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In the Light of Evolution: Volume II—Biodiversity and Extinction
Index
A
Acanthocephalans, 2, 64, 68, 69, 72, 80
Acidobacteria, 129-143, 144-146
Ackerly, David, 254
Actinomycetes, 157
Adenostoma, 254
Adopt-A-Park Volunteer Program, 327
Adriatic Sea, 11, 15
Africa
clade disjunctions, 256
deforestation, 298
diversity peak, 267
extinctions, 30, 230, 236
Agriculture
and extinctions, xvi
nutrient pollution from, 11-12, 15, 23, 24, 43, 332
subsidy and tax policies, 25
sustainable, 307
Alainosquillidae, 49
Alaska, 39, 196, 230
Algal blooms, toxic, 16, 23, 24
Alismatales, 250
Allison, Steven D., 84, 149-166
alpha-Proteobacteria, 157
Alroy, John, 168, 207-225
Alseis blackiana, 116
Amazon Basin
area, 108, 113
mammalian species, 265
plant species, 113, 117
Amazon River, 15
Amazonian tree diversity
Brazillian portion, 107, 108, 112, 113-114, 115, 117, 118-124, 338
deforestation scenarios, 84, 107-108, 118-123
extinction risk, 84, 107, 118-123
Fisher’s logseries predictions, 109, 110, 111, 112-113, 124
neutral biodiversity theory applied to, 83, 107, 110-112
number and abundance of species, 84, 107, 108-109, 111, 112-114, 119, 121, 122, 124
Peruvian portion, 112, 330
Preston’s lognormal predictions, 109, 110, 111, 112
range sizes, 107, 108, 111, 114-118, 119, 120, 121
rare species, 84, 107, 108, 110, 114, 117, 121, 123, 124
species–area relationship, 113
American bullfrog (Rana catesbieana), 42
American Cetacean Society, 325
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Ammonoids, xv, 175, 176-177, 184, 185, 186, 197, 199
Amphibians
chytridiomycosis, 2, 35-37, 38, 42, 44
climate change and, 2, 30, 38-41, 42, 44
conservation, 35, 36, 42
current extinction spasm, 2, 28, 30, 37, 40, 42, 43-44, 331
diversity geographically, 31, 32, 34, 43, 266
habitat modification, 2, 30, 37, 40, 41, 42
invasive species and, 35, 42
new species, 40-41, 42, 43
number of recognized species, 31, 42, 68
parasites, 68, 72
pollution and, 30-31, 35, 332
Rana of Sierra Nevada, 33-37
survival of mass extinctions, 2, 28-29, 30, 43
threatened and endangered species, 27, 30-33, 34, 41-43, 72
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, 144
Angiosperms
classification, 248
elevational diversity gradients, 127-147
Annelida, 66
Apicomplexa/Microspora, 66
Aquaculture, 11, 23, 24, 25
Aquarium of the Pacific, 327
Arborescent lycopsids, 182
Archaea, 150, 156, 287
Archaeocyathids, 179
Architectural diversity, 171, 179-180, 182, 183, 184, 186-187
Arctostaphylos, 254
Artiodactyls, 273
Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium, iv, viii, xiii-xiv, xvi, 103-104, 147, 166
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii
Arthropleura, 175
Arthropoda, 66, 174, 181, 319-320, 321
Asia
clade disjunctions, 256, 258
species diversity, 259
Asteraceae (sunflower family), 248-249, 250, 259
Atelopus spp., 37, 39
Atlantic Ocean
sea floor spreading, 29, 256
species declines and extinctions, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 29, 59
Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus), 7
Audubon Society, 323
Australia.
See also Indo-Australian Archipelago
amphibian populations, 2, 32, 37, 38
butterfly declines, 322
fishery collapse, 11
human impacts, 233, 269
marsupials, 203
mass extinctions, 229, 230, 231-232, 233, 269
megafauna biomass, 239
parks and preserves, 336
phytoplankton pigment concentration, 50
Aves. See Birds
Avise, John C., iv, xiii-xiv, 244, 281-296
Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv
Ayala, Hana, 290
B
Back to Natives program, 326
Bacterial communities
abiotic filtering, 133, 134, 156
ecosystem services, 150
elevational diversity gradients in soil communities, 127-147
Baltic Sea, 15
Baltica continental plate, 199
Barbados, coral reefs, 19
Barnosky, Anthony D., 168-169, 227-241
Barro Colorado Island, 115, 116, 117
Bartlett, Troy, 320-321
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, 35-36, 38, 42, 44
Bats, 124, 265, 273
Bay of Fundy, 7-8, 11
Beach Bluffs Restoration Project, 327
Bees, 308, 324, 339
Beetles, 65, 322, 324
Behavioral and social complexity, 171, 180, 182-183, 184, 294-295
Beilschmiedia pendula, 116
Belding’s Savannah sparrow, 327
Belemnites, 185
Beringia, 75, 229, 230, 231-232, 257, 258
Bielby, Jon, 263-279
Bignoniaceae, 115, 117
Billfishes, 16, 17
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Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P., 263-279
BioBlitz biodiversity surveys, 314, 317
Biodiversity.
See also individual taxa and ecosystems
benefits, xv, 150
center of origin hypothesis, 50-51
centers of, 45, 48
cradles of, 266, 267
defined, xiii, 28
economic importance, 307-308
energy/productivity hypothesis, 49-50
global estimates, 66
gradients, 47-51, 69-70, 73-74, 75
hotspots, xvi, 2, 51-55, 253, 289, 290, 319
human impacts, 1-2, 330-335;
see also Habitat fragment and loss;
Human population;
Hunting;
losses, xvi, 28, 88;
see also Extinction;
Mass extinctions
network of interactions, 173, 186
number of species, 63, 64-69, 88
outlook for, xvi, 24, 260-261, 331-335
saturation point, 93
scientific efforts, xvi
Biodiversity genetics
legacy biotas in Pleistocene Parks, 244, 281-282, 289-292
public education applications, 244, 282, 293-296
standardization of biological classification, 244, 281, 283-289
Biodiversity Project, 300, 302
Biofuel production, 335, 336
Biogeochemical cycling, 18, 24, 129, 153
Biomass
carrying capacity for megafauna, 236-237
crash, 227, 231-234
domesticates, 232, 239-240
estimating, 238-240
fisheries, 8-10, 14, 16-17
human, 227, 231, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238
nonhuman megafauna, 227, 239
parasites, 81
recovery after QME, 227, 234-236
tradeoffs, 168-169, 229, 233
Biophilia, 306
Bioreactor models, 158
Bird diversity
extinctions, 8, 9, 86, 88, 91, 93, 186, 197, 205, 231
geographical distribution of, 73-74, 75-76, 252, 266
habitat loss, 205, 323
introduced species, 99
island species, 91, 93-94, 101
land species, 73-76
land-use changes and, 75-76
marine species, 9
parasites, 68, 69, 73-75
pollution and, 332
predation and, 93, 323
surveys, 321, 323, 324-325
Bivalve mollusks.
See also specific bivalves
collapse of fisheries, 13
recovery dynamics after K-T extinction, 168, 199, 200, 201-203
rudist, 175, 176, 179, 180, 185, 193, 196-197
Black Sea, 24
Blastoids, 175, 184
Blastozoans, 176
Bluegill sunfish, 295
Bobcat, 324
Body size
bivalve, 192, 194, 195
and ecosystem process rates, 164
and endemism, 2, 45, 53, 54, 55-56, 57-58, 59, 60-61
and energy budget, 237
and extinction/speciation dynamics, 45, 46, 49-50, 51, 54, 56, 59, 60-61, 168, 192, 194, 195, 196, 265, 271, 272, 273, 275
and geographic range size, 57-60, 61, 194, 272
and habitat saturation, 55, 57
and hitchhiking effects, 196
and life history patterns, 51, 55-58
megafauna, 228-229, 237
productivity and, 49, 53-54, 60-61, 229
and reproductive capacity, 55, 56, 59, 265
stomatopods, 45, 46, 48, 49-50, 51, 53, 54, 55-58, 59, 60-61
terrain elevation and, 49-50, 54, 55, 60, 61, 272
Bohai Sea, 9, 13
Bolitoglossini, 31, 40
Bolivia, 112
Borda-De-Água, Luis, 107-125
Brachiopods, 59, 175, 176, 179, 180, 183, 184, 199
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Braulio Carrillo National Park, 38
Brazil
Amazonian tree species, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 115-116, 117, 118-124, 338
amphibian species, 32
biofuel production, 335
deforestation rates, 298, 330, 335
Bromeliaceae, 259
Brown, Elisabeth, 319
Brown widow spider, 323-324
Bryant, Jessica A., 84, 127-147
Bryant, Peter J., 245, 317-327
Bryozoans, 179, 180, 184, 197
Bufo spp., 33, 37
Bugguide web site, 320-321
Butterfly monitoring, 321-323, 324, 325, 327
C
Cactaceae, 250
Caecilians, 2, 27, 31, 43
California
Academy of Sciences, 313
Channel Islands, 92
chaparral, 254-256
Coastal Commission, 326
conservation initiatives, 245, 295, 313, 318-327
Orange County, 245, 318-327
plant species richness, 92
salt marshes, 70
Sierra Nevada amphibians, 27-28, 33, 35, 37, 38, 30, 40, 41
California gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica), 319
California least tern, 327
Cambrian
biotic recoveries, 186, 210, 212
Burgess Shale fauna, 176
developmental diversity, 181
diversity patterns, 186, 212, 215, 223
extinctions, 175, 182, 185
food webs, 179
reefs, 179-180
temporal banding, 287
Cane toad (Bufo marinus), 42
Captain Dave’s Dolphin Safari, 323
Carbon, 18, 136, 137, 142, 146, 150, 154, 155, 157, 165, 183, 309, 329, 332, 335, 339
Carbon dioxide, 18, 154, 155, 157, 165, 332
Carcharhinus spp., 9
Cardillo, Marcel, 263-279
Caribbean
coral reefs, 10, 18, 19, 20, 21, 47
monk seal, 21
recovery from mass extinctions, 198, 221
Carnivores, 9, 10, 31, 89, 90, 101, 177, 191, 235, 239, 240, 265, 273, 274-275, 333
Carpinteria Salt Marsh, 70
Carrying capacities for ecosystems, 185-186, 236-237
Caryophyllales, 250
Ceanothus, 254
Cenozoic
diversity increases, 174, 209, 212
extinctions, 48, 59, 174, 187, 189, 202, 217
hotspots and coldspots, 204
invasive species, 189
mollusks, 174, 192, 193, 202
reefs, 180
species counts, 212
Center of accumulation hypothesis, 48-49
Central America
amphibians, 37, 39
chytridiomycosis in amphibians, 37, 38
isthmus, 59
Central Pacific, coral reefs, 2, 19, 20, 22, 45, 47, 53, 54, 61
CENTURY model, 151
Cephalopods, 195
Cestodes, 2, 64, 68, 69, 72
Chaetognatha, 66
Chavez, Hugo, 331
Chesapeake Bay, 7, 13, 15
China, viii, 32
Chondrichthys, 68, 72
Chordata, 66
Christmas Island, 104, 106
Chytridiomycosis, 2, 35-37, 38, 42, 44
Ciliophora, 66
Citizen science, 313-314, 318-327
Clark University, vii
Climate change
adaptation to, 247, 249, 250-251, 252, 254-255, 258, 260-261
and amphibian declines, 2, 30, 38-41, 42, 44
and avian-parasite diversity, 75-76
bolide impacts and, 28-29
cloud line, 39
and coral reefs, 21, 22, 23, 26, 46, 332
El Niño conditions, 17, 38
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energy policy and, 25-26
Holocene warming (current episode), 29-30, 230, 234, 235
human role, 25-26, 44
and island biodiversity, 98
and mass extinctions, 28, 29, 30, 108
and migration changes, 322-324
modeling effects of, 275-276
and montane ecosystems, 134
and naturalization of invasive species, 98
and ocean acidification, 18, 23, 24, 25-26, 36, 332
Pleistocene, 29, 190, 198, 201, 202
public attitude about, 297, 300, 303-304, 309, 310-311
and QME, 168, 227, 228, 230, 234, 236
and radiation and speciation, 75
and spatial dynamics of diversity, 128, 190, 201, 202, 204, 205, 338
stratification effects, 17, 23, 24
synergistic effects, 22, 24, 29, 30, 39, 124, 205, 333
warming trends, 39
Cloud forests. See Tropical montane species
Clovis hunters, 230, 233
Cnidaria, 66, 181
Coastal cactus wrens (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus), 319
Coastal seas. See Estuaries and coastal seas
Cocos (Keeling) Island, 94, 104, 106
Cod, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 24
Colombia, 32, 38, 112
Colorado, 129
Comores Islands, 52
Competition
and extinctions, 89, 91, 101, 186
origination/extinction dynamics, 208, 211, 218, 222
and phylogenetic niche conservation, 252, 253, 258
and phylogenetic overdispersion, 130, 134
Competitive exclusion, 130, 134, 253
Condit, Richard, 107-125
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 32
Conodonts, 175, 183
Conservation.
See also Public engagement in biodiversity
amphibians, 35, 36
of biogeographic centers of endemism, 51, 172-173, 278, 290
California initiatives, 245, 295, 313, 318-327
challenges, 35, 36, 227-228
charismatic megabiota, 293, 302, 341
cost-benefit assessments, 278
in developing regions, 342
economic incentives, 338
endowments, 336-337
energy, 335, 336
evolutionary impacts as goal, 278-279
of human-modified landscapes, 337-338, 341
identifying targets for, 172, 274
IQ RESORTS, 290-291, 292
local community involvement, 342
mammals, 11, 244, 264, 274, 276-279, 326, 341
molecular genetics and, 281-282
Orange County initiatives, 245, 318-327
phylogeographic surveys, 291-292
Pleistocene Parks, 244, 281-282, 292
pollution control, 335
population stabilization, 335
ranking ecoregions for, 276-278
restoration of local habitats, 340-341
squabbles over strategy, 334
valuation of ecosystem services, 339-340
Conservation International, 290
Continental shelves
dead zones, 15-16, 23
eutrophication, 15, 23
exploitation, 12-14, 23
fishery biomass, 9
habitat destruction, 14-15, 23
status, 23
Convergent evolution, 134, 253
Coral reefs. See Indo-West Pacific coral reefs;
Reef ecosystems;
Reef stomatopods
Costa Rica, 37, 38, 39, 336-337, 341
Cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus), 13
Cretaceous, 212.
See Mass extinctions
Crinoids, 176, 179, 184, 192
Cronquist, Arthur, 248, 249
Crown of thorns starfish, 50
Crustaceans, 2, 8, 9, 45, 47, 319.
See Stomatopods
Cryptic species, 67, 69, 101
Ctenophora, 66
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D
Darwin, Charles, 248, 282
Davies, T. Jonathan, 244, 263-279
Deccan Traps, 29
Deforestation, 11, 84, 88, 107-108, 118-123, 298, 323, 330
Developmental diversity, 171, 181-182, 183, 184, 185
Diadema antillarum, 10, 21
Dicynodonts, 180
Dilley, James, 319
Dinosaurs, xv, 29, 175, 180, 201
Dioum, Baba, 295
Dipsacaceae, 250
Diseases. See Infectious diseases
Diversification debt, 189, 198, 199
Dobson, Andy, 2-3, 63-82
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv, 108
Donoghue, Michael J., 243-244, 247-261
E
East Africa, coral reefs, 20, 45
Easter Island, 104, 106
Echinoderms, 66, 181, 184
Echinoids, 176-177, 184, 197
Echiurida, 66
Ecospace, 177-179, 184
Ecosystem process models
black box, 150, 151-154
incorporating microbes, 149, 159-164
Ecosystem services, 64, 77-82, 123, 150, 151, 177, 307, 315, 339-340
Ecotourism, 336, 338-339, 343
Ecuador, iv, 39-40, 112, 113
Ehrlich, Paul R., 245, 329-344
El Avila National Park, 331
Elevational diversity gradients
alpha-diversity, 130, 136, 146
analytical method, 144-146
bacteria vs. plants, 127-147
beta-diversity and, 130-131
biotic forces, 130, 134
body size, 49-50, 54, 55, 60, 61, 272
causes, 128
characterization of communities, 142-144
climate change and, 128
community composition, 144-145
distance–decay relationships, 131, 134, 145-146
environmental drivers, 134-138, 142, 146
intertaxonomic comparisons, 141
island communities, 93, 101, 102, 106
nomenclatural approach, 128-129
parsimonious hypothesis, 129, 133, 134
phylogenetic approach, 84, 129-146, 247, 257, 259
and productivity, 54
sampling issues, 139, 141, 142, 144
scaling issues, 132, 133, 138, 139, 140, 141
taxon richness, 84, 128-129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 139-140, 144
Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmate), 18, 19, 21
Enantiornithes, 197
Encyclopedia of Life, 312, 343
Endangered and threatened species
amphibians, 27, 30-33, 34, 41-43, 72
mammals, 236-237
Red List, 30, 72, 87-91, 100-101, 269, 272, 277
Endangered Species Habitat Restoration Day, 327
Endemism
Amazonian trees, 121, 124
body size and, 2, 45, 53, 54, 55-56, 59, 60-61
conservation of biogeographic centers, 51, 172-173, 278, 290
extinction/speciation dynanics and, 51, 58, 60-61, 83, 91, 124
hotspots, 2, 172, 266, 274, 290
life history patterns and, 55
local, 51-52
montane amphibians, 40
plant diversity on islands, 83, 91
productivity and, 60-61
reef stomatopods, 2, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51-55, 57, 58, 59, 60-61
regional, 52-53, 54
restricted regional, 52
species diversity and, 45, 51-55
Energy policies, 25, 237, 238, 335, 336
Energy/productivity dynamics, 169, 227, 228-229, 235-236, 237, 332.
See also Productivity
Energy/water dynamics, 265
Enquist, Brian J., 127-147
Entoprocta, 66
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Eocene, 256, 257, 287
Ericaceae, 250
Erwin, Douglas, 65, 82, 167, 171-187
Espeletia, 259
Estuaries and coastal seas
aquaculture, 25
Bay of Fundy, 7-8
climate change and, 23
exploitation patterns globally, 8-11, 16, 23
pollution, 11-12, 15, 21, 23, 25
status, 23
synergistic effects in, 12, 21
Euphorbiaceae, 250
Eurasia
global warming trends, 39
Quaternary Megafauna Extinction, 229, 230, 231-232, 233, 234, 236, 239
Europe
extinctions, 200
global warming trends, 39
species diversity, 259
Eutrophication, 11, 12, 15, 23, 24, 25, 309
Evolutionary fauna hypothesis, 212
Evolutionary impacts of extinctions
analysis of mass extinctions, 167-168, 171, 182-185
architectural components, 171, 179-180, 182, 183, 184, 186-187
behavioral and social complexity, 171, 180, 182-183, 184
biogeographic structure and, 173
carrying capacities, 185-186, 236-237
as conservation goal, 278-279
developmental diversity, 171, 181-182, 183, 184, 185
ecospace, 177-179, 184
food web structure, 178, 184
functional diversity, 177-179, 183, 184
macroecological guild approach, 177-178
metrics for loss of evolutionary history, 167, 171, 172-182
morphologic disparity, 167, 171, 176-177, 181, 183-184, 185, 186, 333
phylogenetic diversity, 171, 173, 174-176, 183, 184, 186
productivity losses, 184, 185
recovery from mass extinctions, 168, 171-172, 178, 185-186, 187
scaling theory applied to, 178-179
sea level changes, 184-185
taxic diversity, 171-172, 173-174, 175, 183, 184, 185-186, 187
trophic structures, 177-178
Exotic species. See Invasive or introduced species
Extinction.
See also Evolutionary impacts of extinctions;
Mass extinctions;
Origination/extinction dynamics;
Spatial dynamics of extinctions;
specific correlates
background rates, 42, 58, 71, 120, 167, 173, 190, 195, 197, 202, 207, 209, 301-302, 331
bulletproof species, 272, 273, 274, 275
cascades, 209, 215
debt, 83, 85, 97-98, 100, 198, 338
drivers, 87-91, 205, 269-271, 274-275
episodic, 173, 174, 177
field-of-bullets model, 270, 272
firing-line model, 270-271, 272-273
forecasting, 86, 91, 98-99, 100, 270-272, 274-276
habitat specialization and, 192, 273
hotspots, 2, 41
islands vs mainlands, 89, 101, 270, 274
IUCN analysis, 87-91, 100-101
land-use changes and, 75-76, 269
latent risk, 273-274, 277
phylogenetic risk assessment, 272-273
public understanding of, 301-302
rates, xvi, 42, 150, 167, 172, 208, 330-331
research gaps, 99-100
resilience of ecosystems, 177
threat categories, 31, 33
F
Facilitation, ecological, 130, 134, 253
Feature diversity, 130
Fish
armored, 182
freshwater, 91, 203
jawless, 28
parasites, 69-70, 75
Fisheries.
See also individual species
biomass and catch data and modeling, 8-10, 14, 16-17
changes in commercial species, 8
coral reefs, 10, 19, 20-21, 22, 23
diseases, 21
endangered species, 21
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fishing down the food web, 6, 13
habitat losses, 23
human population size and, 20
longline fishing, 12
mass extinctions, 28
overexploitation, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8-11, 12-14, 16-17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 299, 307
predatory fish stocks, 1, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16-17, 20-21, 23, 333
predictions, 24, 264
recovery, 305-306
shellfish, 13, 23, 191, 194
sustainable management, 25
trawling and dredging, 11, 12, 13, 14-15, 23
Florida
coral reefs, 10, 20, 21
distribution of species, 324
fisheries, 21
oak phylodiversity patterns, 253
sponge harvests, 21
Florida Keys, 10, 19, 21
Food and Agriculture Organization, 13
Food web structure, 3, 64, 70-71, 78-80, 82, 178, 184, 215
Foraminifera, 18, 184, 185
Fossil Record 2 database, 208, 214
Friends of the Sea Lion, 326
Fritz, Susanne A., 263-279
Frogs, 2, 27-28, 30-31, 33-39, 42-43
Functional diversity, 177-179, 183, 184, 197
Functional redundancy in ecosystems, 149, 152, 153, 154, 157-158, 165, 177
G
Gaines, Steven D., 83, 85-106
Gastropods, 59-60, 183, 184
Genome, community metaphor, 294
Gentianella, 259
Geographic range
Amazonian trees, 107, 108, 111, 114-118, 119, 120, 121
body size and, 57-60, 61, 272, 273
clade-level distribution, 168, 189, 192, 194, 196, 203, 204
determinants, 196, 197, 237, 266, 323-324
and extinction risk, 58, 77, 194-195, 272, 273
hitchhiking effects, 189
mammals, 266, 331
megafauna, 239
parasites, 75, 77
and origination/extinction dynamics, 58-60, 75, 76
and survivorship, 168, 189, 190-191, 192, 193, 194, 214
“trailing edge” opportunities, 256-258
Gittleman, John L., 263-279
Global Amphibian Assessment, 31, 33, 34, 41, 44
Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, 46
Global Invasive Species Database, 324
Globalization, 340
Golden toad (Bufo periglenes), 37
Goliath grouper, 10, 19
Gondwana, 256
Gonodactylaceus spp., 48
Gonodactylellus incipiens, 48
Gonodactylidae, 49, 56, 57
Gore, Al, 303, 310, 336
Gould, Stephen J., 295-296
Graptolites, 183, 197
Grasslands, 177, 250, 330
Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), 7, 324, 325
Great Barrier Reef, 18-19, 102
Great Rift Valley, 265
Green, Jessica L., 84, 127-147
Green consumerism, 299
Green economies, 307
Green turtle, 10, 21, 294
Greengenes database, 143
Grenyer, Richard, 263-279
Guianan Shield, 112
Gulf of Maine, 14
Gulf of Mexico
asteroid impact, 29
hypoxic zone, 15, 16
species composition and abundance, 9, 12, 17
toxic blooms of dinoflagellates, 16
trawling and dredging, 15
Gyrodactyloidea, 69
H
Habitat fragmentation and loss.
See also Deforestation
amphibians, 2, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
and avian diversity, 75-76, 77
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continental shelves, 14-15, 23
coral reefs, 23, 57
estuaries and coastal seas, 7, 9, 10, 11, 23
exotic-dominated, 100
and extinction risk, 88, 101, 108, 269, 271-272, 278
and future of biodiversity, 260-261
human population expansion, 43-44, 168, 205, 228, 233, 236, 237
and parasite diversity, 63-64, 69-70
and QME, 168, 228, 233, 236, 237
rate and extent, 330
synergistic effects, 1, 5, 6, 12, 30, 44, 88, 124, 205, 260-261, 309, 333-334
from trawling and dredging, 11
Habitat saturation, 55, 57, 87, 94, 97-99
Haddock, 8, 12
Haeckel, Ernst, 283
Halenia, 259
Harlequin frog (Atelopus varius), 37
Harte, John, 115
Hawaiian Islands, 20, 52, 91, 92, 93-94, 98, 104, 106
Hawksbill turtle, 10, 21
He, Fangliang, 107-125
Hechinger, Ryan F., 63-82
Helminths, 2-3, 63, 64, 66-69, 72, 73-74, 77, 78, 81-82
Hemberger, Ron, 320-321, 324
Hemichordata, 66
Heron Island, 94, 95, 102, 104, 106
Herrera, Carlos, 254
Heteromeles, 254
Hippuritoida, 193, 196, 197
Holasteroids, 197
Holocene
climate change, 29-30, 230, 234, 235
coral reefs, 19
extinctions, 30, 230, 234
Homo sapiens, 330
Homoplasy, 248, 249, 250, 284, 285
Horizontal gene transfer, 153, 156, 284
Horsetails, 182
Hubbell, Stephen P., 83-84, 107-125
Human population
biomass, 227, 231, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238
density near coral reefs, 20, 46
displacement of biodiversity, 331
energy/productivity dynamics, 169, 227, 228-229, 235-236, 237, 332
and extinction risk, xv-xvi, 43-44, 75-76, 123, 205, 227, 231, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238, 269, 270-271, 274-275, 276
and island biodiversity, 93, 101, 102, 106
stabilization, 335
Hunting
body size correlation, 271
extinctions, 7, 8, 30, 90, 93, 101, 168, 227, 228, 233, 239, 236, 237, 273, 300
overharvesting, 7, 13, 333
and trophic cascades, 13
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 252
Hydromantes playcephalus, 33
I
Incumbency effects, 174, 189, 196, 201, 203, 205, 217, 218
India, 29, 42, 50, 200, 322, 332
Indian Ocean, 2, 20, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52-53, 54, 60, 61, 104
Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA), 2, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52-53, 54, 60
Indo-West Pacific coral reefs.
See also Reef stomatopods
diversity patterns, 45, 47
endemism and hotspots, 2, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51-55, 57, 58, 59, 60-61
explanations of diversity gradients, 47-51
live coral cover, 10, 18
risk of collapse, 46
speciation/extinction dynamics, 58-60
Indonesia, 47, 50, 52, 335
Industrial Revolution, xvi, 227, 235, 236, 237
Infectious diseases
chytridiomycosis in amphibians, 2, 35-37, 38, 39, 42, 44
human, 23, 30, 44
and mammalian extinctions, 30
marine fauna, 21, 22, 23, 24, 46
synergistic effects, 2, 39, 88, 101
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 39, 40, 75
International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List IUCN, 30, 72, 87-91, 100-101, 269, 272, 277
Internet, conservation options, 311-312, 320-321, 324, 343-344
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Invasive or introduced species
and abundance patterns of native species, 99-100
and amphibian declines 28, 35, 42, 43
colonization-based saturation, 86-87, 93-97, 99
competitiveness, 201, 333
coral reefs, 23
and ecosystem services, 81
extinction-based saturation, 86, 87, 93, 97-98, 99
and extinction debt, 83, 85, 97-98, 100
and habitat loss, 100
island extinction dynamics, 83, 85-86, 87, 89-97, 98, 99-103
latitudinal diversity gradient, 201-202
and mammalian diversity, 30, 269, 274, 276
marine ecosystem effects, 1, 5, 11, 12, 23
and mass extinctions, 220-221
monitoring, 324
and native species abundance, 100
naturalized, 85, 91-97, 99, 101, 102-103, 104-106
pathogens, 88
plants, 85, 86, 87, 91-100, 101
post-extinction spatial dynamics, 93, 189-190, 191, 199-200, 201, 202-203, 204, 205
predation versus competition, 83, 86, 89-91, 101, 333
predicting intensities of, 273
propagule pressure, 60, 86, 97, 98, 99
rates of introduction, 99-100
regulation, 98, 298
research gaps, 86, 99-100
resistance to, 202-203
saturation point, 83, 85, 87, 93-99
species–area relationships, 100
synergistic effects, 1, 5, 30, 88, 276
Iowa State University, 320-321
IQ RESORTS, 290-291, 292
Irish elk, 229
Island biodiversity
adaptations, 255
area size and, 93, 102, 106
birds, 91, 93-94, 101, 266
characteristics, by island, 101, 104-106
climate change and, 98
colonization-based saturation, 86-87, 93-97, 99
elevation and, 93, 101, 102, 106
extinction-based saturation, 86, 87, 93, 97-98, 99
freshwater fish, 91
future of, 98-99
human population size and, 93, 101, 102, 106, 230-231
invasion/extinction dynamics, 85-86, 87, 89-97, 98, 99-103
IUCN extinction analysis, 87-91, 100-101
land-bridge islands, 92
latitude and, 101, 102, 106
mammals, 91, 101, 266, 259, 270
methods for analyzing, 100-103, 111
native species, 83, 85-87, 91-94, 96-99, 100, 101, 103, 106
naturalized species, 85, 91-97, 99, 101, 102-103, 104-106
occupation history and, 101, 102, 106
oceanic islands, 92-93, 94, 95, 96, 97
plants, 85-87, 89, 91-100, 101, 104-106
settlement date and, 93, 101, 102, 106
Island biogeography theory, 86, 87
Isolation, and convergent ecological adaptation, 255-256
J
Jablonski, David, 168, 189-206
Jackson, Jeremy B. C., 1, 5-26, 30, 44, 204, 315
Jamaica, coral reefs, 20, 330
Jellyfish, 5, 15
Jetz, Walter, 63-82
Jones, Kate E., 263-279
K
Kangaroos, 295
Karenia brevis, 16
Kellner, James, 107-125
Kelp forests, 5, 13
Kerkhoff, Andrew J., 127-147
King crabs, 295
Kings Canyon National Park, 35, 36
Kudla, Alexei U., 45-61
Kuris, Armand M., 63-82
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L
Lafferty, Kevin D., 63-82
Laguna Coast Wilderness Park, 319
Lamanna, Christine, 127-147
Land-use changes and policies, xv-xvi, 75-76, 118-119, 120, 274, 275, 276, 331, 340
Late Glacial Maximum (LGM), 230, 234
Latitudinal diversity gradients.
See also Phylogenetic niche conservatism
extinction dynamics, 58, 191, 201-203
invasive species, 201-202
island biodiversity, 101, 102, 106
mammalian distribution, 265-266
Lauraceae, 116, 258
Laurasian corridor, 256
Leopold, Aldo, 282
Life history patterns
body size and, 51, 55-58
and endemism, 55, 61
and extinction resistance, 192
parasites, 73, 77, 80
productivity and, 53-54
species interactions and, 51, 73
stomatopod patterns, 55-58
Linnaeus, Carolus, 63, 64, 65, 66, 128, 282
Lord Howe Island, 95, 97, 104, 106
Lupinus, 259
M
Mace, Georgina M., 263-279
Macroecological guilds, 177-178
Macroevolutionary equation, 190, 198-199
Madagascar, 32, 42, 45, 47, 50, 52, 256
Magnuson–Stevens Act, 25
Malaysia, 47, 50, 52, 335
Malpighiaceae, 256, 258
Mammalian biodiversity.
See also Quaternary Megafauna Extinction
anthropogenic threats, 7, 11, 30, 36, 269-271, 273, 279
body-size correlates, 263, 271-272, 273
conservation, 11, 244, 264, 274, 276-279, 326, 341
endangered and threatened, 236-237
extinction rates, 7, 11, 30, 264, 331
extinction risk analysis, 263-265, 271-274
geographic and phylogenetic patterns, 201, 244, 263, 265-269, 270, 278
islands, 91, 101, 269
marine, 7, 11, 101, 326
modeling future declines, 245, 244, 274-276
parasites, 68, 69
recoveries, 7, 279
Mammoths, 229
Mangareva Island, 105, 106
Mangroves, 250
Marine ecosystems.
See also Continental shelves;
Coral reefs;
Estuaries and coastal seas;
Fisheries;
Open ocean
carbon cycling, 18
controlling threats to, 24-26
extinctions, 173
guilds, 177-178
high-seas ballast water exchange, 335
hypoxic/dead zones, 12, 15-16, 23, 24
invasive species, 199
inventory programs, 323a
invertebrate origination/extinction dynamics, 207-225
mass extinctions, 28, 29, 182-185, 186
models, 150, 151
predictions, 22-24
protected areas, 20, 21
spatial dynamics of diversity, 190-206
trophic cascades, 1, 6, 12, 13, 16-17, 21, 23
synergistic effects on, 1-2, 5, 6, 12, 21-22, 26
Marsupials, 203, 265
Martiny, Jennifer B. H., 84, 149-166
Mascarene Islands, 52
Mass extinctions.
See also Spatial dynamics of extinctions
biases in fossil record, 174, 191, 198, 209, 210-211, 219, 223
causes, xv-xvi, 1, 28-29, 30, 43-44
Cretaceous–Tertiary (K-T) boundary, 29, 167, 175, 183, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190-191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 205, 214, 215, 218, 221
current spasm, xv-xvi, xvii, 1, 28, 29-30, 43-44, 71-72, 168, 172, 209, 212, 214, 219-220, 222
end-Permian, 29, 167, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176-177, 179, 182, 183, 184, 186, 199, 205, 208, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218, 220, 221
end-Triassic, 29, 167, 175, 183, 186, 187, 212, 213, 214
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and extinction selectivity, 189
Guadalupian, 184
impacts, see Evolutionary impacts of extinctions
Late Devonian, 28-29, 167, 180, 183-184, 186, 187, 212, 213, 214, 215
losses, 192-194
metabolic activity and, 178
number of events, 28
Ordovician–Silurian boundary, 28, 167, 173, 183, 184, 197, 199, 213, 214, 215, 221
origination/extinction dynamics, 168, 208, 212-214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219-220, 221
overkill hypothesis, 30, 168, 233, 300
Pleistocene, 30, 198, 201, 202, 221, 271;
see also Quaternary Megafauna Extinction
recovery, 171-172, 178, 185-186, 221, 279
regional pulses, 198, 199, 204
selectivity during, 189, 190, 191-197, 203, 205
survivorship, 2, 28-29, 30, 42-43, 175, 189, 190-191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 199-200, 203-204, 214
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 303
Mastigophora, 66
May, Robert, 64-65, 79, 82
Mediterranean basin, 250, 254
MEL (multiple element limitation) model, 151
Melastomataceae, 258
Mendel, Gregor, 282
Mesozoa, 66
Mesozoic, 40, 212
Metabolic scaling theory, 178
Methane, 158
Mexico, 32, 40, 41, 70, 321, 325
Microbial community composition
bioreactor models, 158
black box ecosystem models, 84, 150, 151-154
C amendment and, 154, 155, 157, 165
CO2 enrichment and, 154, 155, 157, 165
defined, 152
direct manipulation, 159
and ecosystem processes, 157, 158, 159-164
functional redundancy, 84, 149, 152, 153, 154, 157-158, 165
horizontal gene transfer and, 153, 156, 284
incorporating microbes into ecosystem process models, 149, 159-164
metagenomic or metatranscriptomic approaches, 164
mineral fertilization and, 154, 155, 157, 165
phospholipids fatty acid analysis, 155, 159
phylogenetic relationships, 84, 161-164, 165
physiological response of taxa, 159-164, 165
portfolio effect, 164
potential impacts of disturbance on, 153-154
resilience to change, 84, 149, 152-153, 154, 156-157, 165
resistance to disturbance, 84, 149, 152, 153, 154-156, 165
temperatures and, 154, 155, 157, 165
transplant experiments, 158
Microbial pollution, 12, 15
Microorganisms.
See also Bacterial;
Microbial
diversity, 150
climate change and, 128, 150
ecosystem services, 150, 151
reef ecosystems, 179-180
Middle America, amphibian extinctions, 39, 41
Middle Eastern coral reefs, 46
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 75, 76, 107, 264, 274, 334
Minute salamanders (Thorius spp.), 40-41
Miocene, 48, 201, 256, 257, 287
Mississippi–Missouri river system, 15
Molecular genetics.
See also Biodiversity genetics
evolution-development field, 283
marker applications, 294
Mollusca, 66, 192, 194, 198, 199, 200.
See also Bivalve mollusks
Monk seal, 21
Montane ecosystems. See Elevational diversity gradients;
Tropical montane species
beta-diversity, 130-131
climate change and, 134
Monteverde Cloud Forest Preserve, 37, 38, 39
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Morlon, Hélène, 127-147
Morphologic diversity, 171, 176-177, 181, 183-184, 185, 186, 197, 251, 267
Mussels, 9, 191, 194, 305
N
Nassau grouper (Epinephalus striatus), 21
National Center for Biotechology Information, 143
National Moth Night, 322
National Research Council, 6, 17
National Science Foundation, 345
Natural Capital Project, 340
Nature Conservancy, 290, 340
Nauru Island, 105, 106
Nematodes, 3, 64, 68, 69, 72
Neogene, 210, 223
Neutral biodiversity theory, 83, 107, 110-112
New Guinea, 42, 47, 50
New World species, 31, 256, 270
New York University, vii
New Zealand, 33, 86, 91, 98, 102, 105, 106, 174, 322
Niche construction, 179, 186, 219
Niche incumbency models, 217-218
Niger, 341
Nitrogen, 11, 15, 16, 25, 135, 136, 137, 142, 146, 150, 332
Norfolk Island, 95, 105, 106
North Africa, 200
North America
amphibian diversity, 32
bloom taxa, 200
clade disjunctions, 258
extinctions, 30, 198, 200, 230, 233, 234, 236, 239
national parks and preserves, 336
species diversity, 259
Western Interior Seaway, 198
North American Butterfly Association, 321
North Atlantic, 9, 12, 234, 257
North Sea, 9, 14
North Temperate Zone, 31, 273
Northern Hemisphere, dispersion of plant lineages, 247, 254, 257, 258-259
Northern Line Islands, 105, 106
Northern right whale, 7-8
Novacek, Michael, 244-245, 297-315
O
Oaks (Quercus), 182, 253
Ocean.
See also Marine ecosystems;
specific bodies and locations
sea level changes, 184-185
Odontodactylidae, 49
Old World species, 32, 256, 270
Oligocene, 256, 287
Onycophorans, 174
Opalinata, 66
Open ocean pelagic realm
climate change and, 17-18, 23
exploitation, 9, 10, 11, 16-17, 23
status, 23
vertical mixing, 17, 23, 24
Operation Migration, 324-325
Ordovician, 210, 212, 220.
See also Mass extinctions
Origination/extinction dynamics.
See also Extinction;
Spatial dynamics of extinctions;
Speciation
Big Five mass extinctions, 168, 208, 212-214, 215
bloom taxa, 200
body size and, 45, 46, 49-50, 51, 54, 56, 59, 60-61, 168, 192, 194, 195, 196, 265, 271, 272, 273
causal model, 217-218
competition, 211, 218, 222
continuous time rates, 210
density dependence, 208, 215-217, 221, 222
and endemism, 51, 58, 60-61, 83, 91, 124
equilibrial models, 208-209, 215-221, 222
geographic range size and, 58-60, 75, 76, 77, 192, 333
invasive species and, 85-86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91-93, 94, 97, 98, 99-100, 101, 103
latitudinal distribution and, 58, 201-203
life history speciation/extinction hypothesis, 51
marine invertebrates, 207-225
methods, 223-224
niche incumbency models, 217-218
niche reconstruction hypothesis, 219
percolation models, 217
periodicity hypothesis, 207, 208, 214, 215
Phanerozoic decline in rates, 207, 208, 210-212
previous models, 218-219
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pulsed turnover rates, 168, 209-210
recovery predictions, 168, 207, 208, 209, 219-221, 222
Red Queen hypothesis, 209
reef ecosystems, 2, 10, 18-21, 23, 49-51, 56, 58-60, 61
saturation, 208
self-organized criticality model, 207, 215, 218
spatial aspects of, 199, 200, 204
species–area relationships, xvi, 88, 100, 192
and species diversity, 51, 58-60
Orme, C. David L., 263-279
Osteichthys, 68, 72
Oysters, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 21
P
Pacific Marine Mammal Center, 326
Pacific Ocean. See Central Pacific
Pakistan, 200
Paleobiology Database, 168, 208, 223
Paleocene, 48, 287
PALEOMAP Project, 257
Paleozoic, 182, 186, 192, 212, 214, 217
Pamlico Sound, 7
Panama, 38, 42, 115, 117, 124, 198
Panda clownfish, 60
PANGEA WORLD, 290-291, 292
Papua New Guinea, 32
Paradoxa, 64
Parasite biodiversity
aquaculture and, 25
avian hosts, 63, 73-77
biomass, 81
climate change and, 63, 75-76
cryptic species, 67, 69
discovery rates, 67
diversity gradients, 69-70
ecosystem services, 64, 77-82
extinction rates, 2-3, 64, 69, 71-73, 77, 80, 81-82
food web structure, 3, 64, 70-71, 78-80, 82
geographic distribution of diversity, 73-75, 77
habitat loss, 63-64, 75-76
host specificity, 3, 63, 67-68, 69-70, 71-73, 77, 81
number of helminthes, 2-3, 63, 64, 66-69
number of hosts, 3, 67-69
pollutant regulation, 64, 80, 81-82
range size, 75, 77
regulation of host populations, 64, 78-80
Paz Con la Naturaleza, 336-337
Peking University, viii
Pentastomida, 66
Phanerozoic extinctions. See Mass extinctions
Philippines, 47, 52
Phillips, John, 173
Phosphorus, 150
Phylogenetic diversity
analytical method, 144-146
clustering, 41, 59, 84, 127, 130, 132, 133, 138, 175, 253
community composition, 144-145, 248
distance–decay relationships, 131, 134, 145-146
ecological correlations, 248-251
elevational gradients in bacteria vs. plants, 127-147
environmental drivers, 146
and feature diversity, 130
homoplasy and, 248, 249, 250, 284, 285
mass extinctions and, 171, 173, 174-176, 183, 184, 186, 197
molecular clocks, 283
nearest taxon index, 130, 133, 134, 136, 140, 144
net relatedness index, 130, 133, 134, 136, 140, 144
overdispersion, 127, 130, 133, 134, 138, 253, 279
phylogenetic similarity of communities, 145-146
physiological response of microbial taxa and, 159-164, 165
sampling issues, 139, 141, 142
scaling issues, 132, 133, 138, 139, 140, 141
and species diversity, 253
taxon richness and, 175
Tree of Life project, 264, 283-289
Phylogenetic niche conservatism
abiotic habitat filtering and, 253
alpine plant radiations in Andes, 247, 257, 259
analytical tools, 260
climate change and, 247, 249, 250-251, 252, 254-255, 258, 260-261
and community composition, 252-254
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competition and, 252, 253, 258
defined, 251
elevational diversity, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 259
environmental connectivity and, 255, 256-259, 260
examples, 247, 256-259
and future of biodiversity, 243-244, 260-261
intercontinental disjunctions of tropical plants, 247, 256-258
migration corridors and, 243, 254-256, 259, 260-261
Northern Hemisphere dispersion of plant lineages, 247, 254, 257, 258-259
pathogen sharing and, 253
and plant diversity distribution, 243, 244, 247, 250, 251-252, 254, 255
and regional species pools, 252, 254
research potential, 260
tropical niche conservatism hypothesis, 252, 258
Phylogeographic surveys, 291-292
Phytoplankton, 13, 49-50, 150
Pinnipeds, 7, 8
Pipefish, 295
Pitcairn Island, 105, 106
Plankton, 17, 22, 23, 51, 55, 71, 151, 185, 197, 323.
See also Phytoplankton;
Zooplankton
Plant biodiversity.
See also Amazonian tree diversity;
Angiosperms
Amazonian Basin, 113
characterization of communities, 143-144
community composition, 132-134, 150-151, 254
competitive exclusion vs. facilitation, 134
convergent evolution, 134
developmental, 182
distance–decay relationships, 134
ecological correlations, 248-251
and ecosystem processes, 150-151
elevational gradients, 127-147
environmental drivers, 134-138
fynbos of South Africa, 175, 253, 309
hotspots, 290
intercontinental disjunctions of tropical plants, 247, 256-258
invasion/extinction dynamics on islands, 85-87, 89, 91-100, 101, 104-106
mainland vs. island, 92, 93
morphologic, 182
naturalized species on islands, 94, 96, 97, 103, 104-106
Northern Hemisphere dispersion of lineages, 247, 254, 257, 258-259
phylogenetic niche conservatism, 247-261
taxon richness, 131, 132, 175
Platyhelminthes, 66
Pleistocene
climate change, 29, 190, 198, 201, 202
coral reefs, 19
extinctions, 30, 198, 201, 202, 221, 271
parks, 281, 289-292
phylogeographic differentiation, 291
temporal banding of species, 287
Plethodontidae, 31, 42
Pliocene, 201, 287
Poaceae, 250
Polar regions, 63, 76, 100, 202, 203
Pollock, 8, 12
Pollution
air, 35
amphibian sensitivity, 31
carbon, 332, 335
control, 335
and extinctions, 88, 101, 205
heavy metals, 81
and mammalian biodiversity, 269
nutrient, from agriculture, 11-12, 15, 23, 24, 43, 332
parasites as buffers, 78, 81-82
prevention, 25
public attitudes, 303, 315
synergistic effects, 6, 22, 26, 28, 88, 309
water, 11-12, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 46, 297, 303, 315
Polychaete worms, 14
Pomfrets, 17
Pogonophora, 66
Population. See Human population
diversity and extinctions, see Amphibians;
Mammalian biodiversity;
other populations
Porifera, 66
Portfolio effect, 164
Predator species and predation.
See also Infectious diseases;
specific predators
competition, 47
and extinctions, 89-91, 93, 101, 205, 208
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fish stocks, 1, 6, 9, 12, 13, 16-17, 20-21, 23, 333
human activities, see Hunting
invasive species, 85
parasitism, 69, 71, 89, 101
and speciation, 208
Priapulida, 66
Primates, 73, 265, 270, 286
Pringle, Robert M., 245, 329-344
Productivity.
See also Energy/productivity dynamics
and biodiversity, 173, 178, 265, 266
and body size, 49, 53-54, 60-61, 229
and life history, 53-54
mass extinctions and, 184, 185
terrain elevation and, 54
Protosquillidae, 49
Pseudacris regilla, 36
Pseudoeurycea spp., 40
Pseudomonads, 157
Pseudosquillidae, 49
Public engagement in biodiversity
BioBlitz biodiversity surveys, 314, 317
citizen science, 313-314, 318-327
crafting the message, 305-309
delivering the message, 309-314
ecological argument, 308
economic argument, 307-308
ecotourism, 336, 338-339, 343
education outreach, 293-296, 311, 342
ethical, moral, and aesthetic argument, 302-303, 306-307
identifying species, 314, 317, 319-321
Internet options, 311-312, 320-321, 324, 343-344
limits to, 325-326
media participation, 310-312, 335-336
monitoring distributions of species, 317, 320, 323-324
monitoring migrations, 317, 320, 324-325
monitoring populations, 317, 321-323
movies and TV series, 296, 306-307, 311
organizations for, 327
public science venues, 312-313
relating biodiversity to other issues, 309
rescue and restoration, 317, 326-327
strategies for, 299-301, 338
understanding audiences, 301-305
Public understanding of biodiversity crisis
attitude about climate change and, 297, 300, 303-304, 309, 310-311
and behavior, 299-300
“biodiversity” term, 301, 305
evidence of positive response, 302-303
misperceptions in, 301-302
priority ranking of biodiversity, 297, 304
“recovery” of populations, 305-306
science illiteracy, 300, 343
surveys of, 302-303, 305
Pull of the Recent, 209, 210, 211, 223
Purple nonsulfur bacteria, 156
Purvis, Andy, 244, 263-279
Puya, 259
Q
Quaternary Megafauna Extinction (QME)
biomass crash, 227, 231-234
biomass tradeoffs, 168-169, 229, 233
carrying capacity for megafauna biomass, 236-237
causes, 168, 228, 229, 236
chronology, 229-230, 238
climate change and, 168, 227, 228, 230, 234, 236
comet explosion and, 228, 230, 234, 236
domesticate biomass, 232, 239-240
ecosystem dynamics, 234
energy/productivity dynamics, 169, 227, 228-229, 235-236, 237
estimating biomass, 238-240
geographic distribution of losses, 230, 238
habitat alterations and, 168, 228, 233, 236, 237
human-associated biomass, 227, 231, 233, 234, 236, 237, 238
hunting and, 227, 228, 233, 239, 236, 237
Industrial Revolution and, 227, 235, 236, 237
nonhuman megafauna biomass, 227, 239
overkill hypothesis, 30, 168, 233, 300
recovery of biomass, 227, 234-236
sensitivity tests, 240
species losses, 168, 227, 228, 231, 236-237
threshold event, 233, 236
Quillworts, 186
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R
Radiolarians, 184
Rana spp., 33, 36-37, 42
Rare species, 11, 41, 57, 66, 77, 84, 100, 107, 108, 110, 117, 121, 123, 124, 290, 319, 321
Ray, John, 65, 66
Reaka, Marjorie L., 2, 45-61
Recovery from extinctions
biomass following QME, 227, 234-236
diversification debt, 198
evolutionary impacts, 171-172, 178, 185-186, 187, 204
marine organisms, 168, 199, 200, 201-203
predictions, 168, 207, 208, 209, 219-221, 222, 279
public understanding of, 305-306
rates, 218
saturation point, 208
spatial dynamics, 168, 189, 190, 199-200, 201-203, 204
terrestrial animals, 203
Red Sea, 52
Reef ecosystems
architectural diversity losses, 179-180, 182-183, 186-187
atoll elevation correlates, 49-50, 54, 55, 60, 61, 272
biodiversity, 2, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49-51, 52, 58-60, 61, 111, 179
bleaching, 22, 23
climate change and, 21, 22, 23, 26, 46, 332
CO2 levels and, 220, 332
diseases, 21, 22, 23, 46
fauna losses, 10, 18-21, 23, 299, 330
macroalgal cover, 18, 21-22, 180
mass extinctions and, 179-180, 182-183, 184, 186-187, 197
microbial, 179-180
mud mounds, 18
origination/extinction dynamics, 59-60
overexploitation, 21-22, 23, 46
restoration, 341
status, 2, 23, 46
threats to, 1-2, 46
value of, 46
Reef stomatopods
body size correlates, 45, 46, 48, 49-50, 51, 54, 55-58, 59, 60-61
diurnal vertical migrations, 60
divergence across biogeographic barriers, 59
diversity, 2, 45, 47, 48, 49-55, 60
endemism, 51-55, 59, 60
extinction/speciation dynamics, 2, 49-51, 56, 59-60, 61
life history patterns, 53-54, 55-58
Reptilies, 11, 67, 68, 72, 80, 101, 128, 182
Resilience to ecosystem disturbances, 149, 152-153, 154, 156-157, 165, 177, 337
Rheobatrachus spp., 37
Ricklefs, Robert, 260
Rio Santo Domingo, 40
Robinson, Frank and Fran, 319
Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, 142, 143
Rocky Mountains, 129
Rodgers, Paula J., 45-61
Rolypoly pillbugs, 294-295
ROOTS, 326
Rosen, W. J., 298
Rubiaceae, 116
S
Sackler, Arthur M., vii-viii.
See Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium
Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii
Salamanders, 2, 27, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42-43
Salmon, 8, 11, 25
Salt-marsh communities, 70-71, 81
San Francisco Bay, 15
Santa Fe Institute, 178
Sarcodina, 66
Sax, Dov F., 83, 85-106
Scaling theory, 178-179
Scallops, 13, 191, 194
Schumpeter, Joseph, 185
Scotese, C. R., 257
Scotian shelf, 9
Sea mink (Mustela macrodon), 7
Sea otters, 13
Sea turtles, 9
Sea urchins, 10, 13, 21, 22
Seagrasses, 9, 10, 11, 23, 250
Seahorses, 295
Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge, 327
Seaweeds, 8, 23
Second Sundays program, 326
Sedimentation, 11, 15, 18, 46
Sediments, biogenic, 18
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Self-organized criticality model, 207, 215, 218
Sequoia National Park, 35
Shapiro, Arthur, 322
Sharks, 9-10, 11, 12-13, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23
Shellfish, 8, 23, 326.
See also Bivalve mollusks;
Crustaceans
Shrimp, 13, 15, 25, 45, 47.
See also Reef stomatopods
Siberia, 229
Siberian Traps, 29
Sierra de Mazateca, 40
Sierra Madre Oriental, 40, 41
Sierra Nevada of California, 27-28, 33, 35, 37, 38, 30, 40, 41
Sierra Nevada yellow-legged frog (Rana sierrae), 33, 35, 36-37
Signor–Lipps effect, 223
Silurian, 212.
See also Mass extinctions
Sipunculida, 66
Sirenia, 9
Snails, 47, 73, 80, 81, 197, 295
Snow crabs, 13
Society Islands, 52
South Africa, 175, 180, 253, 309
South America
amphibians, 37, 39
bird diversity, 252
clade disjunctions, 256
deforestation, 298
megafauna extinctions, 230, 232, 233, 234, 239
Southeast Asia, 46, 298
Southern yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa), 33, 35, 36-37
Spatial dynamics of extinctions.
See also Elevational diversity gradients;
Geographic range
bivalve model, 191
climate and, 190, 201, 202, 204, 205, 337
complexity, 198-199
diversification debt, 189, 198, 199
hitchhiking effects, 189, 193, 196-197, 203-204, 205
incumbency effects, 174, 189, 196, 201, 203, 205
integrated paleontological-neontological approach, 189, 203-206
invasions, 93, 189-190, 191, 199-200, 201, 202-203, 204, 205
latitudinal gradients, 58, 191, 201-203
out-of-the-tropics model, 201-202, 204
recoveries, 168, 189, 190, 198, 199-200, 201-203, 204
regional events, 198, 199, 204
selectivity during mass extinctions, 168, 189, 190, 191-197, 203, 205
Speciation.
See also Origination/extinction dynamics
allopatric, 259
body size and, 45, 46, 49-50, 59, 60-61
geographic range and, 59, 75
and life history characteristics, 59
mass extinctions and, 199, 200, 204
phylogenetic niche conservatism and, 251
species diversity and, 51, 58, 60
stomatopod, 49-50, 51
temperature and, 49
time-for-speciation factor, 252
Species–area relationships, xvi, 88, 100, 113, 138, 330
Species diversity.
See also Biodiversity;
Speciation
and endemism, 45, 46, 60, 61
extinction/speciation dynamics and, 51, 58-60
faunal carryover hypothesis, 48
hypothesis, 51
life history speciation/extinction hypothesis, 51
niche-based models, 86-87, 259
phylogenetic diversity and, 253
reef stomatopods, 2, 45, 47, 48, 49-55, 60
saturation point, 86-87
and survival of mass extinctions, 194, 195, 196
Species–energy relationships, 179
Sponges, 10, 21, 175, 179, 180, 184
Squamata, 174
Sri Lanka, 33
St. John’s worts (Hypericaceae), 258
Staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis), 18, 19, 21
Stanford University, 340
Starfish, 50
State University of New York at Stony Brook, viii
Stebbins, Ledyard, 249
Stingray (Dasyatis violacea), 17
Stomatopods. See Reef stomatopods
Stromatoporoids, 180, 184
Stripe-eyed hoverfly (Eristalinus taeniops), 324
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Swan Island Conservation Area, 14
Synergistic effects of anthropogenic activities
climate change, 22, 24, 29, 30, 39, 124, 205, 333
habitat fragmentation and loss, 1, 5, 6, 12, 30, 44, 88, 124, 205, 260-261, 309, 333-334
infectious disease, 2, 39, 88, 101
invasive species, 1, 5, 30, 88, 276
in marine diversity losses, 1-2, 5, 6, 12, 21-22, 26
pollution, 6, 22, 26, 28, 88, 309
Systematics
network of life model, 284-285, 288-289
temporal banding strategy, 286-288
tree of life model, 244, 284, 285, 286-288, 292
T
Tabebuia guayacan, 115, 117
Tabuaeran (Fanning) Island, 95, 105, 106
Takuidae, 49
Tax policies, 25
Taxic diversity
mass extinctions and, 171-172, 173-174, 175, 183, 184, 185-186, 187
Taxonomists, 65
Tel Aviv University, vii
Temperature
and microbial community composition, 154, 155, 157, 165
and speciation, 49
Tentaculata, 66
ter Steege, Hans, 107-125
Terbough, John, 289, 293
Terrestrial ecosystem models, 150, 151
Tethys Seaway, 60
Tidepool Education Interpretive Program, 325
Trace fossils, 180, 183, 184
Trawling and dredging, 11, 12, 13, 14-15, 23, 323
Tree of Life, xvi, 244, 284, 285, 286-288, 292
Trematodes, 2, 64, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 50
Trigonioids, 197
Trilobites, 175, 181, 184, 186
Tristan da Cunha, 95, 105, 106
Trophic structures
cascades in marine ecosystems, 1, 6, 12, 13, 16-17, 21, 23
mass extinctions and, 177-178, 196
Tropical Pacific fisheries, 9, 17
Tropical forest.
See also Amazonian tree diversity;
Deforestation
fragmentation, 124
Tropical montane species, 31, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42
Tropical rain forests, 6, 249, 308
Tuatara, 174
Tufts University, vii
Tuna, 11, 16, 17
U
U.S. Geological Survey, 323, 324
U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, 25
United States
amphibian diversity, 32
Endangered Species Act, 172, 302
global warming trends, 39
University of Arizona, 143
Upper Newport Bay
Back Bay Science Center, 323
State Ecological Reserve, 319
V
Valerianaceae, 250, 259
Venezuela, 331
Verdu, Miguel, 254
Violets (Violaceae), 258
Volcanism, 29
Vredenburg, Vance T., 2, 27-44
W
Wake, David B., 2, 27-44
Wadden Sea, 7
Webb, Campbell, 249
Wetlands, 9, 11, 15, 326, 341
Whales, 7-8, 323, 324, 325
Whitmore, T. C., 123
Wiens, John, 252
Wikispecies, 343
Wilderness Areas, 33, 35
Willows (Salicaceae), 258
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Wilson, E. O., xvi, 295, 298, 306
Wisch, Hartmut, 320-321
Wolves, 341
World Wildlife Fund, 270, 271, 340
Wrangel and St. Paul Island, 229-230
Y
Yangtze River, 15
Yasuni National Park, 113
Yellowstone National Park, 289, 341
Yosemite National Park, 33, 36
Younger Dryas, 228, 230, 234, 235, 236, 237
Z
Zooplankton, 13
Zosteraceae, 250
