76, 91, 92-93, 99-100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109-110, 115, 117, 118, 167-168, 177, 178, 213-214, 225, 231, 238-239, 247, 522-525
screening for, 9, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 65, 161-162, 221, 226, 228, 234, 237, 238-239, 350, 389
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self-care tools, 162
stigma, 234
training of researchers and interventionists, 363, 365, 369
treatment, 138, 162, 197, 215, 249
unipolar, 43
Depressogenic cognitive style, 92-93
Development and Well-Being Assessment, 38
Developmental cascades, 76
Developmental competence, xxiv, 67, 74-75
defining, 75-76
factors affecting, 77-81
preschool education and, 179
Developmental competencies, xxiv, xxvi, 12, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 99, 110, 160
Developmental delays, 100
Developmental framework
age-related patterns of competence and disorder, 72
biopsychosocial interactions, 74, 75
developmental tasks, 74
ecological perspective, 73-74
mental health promotion, 74-81
multiple comtexts, 73-74, 85-86
recommendations, 109-111
research opportunities, 75-76, 81
risk and protective factors, 81-91
targeting interventions, 91-104
Developmental neuroscience
brain development, 12-13, 113-114, 120-131
defined, xxiv
genetic perspectives, 12-13, 114-120
neural systems, 131-134
and prevention, 4, 95, 141-146
recommendations, 11, 12-13, 148, 149, 374
Developmental screening, 163
Developmental tasks, accomplishment of, 12, 13, 14, 72, 74, 75-76, 77, 81, 92, 99, 172, 176, 217, 374-375.
See also Developmental competencies
Deviant peers, 52, 85, 90, 96, 99, 106, 159, 168, 181, 267, 270, 390, 528
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, xv, xxiv, xxvi, xxvii, 7, 28-29, 40, 42, 45, 54, 56, 222, 225
Disability adjusted life years, 17, 242, 246, 248 n.5, 256 n.15
Disruptive behavior disorders.
See also Conduct disorder;
Oppositional defiant disorder
age at onset, 49
comorbidities, 47, 48
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 158, 167, 184, 214
pathways, 272
prevalence, 38, 42, 43, 44, 46
research center, 342
sex differences, 45, 54, 272
Dissemination of program information.
See also Implementation and dissemination of interventions
defined, xxiv
trials, xxiv
Divorce, 4, 53, 56, 66, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 102, 104-105, 106, 155, 158, 172, 173, 189, 221, 225, 237, 267, 278, 315, 319, 342, 370, 523, 524
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), 213
Dopamine transporter gene, 118
Drug abuse.
See also Substance use and abuse
adult outcomes, 99-100
age at onset, 49
college interventions, 201-202
community interventions, 203-204
costs of, 1, 242, 249, 251
curriculum “dosage” requirements, 308
data on, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 55, 383
effectiveness of interventions, 21, 68, 109, 153, 159, 169, 184, 187-198, 200-201, 204, 209, 211, 269, 287
epigenetic influences, 96, 120
etiological model, 271-272
evaluation of programs, 353, 355
impacts of, 181
infrastructure for prevention, 347, 348, 350, 357
international models, 394
longitudinal models, 265, 289
monitoring, 51, 55
opportunities for intervention, 390
parental, 52, 95-96, 237
pregnancy and, 161-162
prevalence, 42, 48, 51, 379
prevention-related events, 22
protective factors and mediaters, 96, 269, 272
public policies, 323-324, 381
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research funding, 340, 342, 343
risk factors, 16, 96, 99, 101, 104, 108, 168, 528-529
school interventions, 308, 311, 314
screening for, 233
training in prevention, 359, 366
universal interventions, 19, 205, 272
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program, 200-201, 256 n.16
Duke University, 342
Dysthymia, 103, 197, 522, 523, 524
E
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment, 227
Early childhood.
See also Preschool children
anxiety, 192-193
comorbidities, 48
cost-effectiveness of interventions, 253-255
education interventions, 152, 158
factors affecting healthy development, 77, 78
meta-analyses, 516
risk factors in, 522, 526, 528, 530
Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems initiative, 318, 348
Early Childhood Environment Ratings Scale, 310
Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort, 318
Early Head Start, 101, 178-179, 199, 271, 310, 329
Early Intervention Foster Care, 175
Earned Income Tax Credit, 101, 177, 178, 324
Eating disorders, 39, 42, 102, 138, 191, 206, 365, 516
EcoFIT (Ecological Approach to Family
Intervention and Treatment), 153, 170
Economic issues. See Benefits and costs of prevention;
Funding
costs of MEB disorders, xiii, xv, 1-2, 5, 17, 242, 247
reimbursement for screening, 227, 235-236
reimbursement for services, 350-352
Economic Policy Institute, 100
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, 162
Educational attainment, 106, 160, 180
Effectiveness of interventions.
See also Cost-benefit analysis;
Evaluation of preventive interventions;
specific MEB disorders
clearinghouses, registries, and information resources, 22, 24, 25, 26-27, 353, 355
defined, xxiv
federal resources tied to, 26
growth in research base, 21, 151-154
for multiple disorders, 153, 170
for multiple risk and protective factors, 86
principles of, 21, 23
standards of evidence, 24
statutory mandates, 21
trials, see Randomized prevention trials
Efficacy of interventions, 3, 343.
See also Personal or self-efficacy
cost-efficacy, 257
cultural considerations, 302, 306
defined, xxv, 27, 266
design issues, 355, 373
established, 4, 16, 27, 64, 91, 165, 185, 216, 256, 297
funding for research, 344, 534
progression to implementation, 306, 307, 312, 319, 321, 325, 326, 327, 349
standards of evidence, 24, 354-355, 373
trials, xxv, 14, 153, 199, 257, 262, 266, 268, 273, 285, 294, 312, 325, 344, 355, 382, 394, 515
Eicosapentaenoic acid, 213
Epidemiology of MEB disorders
age at onset, 1, 15, 28, 35, 49-50, 54, 72
comorbidity, 37, 46-48, 87
data collection and monitoring system, 6, 7-8, 36, 38, 51, 53, 54, 55-56, 98, 380, 383-384, 387, 395
defined, xxv
incidence, xxv, 2, 4, 6, 9, 15, 27, 30, 31, 36, 37, 38, 40, 44, 49-51, 55, 56, 57, 92, 94, 152, 159, 170, 186, 195, 196, 197, 216, 217, 225, 257, 365, 377, 383, 387, 395
genetic studies, 117
prevalence, 6, 15, 27, 31, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42-49, 55-56, 57, 64, 72, 217, 365, 383, 387, 395
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rate trends, 50-51
recommendations, 7-8, 55-56, 380
research methods and data, 36-42
risk exposure, 51-54, 56
sociodemographic groups at risk, 59
use in prevention, 35-37, 54
Epigenetics, xxv, 4, 11, 12-13, 31, 32, 63, 114, 119-120, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 262, 286
Ethical issues, 95, 143-144, 149, 207, 235, 269, 270-271, 274, 280-281, 282, 286, 386
Etiology of MEB disorders, xxv, xxvii, 12, 13, 53, 110, 117, 120, 143, 267, 269, 271-272, 292, 294, 365, 386
European Action Plan for Mental Health, 388-389
European Network for Mental Health Promotion and Mental Disorder Prevention, 391
Evaluation of preventive interventions
challenges, 205-206
economic analyses, 242, 244-245, 258-262
funding, 293
nonrandomized designs, 286-288
recommendations, 7, 14, 336, 373, 380
trials, see Randomized preventive trials;
Statistical analysis of trials
Externalizing behaviors.
See also Aggression;
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;
Conduct disorder;
Drug abuse;
Oppositional defiant disorder
and competence, 76
defined, xxv
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 173, 174, 177, 178, 182, 191, 209, 216
intervention design, 98
prevention-related events, 23-24
progression of, 106, 107, 164, 181, 272
protective/mediating effects, 89, 90, 98, 105
research needs, 178, 189
risk factors, 16, 82, 85, 88, 98, 101, 108-109, 160, 272
screening, 230-231, 369
F
Familias Unidas, 170
Family.
See also Divorce;
Parent–child relationship;
Parental;
Single-parent households
adversity pathways, 106
conflict, 92, 99, 101, 104, 105, 110, 167, 168, 170, 173
disruption, 3, 53, 102, 104-106, 158
dysfunction, 16, 91, 99, 102, 104-106, 526, 527
factors affecting healthy development, 78-80, 100-101
genetic studies, 115
mother–stepfather home, 88
protective processes, 92
Family Bereavement Program, 174
Family-focused prevention interventions
adolescents, 160, 171
for child maltreatment, 174-175
combining school interventions with, 158, 165, 166, 185-187, 273, 312
for depressed parents, 3, 196-197
for divorcing families, 172-173
early adolescence, 167-170
early childhood and childhood, 164-167
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 4, 158, 160-178
fetal development and infancy, 160-161
foster care, 175-176
HIV/AIDS prevention model, 160, 168-170
home visiting, 162-164
maternal sensitivity and infant attachment, 162
parentally bereaved children, 173-174
peripartum depression, 161-162
poverty reduction, 4, 160, 176-178
preterm births and prenatal care, 161
spanning developmental periods, 172-176
teenage pregnancy prevention, 160
young adulthood, 171-172
Family Matters, 256 n.16
Family Talk Intervention, 199, 394
Fast Track, 152, 159, 182, 186, 210, 226, 250, 256, 259, 284
Fear extinction, 132, 133, 134
FEAR strategy, 193
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Federal Executive Steering Committee on Mental Health, 349
Federal/National Partnership, 349
Finland, 392, 393-394
Food and Drug Administration, 258
Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 55, 379
Foster care, 104, 135, 171, 175-176, 267-268, 312, 316, 329, 365, 535
Foundation for Child Development, 55
Fragile X syndrome, 52, 116-117, 125-126
Framingham Heart Study, 51
FRIENDS framework, 192-193
Funding.
See also individual agencies
braiding of research and practice, 6, 7, 348-349, 372, 380
federal, 308-309, 339-345, 346-348
insurance, 350-352
organizational structure, 340-341
for preventive services, 308-309, 346-352
by private organizations, 346
recommendations, 372-373
for research, 7, 338-352
state, 349-350
G
Garrett Lee Smith Memorial Act Suicide Prevention Program, 348
Gene association studies, 115
Generalized anxiety disorder, 43, 44, 153, 194
Genetics
in developmental neuroscience, 4, 12-13, 114-120, 146-147
endophenotypes, 116
epigenetic effects, xxv, 4, 11, 12-13, 31, 32, 63, 114, 119-120, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 262, 286
gene–environment interactions and correlations, 4, 12-13, 53, 63-64, 90, 108, 114, 117-119, 144-145, 146, 147, 291
intervention opportunities, 247-248
research recommendations, 11, 148
as risk component, 52-53, 63, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 106, 117-118, 144-146
Genome
defined, xxv
modifications, 116, 120, 144, 147
Global Burden of Disease project, 247
Good Behavior Game, 152, 153, 158, 184, 186, 208, 209, 255 n.14, 272, 284, 293
Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, 21
Great Smoky Mountains Study, 49, 50, 52, 93
Guiding Good Choices, 255 n.14
H
Hawaii, 76, 309-310
Head Start, 166, 178, 180-181, 199, 231, 255, 261, 270-271, 310, 347, 348
Health Resources and Services Administration, 41, 348, 349, 357, 361, 368, 381
Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities, 232
Healthy Families America, 309-310
Healthy Families New York, 158, 164, 310
Helping America’s Youth, 349
Hispanics, 38, 39, 54, 170, 199, 213, 231, 536
HIV/AIDS, 104, 174, 283, 329, 344, 535
prevention, 30, 168-170, 189, 281, 283, 306-307, 313, 332, 341
HIV SMART AntiRetroviral Trial, 329
Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youngsters, 253 n.12
Home visitation programs, 21, 25, 103-104, 142, 152, 154, 155, 156, 162-164, 174, 179, 186, 208, 226, 232, 253, 254, 273, 309-310, 317, 319, 350, 351, 354, 389, 393, 516
Home Visitor Trial, 273
Hypervigilance, 103, 136
I
Illinois, 170, 187, 204, 228, 254, 255, 307, 315, 334, 350
Implementation and dissemination of interventions
best practice guidelines, 309
capacity building, 317-318
challenges, 313-321
in child welfare settings, 312
community-driven, 27, 299, 305-307
community partnerships, 298
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complementary strategies, 321-325
cultural adaptation of interventions, xxiii, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 17, 160, 196, 198, 199, 216, 218, 233, 297, 298, 299, 302-305, 306, 307, 313, 319-320, 326, 331, 335, 336, 343-344, 345, 386, 387, 395, 537
data systems, 318
dissemination and adoption of principles, 322-323
early childhood programs, 309-311
existing evidence-based programs, 298-302
experience with existing programs, 308-313
family-based interventions, 319-320
funding, 313-314
Internet and electronic media, 12, 13, 188-189, 190, 206, 218, 312, 330-331, 386, 387
in juvenile justice settings, 312
models, 300-302
monitoring, 317
organizational context, 320-321
participation and retention rates, 318-320
in primary care settings, 312-313
public education and, 321-322
public policy and, 323-325
recommendations, 7, 334-336
research needs, 325-334
scaling up interventions, 325-326, 330
in schools, 308-309, 311-312, 314-315
service system priorities, 314-316
training, 317
Implementation and dissemination research, 9, 12
advances in, 4, 16-17, 27
approaches, 325-328
cycle, 326
defined, xxv
encouragement designs, xxv, 329-331
fidelity in, xxv, 307, 308, 309, 312, 313, 317, 320, 328, 330, 335, 336, 371, 374
identifying early adopters, 332
on increasing adoption and participation rates, 329-334
opinion leaders and, 332
market research and, 333
naturalistic large-scale public health research and, 333-334
REACH model, 325
recommendations, 11, 336
technology and, 13, 218, 331
trials, xxv, xxiv, 328-329
Impulse control disorders, 72, 100, 138, 140, 212, 528.
See also Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;
Conduct disorder;
Oppositional defiant disorder
Incidence of MEB disorders. See Epidemiology;
individual disorders
Incredible Years Program, 158, 165, 166, 185, 273, 312
Indicated interventions
challenges, 207
component in multilevel interventions, 168, 186, 312
cost-effectiveness, 259
defined, xxv-xxvi, 2, 61, 62, 63, 66, 69, 386
developmental neuroscience and, 143
effectiveness/efficacy, 63, 91-98, 153, 165, 179, 183, 189, 193, 195, 196, 197, 203, 207
examples, 66, 165
implementation, 73, 224, 312, 315-316, 319, 333, 347
infrastructure for, 340, 343, 347
opportunities for, 143, 149
preemptive psychiatry concept, 63
research funding and needs, 259, 340, 343, 534, 535
school-based, 183, 311-312, 315-316, 369
screening, 9, 154, 162, 221, 222, 223
substance use prevention, 18
Indices of Multiple Deprivation, 239
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 229-230
Infant Development Inventory, 228
Infant Health and Development Program, 253 n.12
Infant Toddler Social-Emotional Assessment, 232
Infants
attachment, 68, 77, 78, 89, 94, 99, 103-104, 131, 134-136, 141, 142, 146, 162, 175, 389, 516, 522, 523, 524, 530
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N
National Academy of State Health Policy, 227, 228
National Advisory Mental Health Council (NAMHC), 21, 22, 23, 62, 65
National Anti-Drug Media Campaign, 205
National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, 238
National Association of School Psychologists, 29, 369
National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors, 350
National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors, 350
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 40
National Center for Health Statistics, 39
National Child Abuse Data System, 102
National Children’s Study, 38, 41
National Collaborative Perinatal project, 106
National Comorbidity Study, 25, 102
National Comorbidity Survey, 35, 37, 42, 46, 48, 49
National Comorbidity Survey-Replication, 35-36, 37, 49
National Council for Suicide Prevention, 25
National Death Index, 283
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 38, 39, 46
National Health Interview Survey, 38, 39
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 323
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 40
National Implementation Research Network, 325
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 41, 339-340, 374
National Institute of Justice, 7, 372, 381
National Institute of Mental Health, 2, 27
Child and Adolescent Treatment and Preventive Intervention Research Branch, 341
cost estimates for mental disorders, 242
evaluation research, 6
prevention program agenda, 355, 372
prevention-related events, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
prevention research branch, 340-341
prevention research centers, 341-343, 360
preventive intervention research, 64, 264, 339-344, 345, 367, 372, 374, 534, 536
Primary Prevention Branch, 341
social work program research, 367
training for researchers, 359-360, 361, 367
treatment intervention research, 340, 341
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2, 27-28, 339-344, 345, 359, 360, 374, 534, 536
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2, 27, 41, 355
Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research, 340
prevention-related events, 22, 24, 25
prevention research branch, 340
research funding, 265, 339-344, 345, 374, 534, 536
training grants, 359, 360
Transdisciplinary Prevention Research Centers, 264, 341, 342, 343, 360
National Institutes of Health
Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects (CRISP), 359 n.22
coordination of funding across institutes, 8, 374, 375, 377, 380
linking research and service, 355
MEB prevention research funding, 8, 261, 338, 339, 359, 372, 375, 377
Office of Prevention Research, 349
Prevention Research Coordinating Committee, 339
recommendations for, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 110, 148, 149, 260, 294, 372, 374-375, 380, 381, 385
Research, Condition, and Disease Categorization system, 339
Roadmap, 264
training for researchers, 358, 359, 375
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 102
National Prevention Network, 350
National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices, 22, 25, 353, 355
National Research Council, 22, 24, 27, 68, 230
National Science Foundation, 265
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National Study of Delinquency Prevention in Schools, 308
National Survey of Children’s Health, 41
National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 38, 40, 46, 48, 55, 56
Netherlands, 392, 393
Neural systems.
See also Brain development
attachment, 134-136
compensatory and neuromodulatory systems, 138-139
defined, xxvi
hormonal influences, 140-141
injury, 4, 95
learning and memory, 120, 123, 125, 128-129, 131-134, 140
self-regulatory control, 137-138
social relatedness, 136-137
synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning, 122, 125, 126-127, 129, 130, 134, 144
Neurotoxins, 161, 214-215, 324, 363
New Beginnings Program, 158, 172, 173
New England Coalition for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, 24-25
New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, 21, 24, 234
New Mexico, 234
New York, 76, 107, 158, 163, 164, 307, 310, 315, 318
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, 21, 56, 229, 311, 314-315, 318
Nonrandomized evaluations
defined, xxvi
interrupted time-series designs, 287
natural experiments, xxvi, 101, 119, 177, 333-334
pre-post designs, xxvii, 160, 205, 287, 354, 373
quasi-experimental trial, xxviii, 153, 160, 163, 175-176, 187, 194-195, 204, 205, 206, 352
regression discontinuity designs, 287-288
North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study, 208
North Carolina, 186, 228, 249, 350
Norway, 38, 391
Nurse-Family Partnership, 158, 163-164, 253-254, 255, 293, 298-299, 304, 308-309, 317-318
Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training, 368
O
Obsessive compulsive disorder, 42, 93, 117, 138
Obstetric complications, 94-95
Ohio, 234
Omega-3 fatty acids, 213-214
Oppositional defiant disorder, xxv, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 52, 72 n.1, 76, 117, 177, 186
Oregon Social Learning Center, 170, 175, 342
Other Social Influence/Skills Building Substance Prevention Program, 256 n.16
P
Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 342
Panic, 39, 43, 44, 93, 188
Parent–child relationship, 68, 76, 82, 88, 90, 96, 102, 105, 117-118, 158, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 176, 204, 210, 255, 368, 389, 390, 524, 528.
See also Attachment;
Child maltreatment;
Parenting
Parent Management Training, 391
Parental
aggression, 167, 208-209
death (bereavement), 52, 83, 89, 104, 105-106, 154, 155, 173, 174, 209, 222, 315-316, 319, 517
depression, 3, 4, 9, 52, 53, 87, 92, 93, 101, 104, 105, 161-162, 167, 172, 176, 178, 180, 196-197, 199, 209, 221, 222, 225, 226, 233, 237, 247, 256, 350, 389, 393
education, 68
HIV/AIDS, 174
incarceration, 99, 104
mental illness, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 99, 102, 172, 226
substance abuse, 52, 86, 97, 99
unemployment, 52, 87
Parenting
consistency, 88, 105, 164
genetic component, 145
interventions, 89, 158, 162-165, 179, 209-210
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maternal nurturing/neglect, 118-119, 136, 141
meta-analyses, 517
monitoring and supervision of children, 52, 96, 97, 99, 168, 170, 171, 212, 528
negative/harsh, 82, 88, 90, 92, 110, 164
overcontrolling and intrusive, 93-94
positive, 4, 68, 82, 105, 158, 163, 165, 167, 168, 171, 174, 188, 189, 208-210, 391
punitive, 85, 88, 91, 101
temperament and, 99
Parenting Through Change, 172-173
Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status, 228
Peer influences, 52, 85, 90, 96, 97-98, 99, 104, 106, 159, 168, 171, 181, 198-199, 200, 267, 270, 390, 528
Peer-to-peer tutoring, 210
Penn Optimism Program, 198
Penn Prevention Program, 198
Penn Resiliency Program, 196, 198
Pennsylvania, 186
Commission on Crime and Delinquency, Research-Based Programs Initiative, 349
Pennsylvania State University, 265
Perry Preschool Program, 158, 180
Personal or self-efficacy, 68, 75, 79, 80, 105-106, 166, 194, 209, 389
Pervasive developmental disorders, 42, 45, 191
Physical health problems, 17-18, 27, 77, 100, 102, 104, 141, 192, 211, 231, 247, 348, 382, 391, 531
Positive Attitudes Toward Learning in Schools, 234
Positive Parenting Program, 158, 165, 167, 188, 391
Posttraumatic stress disorder
meta-analyses, 517
neural system disturbances and, 133
prevalence, 42, 43, 44
prevention interventions, 153, 194-195, 225, 517
risk factors, 103, 105, 107, 172
screening for, 226
Poverty
analytical issues, 45, 87, 261
and developmental challenges, 100-101
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 101, 108, 166, 177, 186
and implementation of interventions, 211-212, 236, 311
moderating/mediational factors, 4, 76, 82, 89-90, 100, 176
natural experiment, 101, 177
and parent–child relations, 102
prevalence and incidence, 52, 53, 100, 324
preventive interventions, xv, xxviii, 3, 101, 219, 324, 391
research needs and initiatives, 12, 77, 101, 177-178, 190, 261, 386, 535
and risk of MEB disorders, 86, 99, 100-101, 102, 107-108, 110, 168, 176-177, 221, 382, 523, 524, 528
and screening, 9, 83, 222, 239
Prader-Willi syndrome, 116-117, 119-120
Pregnancy
adolescent, 40, 55, 104, 107, 160, 168, 253, 517
fetal brain vulnerability, 11, 123, 148, 161, 213, 526
nutrition, 212-214
peripartum depression, 161-162
prenatal care, 141, 161
preterm births, 161
prevention, 155, 160, 168, 253, 517
programs and interventions, 141, 155, 158, 162-164, 179, 389
research needs, 148
risk factors for, 55, 107
smoking during, 118, 123, 131, 160-161, 163
substance abuse, 161
surveys, 40
Preintervention research, 83, 326
Preschool children
behavioral concerns, 15
developmental competence, 179
interventions, 142, 179-181, 208
prevalence of MEB disorders, 45
screening for disorders, 231-232
teacher training, 369-370
President’s Commission on Excellence in Special Education, 229
Prevalence of MEB disorders.
See also Developmental framework
comorbidity, 46-48
cumulative, 46
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data sources, 511-514
defined, xxvii
generally, 1, 42-46, 64
lifetime, 72
multiple disorders, 43, 44
rate trends, 48-49
and screening, 223-225
Prevention of MEB disorders.
See also Defining prevention;
Interventions
availability of programs, 1
benefits, generally, 241
core concepts, 17-18
defined, xiv, 36
economic perspective, 20, 241-244;
see also Benefits and costs of prevention
focus of, xv
health promotion component, 59
interdisciplinary nature of, 18
philosophical perspective, 20
political science perspective, 20
population health perspective, 19
progress since 1994 IOM report, 21-27
rationale, 1-2, 19-20
treatment distinguished from, xiii, xiv, 1, 2, 19, 29-30, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 69
window of opportunity, 50, 54, 55
Prevention research.
See also Evaluation of preventive interventions;
Implementation and dissemination research;
Randomized prevention trials;
Research recommendations;
individual agencies
advances since 1994, 2, 4
communicating results, 143
defined, xxvii
developmental neuroscience, 4, 144-146, 148-149
focus, 30
funding, 8, 9, 338-352
linking services to, 355-356
methodological challenges, 291-292
organizational structure, 8-9, 340-341, 380, 385
parity with treatment research, 9, 385
portfolio snapshot, 343-344
poverty reduction, 177-178
recommendations, 9, 292-294, 374-375, 380-385
research centers, 341-343
screening models, 9
Prevention Science and Methodology Group, 264-265
Prevention system
component examples, 389-390
coordinated approach, 377-382
development of strategy, 379-380
funding, 384
goal setting, 379
international perspectives, 388, 390-392
monitoring system, 384
research refinement and expansion, 385-386
standard setting, 384
state and local system development, 382-384
training, 384
vision for the future, 387-388
Preventive interventions. See Communities;
Indicated interventions;
Interventions;
School-based interventions;
Selective interventions;
Universal interventions
Primary care, screening in, 161-162, 226, 227-229, 232, 236
Problem behaviors.
See also Aggression;
Alcohol abuse and dependence;
Antisocial behavior;
Drug abuse;
Risky sexual behavior;
Substance use and abuse;
Violence
defined, xxvii, 252
targeting, 181-183
Project Adapt, 328
Project ALERT, 200, 201, 256 n.16
Project Competence, 76
Project Launch, 348
Project Northland, 204, 256 n.16
Project STAR, 256 n.16
Project Toward No Tobacco Use, 256 n.16
Promising Practices Network, 22
Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies, 142, 181, 182, 186, 210
PROmoting School-community-university Partnerships to Enhance Resilience, 301
Promotion. See Mental health promotion
Protective factors.
See also individual disorders and behaviors
correlation with each other and with risk factors, 86
defining, xxvii, 82
developmental perspective, 81-91
effects of, 87-88
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genetic, 117-118
influence over time, 88-91
intelligence as, 213
in multiple contexts, 85-86
for multiple disorders, 99
nutrition, 214
and preventive intervention design and evaluation, 83-85
research recommendations, 10, 111
Psychiatric genetics, 114
Public policy interventions, 98, 101, 202-203, 323-325, 370.
See also Universal interventions
Puerto Ricans, 38
R
Raising Healthy Children, 209-210
RAND Corporation, 22, 210
Randomized prevention trials
of adaptability, 273, 283-284
causal inferences from, 278-283
community partnerships, 274-275, 304-305
component evaluation, 283-284, 292
defined, xxviii
design elements, 266-268
developmental neuroscience and, 145-146, 148-149
effectiveness trials, 268-269
efficacy trials, 268
encouragement designs, xxv, 270-271, 273, 329-331
ethical issues, 95, 269, 280-281, 282
etiological model, 267, 271-272
of extensibility, 273
group-based approaches, 276-278
growth in number of, 21, 28
head-to-head impact, 273
of implementability, 273, 294
to improve interventions, 269-270
Internet-based programs and testing, 284-285
for low-prevalence disorders, 283
meditational models, 86, 280-281, 291
NRH counterfactuals approach, 278-279
opportunities for, 283-286
pilot study, 267-268
population effects, 270-271
principal stratification approach, 280
replications, 292
risk and protective factors in design of, 83-85, 86
of scalability, 274
scientific logic of, 275-277
self-selection factors, 279-280
sequencing and long-term follow-up, 285-286
size reduction, 277-278
of sustainability, 274
testing theories of change and development, 271-272
variation in impact, 282
wait-list design, xxix, 167, 182, 194, 269, 281-282, 373
Reactive attachment disorder, 136
Recommendations.
See also Research recommendations
coordination across agencies, 5, 378-379
data collection and monitoring, 7-8, 55-56, 380
funding, 7, 372, 373, 376, 380
implementation, 7, 14, 239, 336, 373, 380
mental health promotion, 14, 69
national leadership, 5, 378
for researchers, 14, 69, 217, 262, 336
state and community networked systems, 6, 383
workforce development, 8, 376
Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders report, 2, 20-21
compared to current report, xiii-xiv, 28, 31
defining prevention, xiv, 21, 59-60, 61-62, 65
recommendations, 21, 22, 151, 340
Regional Centers for the Application of Prevention Technologies, 356
Research. See Prevention research
Research recommendations
adolescents and young adults, 12, 218-219
collaboration and joint funding, 10, 374-375
combining interventions, 12, 219
culturally appropriate adaptations, 11, 336
development of evaluations, 7, 14, 336, 373, 380
developmental competencies, 12, 110
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economic analyses, 11, 260, 261
effectiveness/efficacy of interventions, 10, 12, 218, 293
implementation and dissemination of interventions, 10-11, 218, 294, 335
mass media and internet interventions, 12, 218
mental health promotion, 14, 69
neuroscience linkages, 11, 148, 149, 374
risk and protective factors, 10, 111
screening linked to interventions, 10, 238
Residential instability, 88, 106
Resilience, xxviii, 25, 56, 75, 77, 82, 88, 92, 134, 144-145, 190, 201, 210, 216, 311.
See also Coping skills
Retrospective studies, xxviii, 46, 54, 99-100
Rett syndrome, 116-117, 120, 125-126
Rhode Island, 350
Risk aversion, 53
Risk factors.
See also Developmental framework;
specific disorders and risk factors
causal, 82
community-related, 16, 88, 101, 106-109, 110, 221
correlation with each other and with protective factors, 16, 29, 30, 86
cumulative effects, 16, 84, 86, 89
defining, xxviii, 81-82
developmental perspective, 16, 81-98
disorder-specific, 91-98
genetic component, 52-53, 63, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 106, 117-118, 144-146
individual-level, 221-222
influence over time, 88-91
main effect models, xxvi, 88
meditators, xxvi, 88, 89-90
moderators, xxvi, 88, 89-90
monitoring changes in exposure, 51-54, 56
in multiple contexts, 51, 81-82, 85-86, 109
for multiple disorders, 99-106, 107, 109
prevalence and incidence, 51-54
and preventive intervention design and evaluation, 83-85
rate trends, 53-54
research recommendations, 10, 111
school-related, 16, 106-109
sociodemographic groups, 59
specific vs. general effects, 16, 87-88, 109-110
targeting interventions, 91-109
variable, 82
Risky sexual behavior, 16, 30, 40, 90, 98, 99, 158, 159, 160, 168, 169, 181, 187, 209, 281, 332, 344, 383-384, 390, 535
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 365
Rochester Child Resilience Project, 77
Rutgers University, 342
S
Safe and Drug-Free Schools Act of 1999, 21, 22, 311
Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program, 301, 314, 347
Safe Schools/Healthy Students Program, 309, 347, 354
Saving Lives, 205
Schizophrenia
age at onset, 120, 191
drift hypothesis, 108
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 4, 30, 63
epidemiology, 42, 45
genetic association, 115, 117, 120
meta-analyses, 517
neurodevelopmental factors, 127
preventive interventions in prodromal stage, 95, 155, 206-208, 216, 225-226, 280-281
risk factors, 91, 94-95, 108, 109-110, 115, 117, 120, 123, 127, 225, 526
schizotaxia, 95
screening for, 95, 225-226
trial designs, 271, 280-281, 283
School
bonding to, 85, 108, 109, 210
disadvantaged schools, 107
dropout, 104
factors affecting healthy development, 78-80
protective factors, 109
risk factors in, 108-109, 110
screening in, 229-232, 236
School-based interventions
behavioral, 109, 152, 159, 181-183, 518-519
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classroom management, 158-159, 166
college-level, 201-202
combining family interventions with, 158, 159, 165, 166, 185-187, 273, 312
curriculum “dosage” requirements, 308
for delinquency, 90-91
early childhood, 178-181
efficacy/effectiveness, 4, 90-91, 109, 152, 158-159
elementary, middle, and secondary school, 158, 181-187
group contingency, 109
mental health promotion, 77
meta-analyses, 517-519
multicomponent, 159, 170
peer leaders, 198, 200
preschool, 152, 179-181
sexual abuse prevention, 181
social and emotional learning, 152
for substance use and abuse, 90-91, 109, 159, 197-201, 517-518
violence prevention, 152, 518-519
School Lunch Program, 177, 324
Screening for prevention.
See also individual disorders and risk factors
assessment vs. screening, 237
community-level, 221, 222-223, 232, 239
computerized, 227
criteria, 222, 223-237
cultural adaptations, 233, 238
defined, 221
for developmental difficulties, 95
ethical issues, 207, 235
facilities or settings, 226, 227
goals for, 223
group-level, 222
individual-level, 221-222, 226
intervention availability and, 225-226
longitudinal implementation, 236-237
neuroscience applications, 142-143
objections to, 19, 143-144, 230, 233-234
parental involvement, 238
in preschool and day care, 231-232
prevalence of disorders and, 223-225
in primary care setting, 161-162, 226, 227-229, 232, 236
prodromal identification, 225-226
reimbursement for, 227, 235-236
reliability of, 19
research recommendations, 10, 238
in schools, 229-232, 236
targets, 226
tools/instruments, 228, 232-233, 235, 238
training for, 235-236
universal, 230-231
window of opportunity, 50
Seattle Social Development Program, 153, 159, 209
Selective interventions
challenges, 207
component in multilevel interventions, 168, 185, 186
cost-effectiveness, 259
defined, xxviii, 2, 61, 62, 69, 386
efficacy or effectiveness, 64, 153, 165, 174, 183, 192, 193, 195, 207
examples, 19, 165, 315-316
implementation, 312, 315-316, 319
infrastructure for, 340, 343, 347
personalized medicine equated with, 63
rationale for, 62
screening approaches, 9, 154, 221, 223, 309
targets for, 94-95
Self-determination, 68, 75, 209
Self-esteem, xxvi, 67, 74, 76, 82, 90, 200, 302, 390
Self-regulatory skills, 78, 80, 96, 100, 131, 135, 137-138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 166
Separation anxiety disorder, 43, 44, 93
Serotonin transporter gene, 117, 146
Sexual behavior. See Risky sexual behavior
Shared Youth Vision, 349
Single-parent households, 53, 85, 103, 167, 179, 211, 524, 531
Sleep-related breathing disorder, 212
Social and emotional learning, 134, 135, 152, 184-185, 311-312, 315, 516, 517
Social competence, 66, 100, 114, 131, 135, 183, 200, 518
Social inclusion, xxvi, 66, 67, 74
Social phobia, 43, 44, 93, 153
Social supports, 99, 106, 163, 524, 525
Society for Prevention Research, 23, 24, 258, 293, 354, 359
Society of Pediatric Psychology, 367
Sources of Strength, 332
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South Carolina, 167, 205
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 161, 177, 255, 324
Specific phobia, 43, 44, 93
Spirituality for Kids, 210
Standards of evidence, 24, 353, 354, 355, 367, 368, 369, 371, 372-374, 380
STARS for Families, 256 n.16
State Children’s Health Insurance Program, 324
Statistical analysis of trials
blocking, 277
effect sizes, xxiv, 13, 146, 165, 174-175, 183, 185, 195, 200, 205, 206, 210, 218, 285, 319, 333
growth models, 288-289
growth plus context, 290
intent-to-treat analyses, 268, 291
latent transition analyses, 289
mediation analyses, 268, 289
missing or incomplete data, 290
multilevel modeling of contextual effects, 290
postintervention modeling, 291
Stigmatization issues, xv, 12, 29, 69, 143-144, 149, 207, 218, 226, 230, 233-234, 237, 238, 320, 322, 331, 349, 370, 379, 383, 387, 392
Strengthening Families Program, 158, 159, 168, 169, 200, 203, 255 n.14
Strong African American Families Program, 169
Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration, 2, 27, 235
Center for Mental Health Services, 25, 64, 346-347, 357, 361
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 22, 300, 346-347, 353 n.13, 355, 357, 361
definition of mental disorders, 29
National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices, 22, 25, 26, 353, 355
Office of Applied Studies, 40
preventive services funding, 346-347, 348, 351, 355
recommendations to, 7, 8, 57, 372, 380, 381
research program and funding, 6, 64, 355, 361, 372, 380
Strategic Prevention Frameworks, 347, 348, 354, 356, 372
surveys, 40, 46, 48, 56, 57
technical assistance centers, 346-347, 356, 357
timeline of prevention-related events, 22, 25
training initiatives, 302, 361
Substance use and abuse.
See also Alcohol abuse and dependence;
Drug abuse
adversity pathways to, 106
age at onset, 50, 72
brain development and, 129, 140
college-level approaches, 201-202
community approaches, 202-206
comorbidities, 47, 48
cost and health burdens, 15, 17, 29
cost-effectiveness of interventions, 256
defined, xxviii, 30
early use, 29
efficacy/effectiveness of interventions, 2, 4, 22-23, 95-97, 153, 158, 159, 169, 197-206, 256
genetic predisposition, 117, 120
interagency programs, 22-23
mediators of, 90-91
prevalence, 43, 44
risk factors, 16, 88, 89, 96, 98, 99, 102, 104-105, 106, 107
and risky behaviors, 247
school-based approaches, 90-91, 109, 159, 181-183, 197-201, 517-518
sex differences, 54, 140
Suicide
AIM approach, 23
costs, 17, 252
effectiveness of interventions, 19, 109, 159, 184, 253, 281, 283, 303
federal prevention program, 347, 348, 349, 356
implementation of interventions, 303, 304, 332
international prevention efforts, 392
as outcome measure, 283
prevention-related reports, 21, 23, 24, 25
risk factors, 99-100, 206, 214, 221
screening, 19, 232-233, 234
state prevention programs, 349
surveillance, 347
teenage rates, 55
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Surgeon General reports, 21, 22, 23
Surveillance. See Epidemiology of MEB disorders;
individual surveys
Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders, 230-231
T
Task Force on College Drinking, 203
Teen Screen, 234
Temperament, 93, 96, 99, 522, 523, 524, 528
Temperament and Atypical Behavior Scale, 228
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, 177, 324
Tennessee, 163, 186
Terminology, xiv, 28-30, 56
Threat appraisal, 53, 106, 530
Tic disorders, 138, 139, 140
Timeline Follow Back interview, 202
Tobacco control, 18
Tools of the Mind, 142
Tourette syndrome, 41, 138, 139
Training. See Workforce training
Transdisciplinary Prevention Research Centers, 342, 343
Translational research, xxix, 11, 149, 325, 343, 363, 374, 375, 384
Treatment of MEB, xiii, xiv, xxix, 1, 2, 16, 19, 21, 30-31, 36, 37, 51
Turner syndrome, 52
U
Underage drinking. See Alcohol abuse and dependence
United Kingdom, 38, 239, 250
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 188
Universal interventions, 50, 340, 343, 388
anxiety prevention, 192-193
CDC recommendations, 185
component in multilevel interventions, 165, 167, 185-186, 187
current programs, 165, 167, 168, 182, 184, 187, 198, 200
defined, xxix, 2, 61, 66, 69, 386
depression prevention, 198
design, 183
for eating disorders, 206
in ecological framework, 73
efficacy or effectiveness, 64, 170, 179, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 195, 203, 206, 218, 226, 253, 259, 311-312, 333, 518
examples, 19, 66, 95, 141, 161, 170
funding, 347, 350
implementation, 311-312, 315-316, 319-320, 333
importance, 48
meta-analyses, 518
nonrandomized study designs, 288
promotion of mental health, 208, 212
rationale for, 61
research funding, 344, 534
for schizophrenia, 95
screening, 9, 154, 222, 226, 229, 230, 234, 369
substance use prevention, 18, 200, 203, 272, 289
training for, 221, 369, 370
trials, 207, 272, 273, 283, 288, 289, 344
University of Colorado at Boulder, 22, 309
University of Georgia, 342
University of Kentucky, 342
University of Southern California, 342
University of Washington, 368
U.S. Department of Education, 26, 229
Institute of Education Sciences, 7, 24, 372, 380, 381
Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools, 7, 347 n.10, 372
prevention interventions, 22-23, 301, 347, 348, 355, 381
recommendations for, 5, 7, 8, 55-56, 239, 372, 373, 376, 379, 381
research funding, 338
technical assistance centers, 301, 357
timeline of prevention-related events, 22-23, 24
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
See also individual agencies and bureaus
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 56
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 56, 381
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recommendations for, 5, 7, 8, 55-56, 239, 372, 373, 376, 379, 381
research funding, 308, 338
SSHS Program, 347-348
surveys, 56
technical assistance centers, 357
timeline of prevention-related events, 22, 23, 25
U.S. Department of Justice
Model Programs Guide, 353
Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention, 7, 22-23, 347, 348, 372, 381
recommendations for, 5, 7, 8, 55-56, 239, 372, 373, 376, 379, 381
research funding, 22-23
timeline of prevention-related events, 22-23, 24
U.S. Department of Labor, 349
U.S. Public Health Service, 230
Utah, 228
Utilization of health services, 17, 249-250
V
Velocardiofacial syndrome, 52
Vermont, 228
Violence.
See also Child maltreatment in communities and schools, 106-109
costs of, 250
effectiveness of programs, 22, 68, 152, 183, 185, 200, 211, 309, 317, 353
interagency programs, 22-23
prevention-related events, 21, 22-23
and risk of MEB disorders, 29, 87, 94, 99, 102, 104, 107
television exposure to, 215
Virginia Longitudinal Study of Child Maltreatment, 103
Vitamin D deficiency, 215-216
W
Washington State, 186, 228, 253, 268
What Works Clearinghouse, 24, 353
Whites, 38, 100, 168, 169, 198, 200, 536
Williams syndrome, 52
Wisconsin, 204-205
Workforce training
clinical psychologists, 367
costs, 164
current efforts, 361-370
education providers, 369-370
health care professionals, 207, 364-366
to implement and disseminate services, 317
law and judicial system, 370
neuroscience, 363
nurses, 164, 368
overview since 1994, 359-361
physicians, 364-366
prevention researchers, 362
for public awareness and public policy making, 370
public health, 363
recommendations, 8, 375-376
for screening, 235-236
social workers, 366-369
substance abuse and mental health counselors, 368-369
World Conference on the Promotion of Mental Health and Prevention of Mental and Behavioral Disorders, 23
World Federation for Mental Health, 23, 25
World Health Organization, xxv, 223, 224, 247, 388
Y
Young adults
antisocial behavior, 97, 152, 158, 184
anxiety, 76, 84, 192, 193-194, 531
bipolar disorder, 45
brain development, 127-128
defined, 81 n.2
depression, 76, 92, 525
developmental tasks, 81
factors affecting healthy development, 80
interventions, 155, 171-172, 176, 193-194, 201-202, 203, 208-209
mental health promotion, 212, 215
military service, 171-172
opportunities for intervention, 390
prevalence of MEB disorders, 45
research initiatives and needs, 12, 218-219, 344, 345, 348, 386, 536, 537
risk factors, 96-97, 171-172, 525, 527, 529, 531
schizophrenia, 94, 95, 191, 209, 527
screening, 232
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smoking, 321
substance abuse, 96-97, 171, 192, 201-202, 203, 208-209, 347, 517, 529
surveys, 41
Youth development interventions, 255
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 40, 48, 383
Youth Speakers Bureau, 234
