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About the Authors
Gerald F. Gebhart (Chair), PhD, professor and Director of the Center for Pain
Research at the University of Pittsburgh. Dr. Gebhart has more than three
decades of experience in pain research that has focused on endogenous
systems of pain control and mechanisms of hypersensitivity, most recently
visceral hypersensitivity. He has developed widely used animal models for the
study of mechanisms of post-operative, incisional pain and visceral pain
(stomach and colon). He served on ILAR Council, was editor of the ILAR Journal
and served on ILAR committees that produced Recognition and Alleviation of
Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals (1992) and the current "Guide" (1996).
He is a past president of the American Pain Society, is currently editor-in-chief
of the Society's Journal of Pain and is President-elect (2005-08)/President
(2008-11) of the International Association for the Study of Pain.
Allan I. Basbaum, PhD, FRS, IOM, Professor and Chair of the Department of
Anatomy and a member of the W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative
Neurosciences at the University of California San Francisco. He has been
studying the peripheral and central nervous system mechanisms that underlie
the generation and control of pain for over four decades. A major component
of his research involves behavioral analysis of animals, including responses to
peripheral stimulation in the setting of tissue or nerve injury. His laboratory
uses a variety of injury conditions that model clinical pain states, so that novel
therapeutic targets for the control of pain may be identified. Assessment and
measurement of pain behavior is thus a critical element of the work that is
performed in his laboratory. He is currently Editor-in-Chief of Pain, the journal
of the International Association for the Study of Pain.
Stephanie J. Bird, PhD is a laboratory-trained neuroscientist whose current
research interests focus on ethical issues associated with scientific research,
especially in the area of neuroscience. She is co-Editor in Chief of the journal
Science and Engineering Ethics. As Special Assistant to the Provost and Vice
President for Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from
1992 to 2003, Dr. Bird worked on the development of educational programs
that addressed ethical issues in science and engineering, professional
responsibilities, and ethical issues in research practice and science more
generally. Dr. Bird is an active member of the Society for Neuroscience and
chaired the Social Issues Committee from 2003-2005. She is also an active
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174 Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals
member and Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science (AAAS) and has been Secretary of the Societal Impacts of Science and
Engineering Section of the AAAS since 1995. Dr. Bird has been a member of the
Tufts University Animal Care and Use Committee since 1991.
Paul Flecknell, MA, VetMB, PhD, is professor at the Medical School of
Newcastle University. He is a Diplomate of the European Colleges of Veterinary
Anaesthesia and Analgesia and Laboratory Animal Medicine, and a Diplomate of
the UK Royal College of Veterinary Medicine in Laboratory Animal Science. He
is also a veterinarian and has a PhD in Physiology. He has undertaken research
in the area of animal anaesthesia and analgesia for over 25 years, and
published extensively in these fields. He also acts as the clinical veterinarian at
a large multi-species research animal unit, and is actively involved in
implementing pain assessment and alleviation techniques in a range of species.
He teaches pain management to a number of different groups on a regular
basis.
Lyndon J. Goodly, DVM, MS is Associate Vice Chancellor for Research at
University of Illinois Urbana-Champain. As a Diplomate of the American College
of Laboratory Animal Medicine with over 16 years of experience in the field, he
has worked with a vast array of animals including amphibians, cats, dogs, fish,
non-human primates, rodents, swine, and other agricultural species. He has
served as an ad hoc member of two NIH Special Emphasis Panels, and as a
voting member of a number of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.
Alicia Z. Karas, MS, DVM, is Assistant Professor in Tufts University’s Cummings
School of Veterinary Medicine. She teaches anesthesiology and pain medicine
and works extensively with researchers, IACUCs and laboratory animal
organizations to promote and lecture on best practices of current veterinary
pain medicine. She was a member of the School’s IACUC for the past 10 years,
Vice Chair since 1999. She is also a member of the Board of Directors of the
International Veterinary Academy of Pain Management. Her research areas
include methods of assessment and treatment of pain in mice, rabbits, dogs,
and goats, improved methods of handling laboratory animals and humane
endpoints. She is currently on the editorial board for Lab Animal Magazine,
and an editor and an author of the 2008 version of the ACLAM text Anesthesia
and Analgesia of Laboratory Animals.
Stephen T. Kelley, DVM, MS, is Clinical Associate Professor at the University of
Washington and a retired Supervisory Veterinarian and Head of Veterinary
Medicine and Surgery at the Washington National Primate Research Center. As
a Diplomate of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine he has had
over 33 years of experience working with nonhuman primates in clinical and
research settings, including both Old and New World species. Additionally, Dr.
Kelley has served as a Member of the Council on Accreditation of the
Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care
International (AAALAC) since 1998.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS 175
Jane Lacher, DVM, is the clinical veterinarian for The Dow Chemical Company
Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting Laboratory (TERC), where
she is responsible for care and welfare of a variety of animal species on chronic
oncogenicity, metabolism, immunotoxicology, neurotoxicology, respiratory
toxicology, acute toxicology, genetic toxicology, reproductive, and
developmental toxicology studies. Dr. Lacher dialogs with and advises co-
workers on humane practices and endpoints involving animals in toxicology
studies and is a member of The Dow Chemical Company Animal Welfare
Opportunity Team responsible for assuring a corporate commitment to animal
welfare, both within the corporation and when studies must be placed in
contract research organizations.
Georgia Mason, PhD, is Canada Research Chair in Animal Welfare at the
University of Guelph. Her main research interest is the chronic effects of
standard housing on brain, behaviour and welfare. She is particularly interested
in the use of behavioural measures (e.g. preference/avoidance; abnormal
activities such as stereotypy) in objective welfare assessment. Her laboratory
animal welfare projects include the effect of early enrichment on later welfare
in mice; the effect of different enrichments on alopecia, aggression and
corticosteroid excretion in rhesus macaques; the effects of different cage-
cleaning regimes on rat and mouse welfare (in collaboration with Harlan UK);
the effect of weaning age on mouse anxiety; and the use of
chromodacryorrhoea and corticosterone from single micturations in assessing
acute stress in the rat. Dr. Mason also sits on the University of Guelph’s IACUC.
Lynne U. Sneddon, PhD, is lecturer at the University of Liverpool. Her current
research program examines pain, fear and stress in fish using techniques in
neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, genomics, whole animal physiology, fMRI and
behaviour. Previously she identified nociceptors in fish and subsequently
embarked on projects which are aimed at understanding how important the
nociceptive experience is to the fish and also how to alleviate their pain by
examining a number of analgesics. She was part of the working group of the
Council of Europe's Farmed Fish Welfare guidelines endorsed in June 2006.
Currently she is part of the European Food Safety Association's working group
on farmed fish welfare. Dr. Sneddon is a member of the Association for the
Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB) ethical committee and served as an advisor
to numerous societies on their guidelines regarding fish including the Canadian
Care Council.
Sulpicio G. Soriano, MD, MSEd, FAAP, is the Children's Hospital Boston
Endowed Chair in Pediatric Neuroanesthesia and Associate Professor of
Anaesthesia at Harvard Medical School. He has been involved in anesthesia-
related investigations in laboratory animals for the last 20 years and is recently
studying the effects of anesthetic drugs on inflammation and the developing
central nervous system. In his clinical role as a pediatric
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176 Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals
neuroanesthesiologist, he advocates the humane use of anesthesia and
analgesia in animal research.
Consultant
Heidi L. Shafford, DVM, PhD, is a consultant in anesthesia and pain
management for research facilities and veterinary teams. She is a Diplomate
of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists. For over ten years Dr.
Shafford has been involved in studying the physiologic and behavioral effects of
pain and analgesics in a variety of laboratory animal models. Concurrently, she
assisted IACUCs, investigators and veterinary staff to establish protocols for
preventing and treating pain. Dr. Shafford owns and operates Veterinary
Anesthesia Specialists, LLC based in Portland, Oregon. She regularly provides
training related to anesthetic and analgesic practices for industry, academic,
private and professional organizations nationwide.
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