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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Nutrient Control Actions for Improving Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin and Northern Gulf of Mexico. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12544.
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Page 63
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Nutrient Control Actions for Improving Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin and Northern Gulf of Mexico. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12544.
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Page 64
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Nutrient Control Actions for Improving Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin and Northern Gulf of Mexico. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12544.
×
Page 65
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Nutrient Control Actions for Improving Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin and Northern Gulf of Mexico. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12544.
×
Page 66
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Nutrient Control Actions for Improving Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin and Northern Gulf of Mexico. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12544.
×
Page 67
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 2009. Nutrient Control Actions for Improving Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin and Northern Gulf of Mexico. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/12544.
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Page 68

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References Alexander, R. B., R. Smith, G. Schwarz, E. Boyer, J. Nolan, and J. Brakebill. 2008. Differences in Phosphorous and Nitrogen Delivery to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River Basin. Environmental Science & Technology 42 (3): 822–830. Blomquist, J. 2008. Assessing Trends in Chesapeake Bay Tributaries: Implications for timing of trend detection. Presentation to the NRC Committee on the Mississippi River and the Clean Water Act: Scientific, Modeling, and Technical Aspects of Nutrient Pollutant Load Allocation and Implementation. September 12. Washington, D.C. Baker, J. L., M. B. David, D. W. Lemke, and D. B. Jaynes. 2008. Understanding nutrient fate and transport. Pp. 1-17 In Final Report, Gulf Hypoxia and Local Water Quality Concerns Workshop, Sept. 26-28, Ames, IA. St. Joseph, MI: ASABE. Bennett, E. M., S. R. Carpenter, and N. F. Caraco. 2001. Human impact on erodable phosphorus and eutrophication: a global perspective. BioScience 51: 227–234. Cox, C. 2008. Making USDA Programs Work. Presentation to the NRC Committee on the Mississippi River and the Clean Water Act: Scientific, Modeling, and Technical Aspects of Nutrient Pollutant Load Allocation and Implementation. September 12. Washington, D.C. Dzurik, A. and D. Theriaque. 1996. Water Resource Planning. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Donner, S. D., M. T. Coe, J. D. Lenters, T. E. Twine, and J. A. Foley. 2002. Modeling the impact of hydrological changes on nitrate transport in the Mississippi River Basin from 1955 to 1994. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16: 10.1029/2001GB001396. Freedman, P., L. Shabman, and K. Reckhow. 2008. Don’t Debate; Adaptive implementation can help water quality professionals achieve TMDL goals. Water Environment & Technology (August): 67-71. Goolsby D. A., W. A. Battaglin, G. B. Lawrence, R. S. Artz, B. T. Aulenbach, R. P. Hooper, D. R. Keeney, and G. J. Stensland. 1999. Flux and Sources of Nutrients in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin, Topic 3 Report for the Integrated Assessment of Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 17. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Coastal Ocean Program. Goolsby, D.A. 2000. Mississippi River nitrogen flux believed to cause Gulf 63

64 NUTRIENT CONTROL ACTIONS FOR IMPROVING WATER QUALITY hypoxia. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 81:325– 327. Goolsby, D.A., and W.A. Battaglin. 2000. Nitrogen in the Mississippi Basin— Estimating Sources and Predicting Flux to the Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 135-00. Hatfield, J.L., L.D. McMullen, and C.S. Jones. 2008. Nitrate-N Patterns in the Raccoon River Basin Related to Agricultural Practices. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 63(5):292–299 Howarth, R. W., G. Billen, D. Swaney, A. Townsend, N. Jaworski, K. Lajtha, J. A. Downing, R. Elmgren, N. Caraco, T. Jordan, F. Berendse, J. Freney, V. Kudeyarov, P. Murdoch, and Z. Zhao-Liang. 1996. Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N & P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry 35:75–79. Justić, D., N. N. Rabalais, and R. E. Turner. 1996. Effects of climate change on hypoxia in coastal waters: A doubled CO, scenario for the northern Gulf of Mexico. Limnology and Oceanography 41 (5): 992–1003. Justić, D., N. N. Rabalais, and R. E. Turner. 1997. Impacts of climate change on net productivity of coastal waters: Implications for carbon budget and hypoxia. Climate Research 8: 225–237. Justić, D., N. N. Rabalais, and R. E. Turner. Modeling the impacts of decadal changes in riverine nutrient fluxes on coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi River Delta. Ecological Modeling 152: 33–46. Kalkhoff, S.J., K.K. Barnes, K.D. Becher, M.E. Savoca, D.J. Schnoebelen, E.M. Sadorf, S.D. Porter, and D.J. Sullivan. 2000. Water Quality in the Eastern Iowa Basins, Iowa and Minnesota, 1996–98: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1210. Available on-line at http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ circ1210/. Last accessed June 16, 2009. Langland, M. J., J. Raffensperger, D. Moyer, J. Landwehr, and G.E. Schwarz. 2006. Changes in streamflow and water quality in selected nontidal basins in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, 1985-2004: U. S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5178, 75 p, 1 CD. Lindsey, B. D., S.W. Phillips, C.A. Donnelly, G.K. Speiran, N. Plummer, J.K. Bohlke, M.J. Focazio, W.C. Burton, and E. Busenberg. 2003. Residence times and nitrate transport in ground water discharging to streams in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: U. S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4035. Lopez, C. B., E. B. Jewett, Q. Dortch, B. T. Walton, and H. K. Hudnell. 2008. Scientific Assessment of Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms. Interagency Working Group on Harmful Algal Blooms, Hypoxia, and Human Health of the Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology. Washington, D.C. LUMCON (Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium). 2007. Dead zone size near top end. LUMCON News. Available on-line at: http://www.lumcon. edu/Information/news/default.asp?XMLFilename=200707311648.xml. Last accessed June 16, 2009.

REFERENCES 65 LUMCON. 2008. ‘Dead zone’ Again Rivals Record Size. LUMCON News. Available on-line at: http://www.lumcon.edu/Information/news/ default.asp?XMLFilename=200807281352.xml. Last accessed June 15, 2009. MS River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force. 2001. Action Plan for Reducing, Mitigating, and Controlling Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Washington, D.C.: EPA. MS River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force. 2008. Gulf Hypoxia Action Plan 2008 for Reducing, Mitigating, and Controlling Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico and Improving Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin. Washington, D.C.: EPA. Meade, R.H. (ed.). 1995. Contaminants in the Mississippi River, 1987-1992. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1133. U.S. Department of the Interior. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey. Mee, L. D. 2001. Eutrophication in the Black Sea and a basinwide approach to its control. Pp. 71-91 In von Bodungen, B. and R. K. Turner (eds.), Science and Integrated Coastal Management, Dahlem University Press, Berlin. McMullen, L.D. 2001 Remediation at the water treatment plant. Pp. 455-460 In Follett, R.F. and J.L. Hatfield (eds.), Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Milliman, J.D., and R. H. Meade. 1983. World-wide delivery of river sediment to the ocean. Journal of Geology 91: 1–21. NRC (National Research Council). 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. NRC. 2008. Mississippi River Water Quality and the Clean Water Act: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2000. A Total Maximum Daily Load Analysis to Achieve Water Quality Standards for Dissolved Oxygen in Long Island Sound. Albany, NY: NY DEP. PADEP (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection). 2008. Agricultural Nutrient Management Requirements in Pennsylvania-Draft. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Available at: http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/chesapeake/lib/chesapeake/pdfs/draftagricult uralbaselinecompliance.pdf. Last accessed June 16, 2009. Rabalais, N. N., R. E. Turner, W.J. Wiseman, and D.F. Boesch. 1991. A brief summary of hypoxia on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf: 1985—1988. In Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia: 35-47. R. V. Tyson and T. H. Pearson. London, Geological Society Special Publication. 58: 470. Rabalais, N.N, R.E. Turner, D. Justic, Q. Dortch, W.J. Wiseman, and B.K Sen Gupta. 1996. Nutrient changes in the Mississippi River and system

66 NUTRIENT CONTROL ACTIONS FOR IMPROVING WATER QUALITY responses on the adjacent continental shelf. Estuaries and Coasts 19 (2): 386–407. Rabalais, N.N., and R.E. Turner (eds.). 2001. Coastal Hypoxia: Consequences for Living Resources and Ecosystems. Coastal and Estuarine Studies 58. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. Rabalais, N. N., R. E. Turner, and D. Scavia. 2002. Beyond science into policy: Gulf of Mexico hypoxia and the Mississippi River. BioScience 52: 129– 142. Rabalais, N. N. 2005. Consequences of Mississippi River diversion for Louisiana Coastal Restoration. National Wetlands Newsletter, July-August, 2005: 21–24. Rabalais, N. N, and R. E. Turner. 2006. Oxygen depletion in the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the Mississippi River. Pp. 225-245 In Neretin, L.N. (ed.). Past and Present Marine Water Column Anoxia. NATO Science Series: IV-Earth and Environmental Sciences. Rabotyagov, S., T. Campbell, M. Jha, P. W. Gassman, J. Arnold, L. Kurkalova, S. Secchi, H. Feng, and C. L. Kling. 2007. Least Cost Control of Agricultural Nutrient Contributions to the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Zone. Ames, IA: Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Department of Economics, Iowa State University. Raffensperger, J. P., and M.J. Langland. 2007. Assessing changes in streamflow and nutrients. In Pp. 22-27 Phillips, S. W., (ed.) Synthesis of U. S. Geological Survey science for the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and implications for environmental management: U. S. Geological Survey Circular 1316. Sanford, W., and J. Pope. 2007. A simulation of groundwater discharge and nitrate delivery to the Chesapeake Bay from the lowermost Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Pp. 328–333 In Sanford, W., Langevin, C., Polemio, M., and Povinec, P. (eds.), A New Focus on Groundwater-Seawater Interaction: International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 312. Sanford, W., J. Pope, N. Plummer, J.K. Bohlke, J. Raffensperger, J. Bratton, W. Newell, and J. Denver. 2008. Ground-water Transport of Nitrate to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed—Modeling and Residence Time. Presentation to the NRC Committee on the Mississippi River and the Clean Water Act: Scientific, Modeling, and Technical Aspects of Nutrient Pollutant Load Allocation and Implementation. September 12. Washington, D.C. Schepf, M., and C. Cox (eds.). 2006. Environmental Benefits of Conservation on Cropland: The Status of Our Knowledge. Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society. Schilling, K.E., and J. Spooner. 2006. Landscape and Watershed Processes: Effects of Watershed-Scale Land Use Change on Stream Nitrate Concentrations. Journal of Environmental Quality 35:2132–2145. Schwabe, K. 2001. Nonpoint Source Pollution, Uniform Control Strategies, and the Neuse River Basin. Review of Agricultural Economics 23(2): 352– 369

REFERENCES 67 Sharpley, A., J. Schmidt, and G. Hergert. 2006. Nutrient Management Practices. In Schnepf and Cox (eds.), Environmental Benefits of Conservation on Cropland: The Status of Our Knowledge. Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society. Turner, R. E., and N. N. Rabalais. 2003. Linking landscape and water quality in the Mississippi River basin for 200 years. BioScience 53:563–572. Turner, R.E., N.N. Rabalais, and D. Justić. 2006. Predicting summer hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Riverine N, P, and Si loading. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52: 139–148. Turner, R. E., N. N. Rabalais, and D. Justić. 2008. Gulf of Mexico hypoxia: alternate states and a legacy. Environmental Science and Technology 42: 2323–2327. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 1994. USDA Agriculture Research Service, Cooperative State Research Service ARS-123 March 1994; Water Quality Research Plan for Management Systems Evaluation Areas (MSEAs). USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2003. Evaluation of the Experimental Rural Clean Water Program. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May (EPA-841-R-93-005) Available online at: http://www.water. ncsu.edu/ water-shedss/info/rcwp/. Last accessed June 16, 2009. USEPA. 1993. Evaluation of the Experimental Rural Clean Water Program. EPA-841-R-93-005. Available on-line at http://www.water.ncsu.edu/ watershedss/info/rcwp/. Last accessed June 16, 2009. USEPA. 2006. Point Source facility database created by the Management Action Reassessment Team for the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Nutrient Task Force. Available on-line at: http://yosemite.epa.gov/ sab/sabhap.nsf/2a890dc663b46bc685256d6306ac3aa/33d39eae644610ea85 257268005c54c0!OpenDocument. Last accessed June 16, 2009. USEPA. 2007. Hypoxia in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: An Update by the EPA Science Advisory Board. EPA-SAB-08-003. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. GAO (U.S. General Accounting Office). 2000. Water Quality: Key EPA and State Decisions Limited by Inconsistent and Incomplete Data. GAO/RCED-00-54. Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, General Accounting Office. Washington, D.C.: GAO. USGS (U.S. Geological Survey). 1999. Ecological Status and Trends of the Upper Mississippi River System 1998. K. Lubinski and C. Thieling (eds.). La Crosse, WI: U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center. Available on-line at http:www.umesc.usgs.gov/products. html. Last accessed June 16, 2009. USGS. 2008a. NASQAN Program Description. Available on-line at: http://water.usgs.gov/nasqan/progdocs/index.html. Last accessed June 16, 2009.

68 NUTRIENT CONTROL ACTIONS FOR IMPROVING WATER QUALITY USGS. 2008b. NAWQA: About the Program. Available on-line at: http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/about.html. Last accessed June 16, 2009. USGS. 2008c. USGS Long Term Resources Monitoring Program. Available on-line at: http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/ ltrmp.html. Last accessed June 16, 2009.

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A large area of coastal waters in the northern Gulf of Mexico experiences seasonal conditions of low levels of dissolved oxygen, a condition known as hypoxia. Excess discharge of nutrients into the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers causes nutrient overenrichment in the gulf's coastal waters and stimulates the growth of large algae blooms. When these algae die, the process of decomposition depletes dissolved oxygen from the water column and creates hypoxic conditions.

In considering how to implement provisions of the Clean Water Act to strengthen nutrient reduction objectives across the Mississippi River basin, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requested advice from the National Research Council. This book represents the results of the committee's investigations and deliberations, and recommends that the EPA and U.S. Department of Agriculture should jointly establish a Nutrient Control Implementation Initiative to learn more about the effectiveness of actions meant to improve water quality throughout the Mississippi River basin and into the northern Gulf of Mexico. Other recommendations include how to move forward on the larger process of allocating nutrient loading caps -- which entails delegating responsibilities for reducing nutrient pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus -- across the basin.

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