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Depression in Parents, Parenting, and Children: Opportunities to Improve Identification, Treatment, and Prevention
Index
A
Access to care, barriers to, 1, 16, 35-36, 37, 88, 258-261
Action for Boston Community Development, 353
Acupuncture, 220-221
Acute life events, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85-86, 87, 91, 94, 95-96, 97, 102, 136, 347
Addiction Severity Index, 194
Adolescents
coping, 150
depression, 58, 86, 89-90, 149-150, 153
emotional and behavioral problems, 127, 146, 148, 151-152
interventions, 232-233, 293-294
onset of depression, 75, 76, 96
parenting practices of depressed parents, 51, 60, 125-127
as parents, 89, 124, 128, 130-131
physical health and health care utilization, 135, 140
prevention of adverse effects in, 293-294
resilience to stress, 101
risky behaviors, 135-136, 140, 149
school dropout, 149
substance abuse, 140
Affect. See Negative affectivity
African Americans, 25, 26, 28, 54, 128, 129, 130, 136, 137, 139, 207, 216, 259, 305, 306, 309, 314, 318, 326, 328, 334, 347
Age factors.
See also Adolescents;
Child;
Children;
Early childhood;
Infants and toddlers;
Newborns
children of depressed parents, 23, 49-50, 51, 61, 119, 121, 125, 134, 139, 149, 151, 152, 153, 155, 159-160, 199, 387, 411
discrimination, 88
gestational at birth, 211
maternal, 128
onset of depression, 73, 75-76, 78, 120, 151, 152, 153
prevalence of depression, 15, 24
traumatic experiences, 156, 157, 158
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 235
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 8, 358, 359, 360, 375, 420, 423, 424
Aggression, dysregulated, 80, 120, 122, 128, 141, 148, 151, 154, 155, 297
Alateen, 308
Alcohol abuse, 90, 97-98, 123, 124, 136, 140, 141, 145, 156, 224, 228, 254, 256, 308, 389
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Alcoholics Anonymous 12-Step Program of Recovery, 308
Alternative medicines
acupuncture, 220-221
aromatherapy, 220
exercise, 219-220
massage therapy, 220
omega-3 fatty acids, 218
phototherapy, 219
reflexology, 220-221
St. John’s wort, 218-219
yoga, 220
American Academy of Family Practice, 186
American Academy of Pediatrics, 186, 213, 350
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 186, 239, 240, 350
American Indians, 260, 309
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, 422
Annie E. Casey Foundation, 18
Antenatal depression
education interventions, 239
and fetal development, 50-51, 132-133, 136-137
and newborn neurobehavioral outcomes, 144-145, 152
pharmacotherapy, 136-137
and pregnancy outcomes, 136
psychotherapy, 217
telecare, 226, 240
Antidepressants. See Pharmacotherapy;
individual drugs
Antisocial disorders, 31, 94, 125, 126, 141, 324
Anxiety disorders
in adolescents, 150, 154
in children of depressed parents, 126, 150, 151, 154, 159
coping strategies, 150, 362
and infant temperament, 145, 146
parental, 9, 12, 13, 31, 51, 52, 74, 97, 98, 102, 120, 121, 136, 138, 139, 141, 145, 376, 401
and pregnancy outcomes, 136
screening for, 183, 187, 199
substance use disorder and, 193
treatment, 209, 227, 240, 242-243, 245, 246, 247, 296, 347
Arthritis, 31
Asian Americans, 25, 26, 54, 334
Assuring Better Child Health and Development Initiative, 193, 367
Asthma, 120, 122, 137, 138-139
Attachment, impaired, 34, 50, 60, 82, 92, 93, 99, 120, 122, 124, 147-148, 159, 164, 289, 295, 296, 323, 327, 331, 352
Attachment Q-Set, 352
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 128-129, 138, 154, 296-297
Australia, 159, 190, 198, 240-241, 245-246, 288, 302
Autism, 89
Avoidant personality disorder, 98, 148
Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, 23
B
Beck Depression Inventory, 57, 161, 191, 194, 195, 251, 253, 254, 296, 300, 301, 325, 327, 329, 331, 335
Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression, 254
Behavioral Screening Questionnaire, 323
Biological perspectives in depression, 73, 74, 76, 77-78, 79-84, 100-101
Bipolar disorder, 76, 79, 125, 218
Bootcamp for New Dads, 248
Borderline personality disorder, 98
Boston Consortium of Services for Families in Recovery Model, 194
Boston Public Health Commission, 20, 194, 255, 308
Brain development, 51
Brief Patient Health Questionnaire, 253
Bupropion, 209, 212, 214, 235
C
California Endowment, 18
Canada, 122, 137, 188, 208, 211, 287, 316, 320
Caribbean immigrants, black, 25, 26, 28, 54
Caring for Every Child’s Mental Health Campaign, 361
Case management, 12, 225, 255, 257, 261-262, 351, 363, 364, 397, 398, 402
Center for Addiction and Pregnancy, 194
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Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 57, 128, 208, 233, 237, 251, 305, 306, 324, 325, 328, 329, 335
Center for Mental Health Services, 399
Child, Adolescent, and Family Branch, 361
Center for Reducing Health Disparities, 262-263
Centering Healthcare Institute, 302
Centering Parenting, 302-303
Centering Pregnancy, 302
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 8, 10, 13, 23, 189, 190, 360, 374, 375, 377, 427
treatment and prevention initiatives, 358-359
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 12, 13, 401, 402
Child abuse and neglect, 34, 52, 75, 78, 83, 84, 89-91, 92, 93, 127-128, 156, 157-158, 164, 257, 303, 307, 368
Child Abuse Potential Inventory, 127, 128
Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, 192
Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Substance Abuse State Infrastructure Grants, 361
Child Behavior Checklist, 288, 319, 321, 335
Childhood
exposure to adversity, 75, 78, 83, 84, 89-91, 92, 93;
see also Child abuse and neglect
preventive interventions, 293-294
Children, number in households with depressed parents, 32
Children’s functioning.
See also Adolescents;
Infants and toddlers;
Newborns;
Psychological problems of children
chronic health conditions, 120, 122, 133, 135, 137, 138-139
and chronic stress in parents, 89, 133-134
comorbidities with parental depression and, 132, 136, 140
developmental screening, 184, 186, 191-192, 197-198
developmental stage and, 49, 133-134
environment and, 33, 135, 137, 139
exposure history and, 49-50, 60, 63, 91, 132
genetics and, 132
integrative model of risk, 133
mediators, 132, 133, 134, 139, 161
moderators, 52, 60-61, 132, 133, 134, 161, 162
parenting practices and, 122, 132, 136
physical health and health care utilization, 33, 135-140, 162
preventive interventions, 17, 132, 288-301
research gaps and opportunities, 131-135, 146, 157-158, 161-163, 411-413
resilience, 58-59, 61
risk factors, 51-52, 58-59, 122
sex of the child and, 132
targeting interventions, 132
television viewing and, 139
Chile, 241
Chronic epilepsy, 138
Chronic medical conditions
in children, 120, 122, 133, 135, 137, 138-139
in parents, 31, 32, 51, 98-99
Chronic mild depression. See Dysthymic disorder
Chronic stress.
See also Stress
and brain development, 51
and children’s functioning, 50-51, 89, 133-134, 142, 150-153
demographic correlates, 87-88
environmental sources, 88-89, 126
and etiology of depression, 79, 81-84, 87-89
and immune response, 83-84
parenting circumstances, 89
resilience and protective factors, 99-101
Circles of Care, 361
Citalopram, 209, 214
Cocaine addiction, 145, 254
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
for antepartum women, 217, 218, 286
for children of depressed parents, 324-325
in community mental health setting, 243, 244
effectiveness, 49, 160-161, 215-216, 221, 225, 228, 231, 233, 235, 237, 238, 243, 246-247, 254, 298
exemplary collaborative care studies, 231, 233, 235, 237, 238
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general population, 215-217
in home visitation program, 253
mindfulness-based CBT, 216-217
with parenting training component, 160-161, 298, 330
with pharmacotherapy, 213-214, 231
for postpartum women, 160-161, 217, 218, 286
prevention programs, 300-301, 330-331, 348
for substance use disorder, 254
Web-based, 227, 246-247
Cognitive/intellectual/academic performance, 141, 143, 148-149, 158, 159-160, 221
Cognitive reappraisal, 101, 300
Cognitive restructuring, 216, 295, 326
Cognitive triad model, 91
Cognitive vulnerabilities, 91-92, 93, 120, 143, 149-150, 164
Collaborative care, 5, 11, 224-225, 226-227, 229, 230-238, 242, 255, 256-257, 265, 345, 346, 357, 358, 368, 374, 386, 388, 410
Collaborative Health Program on the Psychobiology of Depression, 32
Commonwealth Fund, 193, 367
Community-based interventions
cognitive-behavioral therapy, 243, 244
exemplary models, 357
network-focused approach, 262-263
preventive, 309-310
screening, 184, 186, 190, 192-193, 263-264
treatment, 190, 205-206, 224-225, 239, 241, 244-246, 249, 262-264
Community environment
and chronic stress, 88-89
and impacts of depression, 33
Community Health Centers, 362
Community Initiative on Depression, 249
Comorbidities and co-occurring conditions.
See also Substance use disorders;
other psychopathologies
and children’s functioning, 132, 136, 140
chronic health conditions in children as, 140
coping strategies, 31
and delivery of services, 53, 208
in etiology of depression, 74, 75, 97-99, 102-103
health problems, 31, 32, 51
impacts, 1, 31
integration into treatment and prevention, 52-53
literature on, 59-60
prevalence, 37, 145, 194
research challenges, 51-55
risk factors, 208
and screening for depression, 21, 54-55
treatment considerations, 98, 206, 208
vulnerable populations, 53-54
Composite International Diagnostic Interview, 17
Comprehensive care model, 194, 206, 309
Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services Program for Children and Their Families, 361
Conduct disorders, 31, 154, 159, 296, 330, 334
Coping.
See also Resilience and protective factors
accommodative or secondary control, 101, 150, 300
with chronic stress, 88, 297
cognitive reappraisal, 101
with comorbidities, 31
with early adversity, 91
gender differences, 76, 96
interventions, 334-335
ruminative thinking, 86, 95, 96, 216
Coronary heart disease, 17, 47, 83, 84, 99
Corticotrophin releasing hormone, 81, 83
Cortisol, 59, 81-82, 83, 136, 143, 146, 152, 328
Council on Coordination and Collaboration, 361
Couple therapy, 49
C-reactive protein, 83, 84
Criminal justice system, exemplary strategies, 355-356
Culturally and linguistic considerations.
See also Race/ethnicity
in access to care, 4, 10, 16, 35, 88, 197, 376
in etiology of depression, 76, 85, 88, 163
intervention appropriateness, 226-227, 257, 263-264, 282, 308-309, 312, 355, 397, 417
in parenting, 94-95, 163, 413
protective factors, 261
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provider sensitivity and training, 259-260, 261, 391
in research 30, 216, 262, 264, 371, 376, 414, 416, 417, 418, 425
D
Delaware Mental Health Association, 300
Delivery of services.
See also Community-based interventions;
Home visitation programs;
Internet;
Interventions;
Primary care settings;
Specialty mental health settings
algorithm-based disease management approach, 243
comorbidities and, 52-53
inefficiencies in, 222
integrated approach, 5, 52-53, 59
opportunities and challenges, 6
provider education and training, 11-12, 194, 206, 222-223, 224-225, 230, 241, 242, 261, 401
transdisciplinary approach, 46-47
Developmental disabilities and disorders, 89, 98, 120, 138, 213
Developmental perspective
children’s functioning, 49, 133-134
literature search, 60
parenting, 2, 33, 50-51
psychopathology, 33, 50, 141
research, 49-51, 60
Diabetes, 17, 31, 99, 207, 347
Diathesis-stress models, 74, 84, 91, 102
Disruptive behavior disorders, 154
Dissemination and implementation of practices and programs.
See also Learning environments
Agricultural Extension Service model, 422
attributes that facilitate adoption, 422-423
guidelines for adopting innovations, 423-425
opportunities and challenges, 7
research agenda, 425-426
strategies, 422
Docosahexaenoic acid, 218
Domestic violence, 127, 128, 189, 197, 208, 252, 255, 257, 291-292, 303, 307, 312, 351, 389, 417
Dopamine, 100
Duloxetine, 209, 212
Dysphoria, 75, 91, 96, 145-146, 254
Dysthymic disorder
and children’s functioning, 132, 134, 148-149, 154
comorbidities, 98
etiology, 73, 74-75, 78, 86, 90, 102
and parenting quality, 160, 289
prevalence, 1, 15, 16, 22, 24-25
research issues, 57-58, 61, 138
screening for, 251
sociodemographic disparities, 24-25
treatment, 98, 289, 320-321
utilization of health services, 54
E
Early childhood
education interventions, 292-293
emotional and behavior problems, 151, 154
exemplary strategies for, 352-354
exposure to adverse events, 82, 83
onset of depression, 75
parent-child interactions, 294-296
preventive interventions in, 290-293, 303-304
Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems, 367-368
Early Head Start, 184, 192-193, 290, 292-293, 297-298, 303-304, 352, 353, 388, 397
Eating disorders, 97, 324
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, 57, 187, 188, 190, 191, 195-196, 233, 240, 241, 242, 287, 288, 316, 317, 323, 326, 366
Educational attainment.
See also Patient education
and comorbidities, 99
impact of depression on, 32, 263
and prevalence of depression, 24, 27, 29, 87
Eicosapentaenoic acid, 218
Electroencephalogram asymmetry, 143, 152
Emotional self-regulation, 50, 51, 99, 100, 125, 141, 146, 148, 154
Employment
assistance, 305, 307
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retention in, 32, 346
security, 303
status, 4, 24, 26, 28, 31, 33, 34, 87, 99, 250, 263, 291, 344, 347-348
Entre Familia Program, 20
Environmental factors, 33, 74, 76, 78, 84-91, 135, 137, 139
Epigenetic processes, 82
Ethnicity. See Race/ethnicity;
individual ethnic groups
Etiology of depression
acute life events and, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85-86, 87, 91, 94, 95-96, 97
age at onset, 73, 75-76, 78, 153
bidirectional influences, 46, 74, 75, 84, 86, 87, 91, 93, 154
biological perspectives, 73, 74, 76, 77-78, 79-84, 100-101
childhood exposure to adversity, 75, 78, 83, 84, 89-91, 92, 93
and children’s functioning, 49-50, 60, 63, 91, 132
chronic stress and, 79, 81-84, 87-89
cognitive vulnerability, 91-92
co-occurring disorders, 74, 75, 97-99, 102-103
course of, 73, 77-78
diathesis-stress models, 74, 84, 91, 102
environmental factors, 74, 76, 78, 84-91
genetic vulnerability, 56, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79-81, 92, 95-96, 97
hormonal factors, 73, 76, 82
immune system processes and, 73, 83-84, 99
integrative research, 56, 96-97
interpersonal vulnerabilities, 92-95
kindling model, 77-78
literature searches, 56
moderators, 96
modifiers, 73, 79
neuroendocrine functioning, 73, 77, 81-83, 91, 100
perinatal, 76-77
personal vulnerabilities, 74, 91-97, 102
personality disorders and, 74, 95-96, 98
and psychological problems in children, 49-50, 60, 148-149, 152-153, 154, 158-159
research gaps and opportunities, 56, 101, 411
resilience and protective factors, 74, 75, 76, 99-101, 102
social stressors, 76, 87
European preventive interventions, 368-370
Evaluation of interventions.
See also Quality improvement
availability of studies, 206
design of studies, 65, 161
lack of standards, 19-20
Every Child Succeeds, 352
Exercise, 219-220
F
Failure to thrive, 138
Familial depression, 75, 78
Families First, 248
Family.
See also Domestic violence;
Marital composition, 22, 87, 137, 149, 289, 300
defining, 21-22
development, 5
disruption, 75, 90
intergenerational conflict, 94-95
violence, 52, 53, 90, 92, 127
Family Connections, 353, 354
Family Relationship Inventory, 299
Family Talk, 299-300, 309, 332-335, 369, 370
Fetal development, 50-51, 60, 62, 124, 131, 133, 136-137, 142, 146, 212
Finland, 55, 369-370
Fiscal challenges
cost-effectiveness of interventions, 231, 238, 248-249, 257
funding gaps, 398-399
health insurance coverage, 394-395
reimbursement of providers, 395-398
Florida, 196
Fluoxetine, 209, 213-214
Food and Drug Administration, 211, 212
Foster care, 21, 22, 355
G
Gender differences.
See also Maternal;
Paternal
children’s functioning, 132
coping strategies, 76, 96
etiology of depression, 73, 76, 79, 85-86, 87
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exposure and reactivity to adversity, 85-86, 87
and genetic influences, 79
in parenting, 151
prevalence and incidence of depression, 4, 15, 24, 27, 29, 30-31, 85-86
in psychological problems of children, 146, 151, 154, 157, 158
Gene-environment interaction, 81, 97
General Health Questionnaire, 297
Generalized anxiety disorder, 97
Genetic
mediators, 81, 132, 141, 142-143, 147, 153
vulnerability, 47, 56, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79-81, 92, 95-96, 97
Genetic testing, 81
Global Burden of Disease Study, 16
Glucocorticoid receptor, 82
Group psychoeducation, 245
Guideline-based treatment, 223, 224-225, 228, 239-240, 248-249, 257
H
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 57, 235, 256, 319, 325
Hampshire Project, 222-223
Harm avoidance, 96
Head Start, 2, 10, 255, 304, 352, 353, 354, 372, 373, 376, 388, 397, 418, 421
Health insurance
coverage, 35, 258, 259, 401
reimbursement strategies, 401-402
Health maintenance organizations, 208-209
Health Resources and Services Administration, 8-9, 10, 11, 13, 18, 359-360, 374-375, 377, 401, 427
see also Maternal and Child Health Bureau
Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set, 209, 229
Healthy Families America, 195, 251, 291, 352
Healthy Families Massachusetts, 292
Healthy People 2010, 359
Healthy People 2020, 374
Heartstrings, 248
Help Me Grow Program, 195-196, 366
Hispanics, 25, 26, 28, 54, 157, 207, 232, 236, 259, 261, 306, 308-309, 314, 318, 326, 328, 334
Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, 262
Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment, 306
Home visitation programs
effectiveness, 251-252, 291-292
European programs, 251
exemplary strategies, 351-352
mental health consultants to, 252
national models, 10, 195, 251, 291, 352, 376
number of, 250-251
population served, 195
preventive interventions, 291-292
quality improvement, 351-352
screening for depression, 184, 195-196, 197, 351
treatment delivery in, 195, 226-227, 250-253
Homelessness, 25, 184, 193, 194, 199
Hormonal factors, 73, 76, 82
Households with children, 1, 22
Hyperactivity, 159
Hypertension, 31, 211
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functioning, 50, 80, 81, 82, 83, 97, 133-134, 142, 152
I
Illinois, 55, 190, 196-197, 363-364
Immigrants and refugees.
See also Race/ethnicity;
specific ethnic groups
correlates of depression, 53, 85-86, 87
intergenerational conflict, 94-95
prevalence of depression, 15, 25, 26, 28, 37, 230
Immune system associations, 73, 83-84, 99
Impacts of depression.
See also Children’s functioning
economic, 16, 17, 34
family and society, 5, 16, 17, 31-34, 37
individual, 31, 32
Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment, 346-348
Incarcerated women, 25, 135, 355
Income correlate, 4, 9, 23, 31, 87, 89, 99, 137, 189
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Incredible Years Parenting Training Program, 297-298, 304, 309
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 399
Infants and toddlers.
See also Early childhood;
Newborns
affective functioning, 142-143
attachment, 34, 50, 60, 82, 92, 93, 99, 120, 122, 124, 147-148, 159, 164, 289, 295, 296, 323, 327, 331, 352
breastfeeding, 136-137
interpersonal functioning, 151
massage therapy, 295
neurobehavioral functioning, 143, 152
parent-child interactions, 60, 160-161, 294-296
parenting practices, 51, 60, 119, 123-125, 160, 161
physical health and health care
utilization, 137-139
sleep intervention, 288, 316-317
stress response, 152
temperament, 141-142, 145
Institute of Medicine, 4, 18, 35-36, 284, 285, 303, 393
Interactive Coaching for At-risk Parents, 326-327
Interleukin, 86
Internet. See Web-based interventions
Internet and American Life Project, 246
Interpersonal dissatisfaction and conflict, 32, 52, 60
Interpersonal functioning, 33, 50, 51, 92-95, 141, 143, 151-152, 160
Interpersonal psychotherapy
for antepartum women, 217, 218, 286
culturally enhanced, 257
for dysthymia, 289, 320
effectiveness, 160, 221, 257, 287, 289, 290
general population, 215-217
for postpartum women, 160, 286, 290
ROSE Program, 287, 314
Interventions.
See also Evaluation of interventions;
Pharmacotherapy;
Prevention of adverse effects;
Quality improvement
adherence support, 229-230, 241, 247
case management, 12, 225, 255, 257, 261-262, 351, 363, 364, 397, 398, 402
collaborative care, 5, 11, 224-225, 226-227, 229, 230-238, 242, 255, 256-257, 265, 345, 346, 357, 358, 368, 374, 386, 388, 410
community-based settings, 190, 205-206, 224-225, 239, 241, 244-246, 249, 262-264
comprehensive care model, 194, 206, 309
cost-effectiveness, 231, 238, 248-249, 257
culturally enhanced, 226-227, 239, 257, 263-264, 282, 308-309, 312, 355, 397, 417
defined, 206
exportability and sustainability, 231, 238
group psychoeducation, 245
guideline-based treatment, 223, 224-225, 228, 239-240, 248-249, 257
health communication, 245-246
home visitation, 195, 226-227, 250-253, 291-292
multidisciplinary models of care, 206, 227, 231, 238, 239, 240-242, 348, 373, 409, 426
outcomes, 224-227, 232-237, 238
parenting education, 185, 298
patient education, 184, 185, 197-198, 224-225, 226-227, 228, 230, 239, 241, 242, 245, 246, 347
patient preferences, 206, 241, 264, 414
pregnancy and postpartum settings, 224-227, 238-242, 257-258
primary care practices, 206, 222-238, 241, 242
problem solving, 226-227, 244
provider education and training, 11-12, 194, 206, 222-223, 224-225, 230, 241, 242, 261, 401
screening, 183, 184, 185, 190, 240, 253-254, 261
self-help, 224-225, 228, 247
in specialty mental health settings, 207, 224-225, 242-244
state public health programs, 190
stepped-care approach, 221, 242, 265, 346
in substance use disorder settings, 243, 253-256
targeting, 132, 206
telecare, 226-227, 228-229, 238
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telephone support, 240, 242, 287
translational research, 18, 47
vulnerable populations, 239, 256-258, 261-264
Web-based, 197, 222, 224-227, 228, 246-248, 264, 265, 310, 364, 414
workplace, 248-250
Intimate partner violence, 92, 93, 189
Iowa, 55, 193, 364-365, 367, 391
Irritability, Depression, and Anxiety Scale, 296
J
Japan, 17, 145
Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 194
K
Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, 319, 325
L
Learned helplessness, 100, 143
Learning disabilities, 98
Learning environments.
See also Dissemination and implementation of practices and programs
mechanisms of learning, 420-421
organizational structure, leadership, and climate, 421-422
LETS Act!, 254
Literature on depression.
See also Methodological issues;
Research challenges
challenges in evaluating, 44, 61-68
correlates of depression, 43, 59-60
definition and measurement of depression and parenting, 43, 55-56
developmental approach, 43, 60
etiology, 43, 56
issues considered in searching, 19, 43, 44, 55-61
knowledge base on depression, 4, 18, 33
risk and resilience in children, 43, 58-59
screening of parents, 43, 56-58
vulnerable populations, 52-53
Locus coeruleus-norepinephrine, 81, 83
Louisiana, 252, 352
M
Maine, 189
Major depressive disorder.
See also Postpartum depression
and children’s functioning, 123, 147, 155-158, 293
comorbidities, 15, 31, 37, 97, 99, 193-194, 253
defined, 22, 56
DSM-IV criteria, 56, 60
etiology, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 85, 87, 90, 91, 93, 94, 103, 127
parental, 16, 22, 23, 24, 26-29, 32-33
paternal vs. maternal, 155-158
prevalence, 1, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26-29, 32-33, 76, 193, 282
preventive interventions, 293-294, 295, 306, 315, 325, 330
screening for, 56-57, 187, 190, 191, 195, 253
sociodemographic disparities, 24, 25, 26-29, 76, 87, 261
treatment effectiveness, 209, 217, 218-219, 225, 244, 253, 257, 289, 293
treatment interventions, 224, 225, 241, 242, 243, 253
utilization of health services, 36, 54, 208, 240, 258
Mamás y Bebés/Mothers and Babies Course, 310
Marital/parental discord
and children’s functioning, 122, 126, 130, 151, 152
impact of depression on, 34, 60, 61, 77, 92-93, 102, 250
impact on depression, 76, 90, 93, 189, 251
interventions, 49, 250, 251, 298, 312, 417
spousal psychological problems, 76, 94
Marital status
and children’s development of depression, 122
and comorbidities, 99
and etiology of depression, 76, 87, 93
and prevalence of depression, 4, 15, 24, 27, 29, 31, 37, 48
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and recurrence of depression, 90
and risk of depression, 87, 93, 158, 283
and treatment of depression, 48, 49
Marital support, 146
Marital therapy, 49
Massachusetts, 193, 251, 292
Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 359-360, 399
Maternal Attitudes Questionnaire, 253
Medicaid, 12, 45, 192, 350, 363, 365-366, 367, 387, 395, 396-397, 398, 399, 401, 402
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 24, 63
Medical fragility, 138
Mental Component Score, 233
Mental Health Services for Children and Families Community Program, 399
Mental retardation, 89
Methodological issues.
See also Literature on depression;
Research challenges comparability of studies, 44, 63-64
cross-sectional designs, 8, 66, 122, 138, 375
defining and measuring depression, 202 1, 67, 162
effect size, 52, 64, 65-66, 119, 122-123, 124, 144, 247, 254, 256, 306, 357
generalizability of samples, 62-63, 64, 67, 155, 157, 158, 217, 231, 238, 288, 294, 297, 360, 390, 425
measurement and other errors, 67
mediation of effects, 66, 161
moderation of effects, 66-67, 162
randomized treatment and intervention studies, 65, 66-67
replication of findings, 67-68
reporter bias, 135, 145, 147
sample size, 44, 65-66
Methodological pluralism, 63-64
Mexican American Prevalence and Service Survey, 54
Mexicans, 25, 26, 28, 54, 261
Michigan, 196-197
MidAmerica Coalition on Health Care, 249
Middle childhood
depression, 153, 154
parenting practices, 51, 125-127, 137-139
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, 216-217
Minnesota Family Investment Program, 305
Mirtazapine, 212
Missouri, 249
Modifying factors, 73, 79
Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale, 321
MotherCare, 242
Motherisk Program, 211
Mother’s Assessment of the Behavior of Her Infant, 295, 328-329
Moving to Opportunity, 306-307
Multidisciplinary models of care, 206, 227, 231, 238, 239, 240-242, 348, 373, 409, 426
N
National Center for Children in Poverty, 55, 367-368
National Committee for Quality Assurance, 209
National Comorbidity Survey-Replication, 22-23, 24, 25, 30-31, 32-33, 63, 64-65, 97, 155, 156, 157, 158
National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 54
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 10, 27, 29, 377
National Institute of Mental Health, 8, 32, 242, 253, 360, 375, 377
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 377
National Institute on Drug Abuse, 10, 254, 377
National Institute on Nursing Research, 377
National Institutes of Health, 8, 13, 36, 46, 360, 374, 427
National Latino and Asian American Study, 25, 54
National Mental Health Information Center, 360-361
National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices, 361
National Research Council, 18
National Survey of American Life, 25, 54
National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services, 193
Negative affectivity, 96, 100, 120, 123, 142, 147, 151
Neonatal adaptation syndrome, 211, 212
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Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, 144, 295
Netherlands, 55, 295, 368-369
Neurobehavioral outcomes, 143, 144-145
Neurobiology
of depression, 47, 91
of stress hormones, 59
Neuroendocrine functioning, 73, 77, 81-83, 91, 100
Neuropeptide-Y, 100
Neuroticism, 81, 86, 95-96
New Chance Project, 305-306
New Hope Project, 305
New Jersey, 55, 190, 365, 367
New Mexico, 189
New York, 125
New Zealand, 84
Newborns
neonatal adaptation syndrome, 211, 212
neurobehavioral outcomes, 144-145
physical health and health care utilization, 135, 136-137
stress response, 136
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 209
North Carolina, 365-366
Nortriptyline, 214, 215
Nurse-Family Partnership, 10, 195, 251, 291, 352, 376
O
Obesity and overweight, 136, 139
Office of the Surgeon General, 7-8, 362, 374
Office of Women’s Health, 362
Ohio, 195-196, 351, 352, 366
Olmstead Medical Center, 242
Omega-3 fatty acids, 218
Overcoming Depression on the Internet, 247
Oxytocin, 59
P
Panic disorder, 97, 324
Parent and Child Series Program, 296
Parent Behavior Checklist, 288
Parent-child relationship, 6, 59, 63, 82, 92, 123, 125, 126, 221, 281, 289, 290, 291, 294-298, 304, 305, 312, 313, 325, 326-331, 343, 345, 348, 349, 386, 400, 416
Parenting practices
of abuse survivors, 127, 128
of adolescent parents, 89, 124, 128, 130-131
authoritarian, 124
children with disabilities, 89, 120
and children’s functioning, 122, 132, 136
cultural considerations, 94-95, 163, 413
definition and measurement, 55-56
developmental perspective, 2, 33, 50-51
disengaged/withdrawn/lax, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 150, 151, 300
disrupted, 127
effective/healthy, 121, 136, 352-354
fathers, 119, 134
gender differences, 151
genetic factors, 81
health management, 5, 120, 125, 135-140
hostile/negative, 119, 122-123, 125, 129, 139, 153
infants and toddlers, 51, 60, 119, 123-125, 160, 161
intergenerational patterns of problems, 94
interventions, 48, 51, 132, 285-288, 294-298, 314-335, 352-354
intrusive, 51, 124, 126, 127, 150, 151, 161, 300
mediators and moderators, 60-61, 122, 126-127, 128-131
middle childhood and adolescence, 51, 60, 119, 125-127, 137-139
prenatal health behaviors, 123-124
protective factors, 146
psychobiological effects in children, 120
and psychological problems of children, 5, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 142, 146, 150, 151, 152, 153
punitive, 32, 127-128, 130;
see also Child abuse
remission/recovery from depression and, 119, 123, 160-161
research challenges, 47-48, 50-51, 55-56
screening for, 185, 189
social supports and, 129
stress and, 129-130
substance use disorders and, 127, 128, 194
transactional processes, 134, 135, 142, 146, 154-155, 163
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treatment combined with training, 298
two-generation approach, 48
Parenting Stress Index, 128, 185, 296-297, 325
Parents as Teachers, 251
Parents/caregivers.
See also Foster care;
Marital;
Maternal;
Paternal
adolescents as, 89
alcohol abuse, 90, 97-98, 123, 124, 136, 140, 145, 156, 224, 243, 253, 254, 308, 389
death of, 90
defining, 21-22
grandparents/other relatives, 21, 22, 48, 89, 134-135, 163, 413
mental illness in, 90
number in U.S., 22
prevalence of depression, 2, 8, 21-23, 32-33, 102, 134-135, 282, 290, 312, 313, 353
psychopathlogy other than depression, 51, 58-59, 90, 94
Paroxetine, 209, 210-211, 214, 235
Partners in Care, 233, 346-348
Partnerships for Youth Transition, 361
Paternal
alcohol and drug use, 156, 157
depression, 23, 30-31, 134, 136, 148, 154-159
parenting, 119, 134
work status, 24
Patient education, 184, 185, 197-198, 224-225, 226-227, 228, 230, 239, 241, 242, 245, 246, 347
Patient Health Questionnaire, 57, 187, 188, 189, 191, 253, 365
Patient preferences, 206, 241, 264, 414
Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008, 258
Perinatal depression
alternative medicine, 218, 219, 220, 264
defining, 56
education interventions, 239, 364
etiology, 76-77
federal initiatives, 359-360
and newborn elevated cortisol, 136
prevalence, 358
preventive interventions, 310
research needs, 264, 414
screening, 57, 183, 186, 189, 190, 197, 199, 240, 359, 364
state initiatives, 197, 363, 364-365, 391
and substance use disorder, 193
telephone support, 240
training of providers, 391
treatments, 205, 214-215, 218, 219, 220, 239-240, 241, 242, 247, 264
Perinatal Mental Health Consultation Service, 363
Persistent pulmonary hypertension, 211
Personal vulnerabilities, 74, 91-97, 102
Personality disorders, 74, 95-96, 98
Pew Research Center, 246
Pharmacotherapy.
See also individual drugs
adherence, 208-209, 229-230
antepartum, 146, 208, 210-213
and breastfeeding, 136-137
effectiveness, 161, 209, 213-215, 288
general population, 209-210
and parenting, 161
postpartum, 161, 208, 213-215
psychotherapy combined with, 213-214, 231, 244
safety during pregnancy, 209-213
in substance use disorder settings, 256
therapeutic endpoint, 210
treatment rates, 208
Phototherapy, 219
Policy issues, 30, 55
Postpartum Dads, 248
Postpartum depression
alternative therapies, 218, 219, 220
barriers to treatment, 258, 396, 402
and child functioning, 137-138, 145, 153, 158, 159-160, 289
defined, 50
education interventions, 224
effectiveness of interventions, 214-215, 217, 218, 295, 302, 303, 304, 315, 316-317, 322-323, 328-329
etiology, 57, 76, 160
exercise and, 219, 220
federal initiatives, 344, 358, 359, 360, 374
health behaviors and, 124
infant temperament, 145, 146-147
interventions and delivery approaches, 224, 225, 226, 227, 238-242, 247, 248, 251, 257-258, 264, 310, 316-317, 414, 416
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and parenting, 137-138, 160, 161, 294, 295
paternal, 77
pharmacotherapy, 161, 208-209, 212, 213-214
phototherapy, 218
prevalence, 23, 189-190
prevention, 285, 286-288, 291, 301-302, 303, 310, 315, 322-325, 328
psychotherapy and psychosocial interventions, 160, 208, 217, 286, 290, 322-323, 328-329
public awareness, 189, 302, 365
rates, 50, 76, 189
risk factors/predictors, 76, 189
screening and diagnosis, 48, 57, 58, 183-184, 186-187, 188, 189, 190-191, 198, 225, 258
state initiatives, 363-364, 365, 367
treatment, generally, 48, 208-209
yoga and, 220
Postpartum Education for Parents, 248
Postpartum Support International, 248
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 97, 157, 158, 193, 257
Poverty status
and access to care, 59
and children’s functioning, 153
and prevalence of depression, 27, 29
Pregnancy.
See also Fetal development
alternative medicine, 219-220
antidepressant safety, 209-213
health behaviors during, 123-124
risk factors for depression, 189-190
substance abuse, 124, 145, 194-195
Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 23, 190, 358-359
Prenatal care, 51, 123
Prevalence of depression
data collection issues, 8, 37, 48, 53, 54, 56-57, 134-135, 290, 375
comorbidities, 37, 145, 194
educating providers about, 363
general adult population, 13, 15, 22, 25, 36, 102
households with children, 16, 37
international, 17, 23
maternal, 23, 145, 186, 189-190, 194, 263, 293, 304
parental/caregiver, 2, 8, 21-23, 32-33, 102, 134-135, 282, 290, 312, 313, 353
paternal, 23
perinatal, 358
postpartum, 23, 189-190
sociodemographic disparities, 2-3, 4, 15, 19, 23-31, 37, 54
vulnerable populations, 24-31, 37, 53, 263, 304, 425
Prevention of adverse effects.
See also Interventions
adults and adolescents of parenting age, 285-286
child-focused, 17, 132, 290-294, 324-331
cognitive-behavioral therapy and parenting skills, 300-301, 330-331
combined components, 330-335
community-based, 304, 309-310
co-occurring conditions, 307-308
culturally and linguistically appropriate, 308-309
employment and income assistance programs, 305-307
European approaches, 368-370
examples, 314-335
family-focused, 6, 281, 283, 299-301, 307-310, 332-335
framework for, 282-283, 284-285
group care model, 302-303
indicated, 285
knowledge base on, 18
parent-child relationship, 304, 305, 312, 313, 325, 326-331
parent-focused, 287, 304, 314-317
parenting interventions, 48, 51, 132, 285-288, 294-298, 309, 314-335, 352-354
peer support, 316-317
poverty mitigation, 303-307
pregnant and postpartum women, 285, 286-288, 291, 301-302, 303, 310, 315, 322-325, 328
research gaps and opportunities, 6, 310-312, 414-416
selective, 285
targeting, 132, 150
telephone peer support, 287
treatment of parent’s depression, 288-290, 318-325
two-generation, 33, 36, 299-301
universal and public health approaches, 281-282, 285, 301-303
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for vulnerable families, 78, 282, 303-309
Web-based approaches, 310
Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders, 253
Primary care settings
adherence reminders, 229-230
collaborative care, 230-238
exemplary strategies, 349-351
guideline-based treatment, 223, 228
inefficiencies in, 222
physician education, 222-223, 258-259
quality improvement, 349-351
screening for depression, 21, 59, 183-184, 185-192
self-help interventions, 228
telecare, 228-229
treatment interventions, 206, 222-238, 241, 242
Problem solving interventions, 226-227, 244
Program of Resources, Information, and Support for Mothers, 302
Proinflammatory cytokines, 47, 83
Project THRIVE, 367-368
Promoting Healthy Development Survey, 192
Promotoras de Salud, 239
Protective factors. See Resilience and protective factors
PROTOTYPES Women’s Center, 20, 194, 255, 308
Provider education and training, 11-12, 194, 206, 222-223, 224-225, 230, 241, 242, 261, 401
Provider-patient-family communication, 16, 223, 260
Psychobiological effects in children, 120
Psychological problems of children.
See also Adolescents;
Infants and young children;
Newborns
adolescent sexual behavior, 149
affective functioning, 96, 100, 120, 123, 141, 142-143, 147, 148, 151
attachment, 34, 50, 60, 82, 92, 93, 99, 120, 122, 124, 147-148, 159, 164, 289, 295, 296, 323, 327, 331, 352
attention deficits, 146, 154
behavior problems or psychopathology, 122, 141, 151, 153-159
bidirectionality, 142, 143, 154-155, 163
cognitive/intellectual/academic performance, 141, 143, 148-149, 158, 159-160, 221
depression, 50, 51, 141, 143, 147, 149-150, 153
emotional self-regulation, 50, 51, 99, 100, 125, 141, 146, 148, 154
gender differences, 146, 151, 154, 157, 158
genetic mechanisms, 141, 142-143, 147, 153
interpersonal functioning, 33, 50, 51, 141, 143, 151-152, 160
mediators, 143, 146-147, 151-152, 156
moderators, 143, 145-146, 149, 150, 152-153, 154, 158-159
neurobehavioral outcomes, 143, 144-145
parenting practices and, 5, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 142, 146, 150, 151, 152, 153
paternal depression and, 154, 155-158
peer interactions, 151-152
persistence following parental recovery or remission, 159-161
protective effects, 149
research challenges, 50, 161-163
risk factors, 144, 145-146, 153
school dropout, 149
stress responses and cortical activity, 50-51, 142, 150-153
temperament, 141-143, 145-147
timing and duration of exposure and, 49-50, 60, 148-149, 152-153, 154, 158-159
violence and, 149
vulnerability factors, 50, 140-144
Psychopathology of depression
cumulative risk, 67
developmental perspective, 44, 50, 63, 67
Psychotherapy.
See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy;
Interpersonal psychotherapy
computer-assisted approaches, 243-244
effectiveness, 288-290
number and duration od sessions, 231
treatment rates, 208
Public awareness, 189, 302, 365
Public Health Service Act, 401
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Q
Quality improvement
community-level models, 357
criminal justice system, 355-356
European approaches, 368-370
federal-level initiatives, 358-362
framework, 36
IMPACT model, 346-348
parent-child dimension, 348-349
patient education, 185
PIC model, 233, 346-348
primary care, 349-351
public awareness activities, 367-368
research gaps and opportunities, 370-371, 417-418
school-based services, 354-355
by service setting, 349-357
state-level initiatives, 362-368
in treatment of adult depression, 185, 243, 346-348
Quality of care
barriers to, 4-5, 16, 35-36, 37, 88
mental health care distinguished, 4
Quick Inventory of Depressive
Symptomatology-Self-report, 236, 237, 249
R
Race/ethnicity.
See also Vulnerable populations
and chronic stress, 88
discrimination, 88, 263
minority health providers, 260
and parenting style, 94
and paternal depression, 157
prevalence of depression, 15, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30-31
psychiatric epidemiological studies, 52-53
utilization of health services, 230-231, 259
RAND depression screener, 188
Reach Out, Stand Strong, Essentials for New Mothers (ROSE Program), 287, 304, 314-315
Recommendations
improving awareness and understanding, 7-9, 374-375
insurance coverage and reimbursement strategies, 12-13, 401-402
interagency task force, 10-11, 400
promoting and supporting research, 426-427
supporting innovative strategies, 13, 375-376
training program for providers, 11-12, 401
Relaxation therapy, 295
Research challenges.
See also Literature on depression;
Methodological issues
approach of this study, 3, 19-20
challenges, 43, 45-55
charge to committee, 18-19
comorbidities, correlates, and context, 3, 43, 51-55, 68
context for this study, 22-31
defining depression, 22-23
defining parents and family unit, 21-22
developmental perspective, 3, 43, 49-51, 63, 67, 68, 162-163
genetic component, 63, 67
integrative models, 3, 43, 45-47, 56, 62-63, 68, 96-97, 133
interdisciplinary approach, 45
psychopathology perspective, 50
scope of this study, 2-3, 20-22
screening for depression, 54-55, 56-58
service delivery models, 52-53
theoretical balanced with real world, 62
transactional models, 163
transdisciplinary approaches, 45, 46-47
translation/dissemination of results, 18, 46-47, 62
two-generation approach, 3, 43, 47-49, 68
vulnerable populations, 53-54
Research gaps and opportunities
etiology of depression, 56, 101, 411
children’s functioning, 131-135, 146, 157-158, 161-163, 411-413
parenting, 47-48, 50-51, 55-56
preventive interventions, 310-312, 414-416
quality improvement, 370-371, 417-418
screening and identification of parents, 56-58, 183, 198, 413
treatment of depression, 264, 413-414
vulnerable populations, 416-417
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Resilience and protective factors.
See also Coping
biological processes in, 100-101
for children’s functioning, 58-59, 61, 149
defined, 99
integrative research, 100
parenting-related, 146
universal variables, 99-100
Rhode Island, 366-367
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 18
Ruminative thinking, 86, 95, 96, 150, 216
S
Schizophrenia, 79
School-based services, exemplary strategies, 354-355.
See also Early Head Start;
Head Start
Screening and identification of parents
child developmental screening linked to, 184, 186, 191-192, 197-198
community services, 184, 186, 190, 192-193
comorbidities and co-occurring factors and, 21, 54-55
cost and effectiveness, 196
diagnostic criteria, 20-21
Early Head Start programs, 192-193
education and support components, 184, 185, 197-198
functional status as a parent, 185, 189
in home visitation programs, 184, 195-196, 197
implementation challenges, 184, 196-198,
literature searches, 56-58
opportunities for, 54-55, 59
and persistence of depression, 183, 185
policy issues, 55
in primary care settings, 21, 59, 183, 184, 185-192
in prenatal and postpartum visits, 48, 57, 58, 183-184, 186-187, 188, 189, 190-191, 198, 225, 258
process, 186-189
rates, 190-191
recommendations and guidelines of professional organizations, 183
research gaps and opportunities, 56-58, 183, 198, 413
systematic approach with treatment, 183, 184, 185, 190, 240
targeted, 189-192
tools and approaches, 1, 56-58, 183, 185, 187, 188, 191
in substance use disorder treatment settings, 193-194
Second Chance Act of 2007, 356
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 209, 210-211, 212, 213, 219, 256
Self-help, 224-225, 228, 247
Separation anxiety, 154
Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression, 98, 207-208, 209, 289, 318-319, 360
Serotonin, 56, 80, 100, 220, 328
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 209, 212
Sertraline, 209, 213, 214, 289
Sex differences. See Gender differences;
Maternal;
Paternal
Single parenthood, 22, 87, 137, 289, 300, 309
Smoking. See Tobacco use
Social disadvantage, 1, 15, 25, 37, 89, 102, 136, 322, 388
Social exclusion, 88
Social functioning, 32, 60, 143, 155, 213, 235, 245, 257
Social marginalization, 35, 260, 261, 263
Social phobia, 97, 154
Social stressors, 76, 87
Social support, 6, 76, 86, 87, 89, 92, 93, 129, 130, 131, 132, 138, 189, 221, 244, 245, 251, 262, 286, 287, 292, 301-302, 309, 316-317, 351, 388
Socioeconomic status.
See also Educational attainment;
Employment;
Marital status;
Poverty status;
Race/ethnicity
and chronic stress, 87, 88
prevalence of depression, 15
Speak Up When You Are Down, 367
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, 2, 193, 257, 364, 372, 388
Specialty mental health settings
interventions in, 207, 224-225, 242-244
screening, 21
St. John’s wort, 218-219
State Children’s Health Insurance Program, 362, 394, 395, 396
State initiatives
postpartum depression, 363-364, 365, 367
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screening for depression, 55, 192-193
treatment interventions, 190
Statewide Family Network Grant Program, 361
Stepped Care Treatment of Postpartum Depression, 242
Stigma and biases, 4, 10, 14, 30, 35, 36, 190, 197, 206, 208, 241, 243, 246, 249, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263-264, 265, 344, 363, 367, 374, 376, 391, 392, 397
Strengthening Families Program, 307-308
Stress, 4.
See also Acute life events;
Chronic stress;
Vulnerable populations
bidirectional effects, 86
and children’s functioning, 132, 136-137
comorbidities and, 1
dysregulation of response, 81-83, 133-134, 136-137, 150
and etiology of depression, 7, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81-83, 85-86
fetal exposure to, 50-51, 142
gender differences, 85-86
hormones, see Cortisol
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal functioning, 50-51, 80, 81, 82, 83, 97, 133-134, 142, 150-153
integration of research on, 47
moderators, 96
and parenting, 129-130
resilience to, 59, 76
primate model of stress inoculation, 59
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 57, 128, 186, 194, 315
Subclinical depression, 32, 60, 73, 153, 191
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 8, 10, 11, 13, 18, 36, 193, 254-255, 360-361, 374, 377, 401, 427
Substance use disorders
adolescents, 140, 154
behavioral treatments, 254-255
co-occurring disorders, 15, 31, 36, 97-98, 156, 157, 193-194, 253-254, 307-308
environmental challenges, 194
integrated models of care, 253-256
parenting practices and, 127, 128, 194
in parents, 94, 136-137
paternal, 156, 157
prenatal, 124, 145
prevention of depression, 307-308
screening for depression in treatment settings, 193-194, 253-254
treatment of depression, 243, 253-256
Suicidal ideation, 155
Support and Train to Enhance Primary Care, 364
Systemic challenges
complexity of interventions, 389-391, 210-211
cultural and linguistic sensitivity, 16
family-focused two-generation issues, 16, 387
integrated strategies for co-occurring
conditions, 388-389
for low-income and minority families, 387-388
T
Telecare, 226-227, 228-229, 238
Telephone support, 240, 242
Television viewing, 139
Temperament, 141-143, 145-147, 296
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, 2, 366, 388
Tobacco use, 98, 120, 123, 124, 136, 139, 140, 145, 190
Toddler-parent psychotherapy, 295-296, 330-331
Trait anxiety, 31, 145, 240
Training
clinician, 189
transdisciplinary approach, 45-46
Transactional processes
in parenting, 134, 135, 142, 146, 154-155, 163
in psychological problems of children, 142, 143, 154-155, 163
Traumatic experiences, 36, 56, 156, 157-158
Treatment.
See also Alternative medicines;
Cognitive-behavioral therapy;
Interpersonal psychotherapy;
Pharmacotherapy
antepartum, 208, 210-213, 217
approaches, 205-206,
see also Delivery of health services;
Interventions
barriers to, 16, 31, 258-261
behavioral, 254-255
comorbidities and, 98, 206, 208
costs, 17
defined, 206
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effectiveness, 5, 15, 17, 160-161, 205, 206
impact on children of depressed parents, 160-161, 221
outcome measures, 205
to prevent adverse outcomes in children, 49, 221, 288-290, 298
research gaps and opportunities, 264, 413-414
Treatment-seeking behaviors, 30, 31
Tryptophan, 80
U
UIC Perinatal Mental Health Project, 242
United Kingdom, 23, 158, 159
United States, prevalence of depression, 17
University of California, Berkeley, 360
University of California, Davis, 262
University of Illinois at Chicago, 242, 363
University of Texas at Austin, 262
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 8, 9, 10, 18, 344, 373, 375, 376, 377, 400
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 185
U.S. Surgeon General, 7-8, 36, 259, 362, 374
Utilization of health care
for children of depressed parents, 33, 135-140, 162
mental health services, 36, 54, 208, 240, 258
network-focused approach, 262-263
V
Venlafaxine, 209, 212, 214
Violence.
See also Child abuse;
Domestic violence;
Intimate partner violence;
Marital/parenting discord
adolescent behavior, 154
exposure to, 30, 52, 53, 66, 67, 78, 90, 92, 120, 127, 149, 163, 193, 208, 257, 283, 388
substance use disorders and, 193, 194
treatment programs, 194, 255
Visiting Nurse Associations, 193
Vulnerable populations.
See also Cultural and linguistic considerations
barriers to care, 35-36, 257-260
defined, 30
employment and income assistance programs, 305-307
engaging, 197, 261-264
identifying, 1-2
families with co-occurring conditions, 307-308
low-income and minority mothers, 256-258
prevalence of depression, 23-31
policy implications, 30, 263
preventive interventions, 303-309
research challenges, 30, 53-54, 263
responding to the needs of, 387-388
research opportunities, 416-417
risk factors, 257, 303-307
treatment interventions, 239, 256-258, 261-264
treatment-seeking behaviors, 30
trust issues, 206, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265, 388, 397
W
Washington state, Maternal Support “First Steps” Program, 190
Web-based interventions, 197, 222, 224-227, 228, 246-248, 264, 265, 310, 364, 414
Wegner’s chronic illness model, 221
Whites, 25, 26, 28, 54, 83, 157, 191, 207, 236, 259, 261, 318, 324, 326, 328, 332, 347
Women, Co-occurring Disorders Study, 254-255
Wisconsin, 196-197, 305
Work Towards Wellness Program, 366-367
Workforce issues
minority providers, 260
provider education and training, 11-12, 194, 206, 222-223, 224-225, 230, 241, 242, 260, 261, 391-394, 401
Workplace, 248-250
World Health Organization, 16, 17, 32
World Health Surveys, 17
Y
Yoga, 220
Youth Self-Report Depression Subscale, 299
