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Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. References Ajami, N.K., Q.Y. Duan, and S. Sorooshian, 2007, An integrated hydrologic Bayesian multimodel combination framework: Confronting input, parameter, and model structural uncertainty in hydrologic prediction, Water Resources Research, 43, W01403, doi: 10.1029/2005WR004745. ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers), 2005a, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI Standard 7-05, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., available on CD-ROM. ASCE, 2005b, Flood Resistant Design and Construction, ASCE Standard 24-05, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., 80 pp. Bernknopf, R.L., R. Campbell, and C. Shapiro, 1988, An economic and geographic appraisal of a spatial natural hazard risk: A study of landslide mitigation rules, Environment and Planning A, 20, 621-631. Bernknopf, R.L., D.S. Brookshire, and M. Thayer, 1990, Earthquake and volcano notices: An economic evaluation of changes in risk perception, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 18, 35-49. Bernknopf, R.L., D.S. Brookshire, D.R. Soller, M.J. McKee, J.F. Sutter, J.C. Matti, and R.H. Campbell, 1993, Societal Value of Geologic Maps, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1111, Denver, Colo., 53 pp. Bernknopf, R.L., D.S. Brookshire, M. McKee, and D.R. Soller, 1997, Estimating the social value of geologic map information: A regulatory application, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 32, 204-218. Bin, O., and S. Polasky, 2004, Effects of flood hazards on property values. Evidence before and after Hurricane Floyd, Land Economics, 80, 490-500. Büchele, B., H. Kreibich, A. Kron, A. Thieken, J. Ihringer, P. Oberle, B. Merz, and F. Nestmann, 2006, Flood-risk mapping: Contributions towards an enhanced assessment of extreme events and associated risks, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 6, 485-503. CDWR (California Department of Water Resources), 2005, Multiobjective Approaches to Floodplain Management on a Watershed Basis: Natural Floodplain Functions and Societal Values; available online at <http://www.economics.water.ca.gov/downloads/EPA/Floodplain%20Functions%20Values_May%2005.doc>. Census Bureau, 2005, Table A1: Interim projection of the total population of the United States and states: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2030, Population Division, Interim State Population Projections; available online at <http://www.2010census.biz/population/projections/SummaryTabA1.pdf>. Chivers, J., and N.E. Flores, 2002, Market failure in information: The National Flood Insurance Program, Land Economics, 78, 515-521. Divoky, D., and D.T. Resio, 2008, Performance of the JPM and EST methods in storm surge studies, 13 pp.; available online at <http://www.waveworkshop.org/10thWaves/Papers/divokyResioJPMESTpaperFinal.pdf>. Dixon, L., N. Clancy, S.A. Seabury, and A. Overton, 2006, The National Flood Insurance Program’s Market Penetration Rate: Estimates and Policy Implications, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., 116 pp.; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2599>. Downton, M.W., J.Z. Barnard Miller, and R.A. Pielke Jr., 2005, Reanalysis of U.S. National Weather Service flood loss database, Natural Hazards Review, February, 13-22. Einstein, H.H., 1988, Landslide risk assessment procedure, in Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Landslides, Lausanne, Switzerland, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 1075-1090. EQE International, 2000, HAZUS Preview Model Methods and Data—Final Technical Report, Report to the National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C., 200 pp. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 1983, Flood Insurance Study: Guidelines and Specifications for Study Contractors, FEMA 37; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/pdf/fhm/frm_gstc02.pdf>. FEMA, 1989, Analysis of the Costs and Benefits of Providing Technical Assistance to and Monitoring Compliance by NFIP Participating Communities: Working Draft, 39 pp. FEMA, 1995, Managing Floodplain Development in Approximate Zone A Areas: A Guide for Obtaining and Developing Base (100-Year) Flood Elevations, FEMA 265; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/dl_zonea.shtm>. FEMA, 1997, Modernizing FEMA’s Flood Hazard Mapping Program: An Assessment of Benefits and Costs, 42 pp. Page 101 Front Matter (R1-R14) Summary (1-6) 1 Introduction (7-12) 2 Flood Mapping and Flood Insurance (13-24) 3 Elevation and Height Data (25-40) 4 Inland Flooding (41-66) 5 Coastal Flooding (67-78) 6 Benefits and Costs of Accurate Flood Mapping (79-88) 7 Mapping and Risk Communication: Moving to the Future (89-100) References (101-104) Appendixes (105-106) Appendix A: Methods for Estimating Base Flood Elevations in Approximate Studies (107-108) Appendix B: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members (109-112) Appendix C: Glossary (113-120) Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations (121-122)

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Mapping the Zone: Improving Flood Map Accuracy References Ajami, N.K., Q.Y. Duan, and S. Sorooshian, 2007, An integrated hydrologic Bayesian multimodel combination framework: Confronting input, parameter, and model structural uncertainty in hydrologic prediction, Water Resources Research, 43, W01403, doi: 10.1029/2005WR004745. ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers), 2005a, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI Standard 7-05, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., available on CD-ROM. ASCE, 2005b, Flood Resistant Design and Construction, ASCE Standard 24-05, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., 80 pp. Bernknopf, R.L., R. Campbell, and C. Shapiro, 1988, An economic and geographic appraisal of a spatial natural hazard risk: A study of landslide mitigation rules, Environment and Planning A, 20, 621-631. Bernknopf, R.L., D.S. Brookshire, and M. Thayer, 1990, Earthquake and volcano notices: An economic evaluation of changes in risk perception, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 18, 35-49. Bernknopf, R.L., D.S. Brookshire, D.R. Soller, M.J. McKee, J.F. Sutter, J.C. Matti, and R.H. Campbell, 1993, Societal Value of Geologic Maps, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1111, Denver, Colo., 53 pp. Bernknopf, R.L., D.S. Brookshire, M. McKee, and D.R. Soller, 1997, Estimating the social value of geologic map information: A regulatory application, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 32, 204-218. Bin, O., and S. Polasky, 2004, Effects of flood hazards on property values. Evidence before and after Hurricane Floyd, Land Economics, 80, 490-500. Büchele, B., H. Kreibich, A. Kron, A. Thieken, J. Ihringer, P. Oberle, B. Merz, and F. Nestmann, 2006, Flood-risk mapping: Contributions towards an enhanced assessment of extreme events and associated risks, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 6, 485-503. CDWR (California Department of Water Resources), 2005, Multiobjective Approaches to Floodplain Management on a Watershed Basis: Natural Floodplain Functions and Societal Values; available online at <http://www.economics.water.ca.gov/downloads/EPA/Floodplain%20Functions%20Values_May%2005.doc>. Census Bureau, 2005, Table A1: Interim projection of the total population of the United States and states: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2030, Population Division, Interim State Population Projections; available online at <http://www.2010census.biz/population/projections/SummaryTabA1.pdf>. Chivers, J., and N.E. Flores, 2002, Market failure in information: The National Flood Insurance Program, Land Economics, 78, 515-521. Divoky, D., and D.T. Resio, 2008, Performance of the JPM and EST methods in storm surge studies, 13 pp.; available online at <http://www.waveworkshop.org/10thWaves/Papers/divokyResioJPMESTpaperFinal.pdf>. Dixon, L., N. Clancy, S.A. Seabury, and A. Overton, 2006, The National Flood Insurance Program’s Market Penetration Rate: Estimates and Policy Implications, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., 116 pp.; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2599>. Downton, M.W., J.Z. Barnard Miller, and R.A. Pielke Jr., 2005, Reanalysis of U.S. National Weather Service flood loss database, Natural Hazards Review, February, 13-22. Einstein, H.H., 1988, Landslide risk assessment procedure, in Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Landslides, Lausanne, Switzerland, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 1075-1090. EQE International, 2000, HAZUS Preview Model Methods and Data—Final Technical Report, Report to the National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C., 200 pp. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 1983, Flood Insurance Study: Guidelines and Specifications for Study Contractors, FEMA 37; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/pdf/fhm/frm_gstc02.pdf>. FEMA, 1989, Analysis of the Costs and Benefits of Providing Technical Assistance to and Monitoring Compliance by NFIP Participating Communities: Working Draft, 39 pp. FEMA, 1995, Managing Floodplain Development in Approximate Zone A Areas: A Guide for Obtaining and Developing Base (100-Year) Flood Elevations, FEMA 265; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/fhm/dl_zonea.shtm>. FEMA, 1997, Modernizing FEMA’s Flood Hazard Mapping Program: An Assessment of Benefits and Costs, 42 pp.

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Mapping the Zone: Improving Flood Map Accuracy FEMA, 2000, Modernizing FEMA’s Flood Hazard Mapping Program: An Updated Assessment of the Benefits and Costs, FEMA internal document, 7 pp. FEMA, 2001, What Is a Benefit? Guidance on Benefit-Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects, Revision 2.0, Flood Insurance and Mitigation Administration, Washington, D.C., 82 pp. FEMA, 2002, National Flood Insurance Program: Program description; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/doc/plan/prevent/floodplain/nfipdescrip.doc>. FEMA, 2003, Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2206>. FEMA, 2004, Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety: Glossary of Terms, Interagency Committee on Dam Safety, Washington, D.C., 28 pp.; available online at <http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/safety/guidelines/fema-148.pdf>. FEMA, 2005a, Design and Construction in Coastal A Zones, Hurricane Katrina Recovery Advisory, 5 pp.; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/pdf/rebuild/mat/coastal_a_zones.pdf>. FEMA, 2005b, Evaluation of Alternatives in Obtaining Structural Elevation Data, prepared by Dewberry & Davis LLC, 136 pp.; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/pdf/nfip/alt_elevations/elevations_final.pdf>. FEMA, 2006a, Flood Map Modernization, Mid-course Adjustment; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2195>. FEMA, 2006b, Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners, Final Draft, October 2006, FEMA Region VI, Washington, D.C., 360 pp. FEMA, 2006c, Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf Coast, Mitigation Assessment Team Report, Building Performance Observations, Recommendations, and Technical Guidance, FEMA 549, 584 pp.; available online at <www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1857>. FEMA, 2006d, Recommended Residential Construction for the Gulf Coast: Building on Strong and Safe Foundations, FEMA 550, 261 pp.; available online at <www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=1853>. FEMA, 2007a, Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico Coastal Guidelines Update, 360 pp.; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2458>. FEMA, 2007b, Guidance for Validating Flood Hazard Data: Flood Map Modernization, issued April 9, 2007, Washington, D.C., 15 pp. FEMA, 2007c, Revised Procedure Memorandum 38—Implementation of Floodplain Boundary Standard (Section 7 of MHIP V 1.0), issued by Doug Bellomo, Risk Analysis Division, on October 17, 2007. FEMA, 2008a, FEMA’s Risk MAP Strategy—Integrating Mapping, Assessment, and Mitigation Planning, Draft Strategy, February 20, 2008; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/plan/ffmm.shtm>. FEMA, 2008b, Guidance for Coastal Flood Hazard Analyses and Mapping in Sheltered Waters, Technical Memorandum, February 2008, 22 pp. FEMA, 2008c, Multi-year Flood Hazard Identification Plan, version 3, 24 pp.; available online at <http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=3276>. Galloway, G.E., G.B. Baecher, D. Plasencia, K.G. Coulton, J. Louthain, M. Bagha, and A.R. Levy, 2006, Assessing the Adequacy of the National Flood Insurance Program’s 1 Percent Flood Standard, Water Policy Collaborative, University of Maryland, College Park, 197 pp. GAO (Government Accountability Office), 2004, Flood Map Modernization: Program Strategy Shows Promise, but Challenges Remain, GAO-04-417, Washington, D.C., 49 pp. Gesch, D.B., 2009, Analysis of lidar elevation data for improved identification and delineation of lands vulnerable to sea level rise, Journal of Coastal Research, in press. Hallstrom, D., and V.K. Smith, 2005, Market responses to hurricanes, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 50, 541-561. Halsing, D., K. Theissen, and R. Bernkopf, 2004, A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the National Map, U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1271, Reston, Va., 49 pp. Heinz Center, 2000, Evaluation of Erosion Hazards, a Collaborative Project of the H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment, Prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, 205 pp.; available online at <http://www.heinzcenter.org/publications/PDF/erosnrpt.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks&view=Fit>. Hodge, S.A., and G.D. Tasker, 1995, Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in Arkansas, U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 95-4224, Denver, Colo., 277 pp. Holoway, J.M., and R. Burby, 1990, The effects of floodplain development controls on residential land values, Land Economics, 66, 259-270. IACWD (Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data), 1982, Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency, Bulletin 17B (revised and corrected), U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va., 186 pp.; available online at <http://water.usgs.gov/osw/bulletin17b/dl_flow.pdf>. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2007, Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri, and A. Reisinger, eds., Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp. IPET (Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force), 2008, Performance Evaluation of the New Orleans and Southeast Louisiana Hurricane Protection System, Final Report, 9 volumes; available online at <https://ipet.wes.army.mil/>. Jones, C., W. Coulbourne, and P. 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Mapping the Zone: Improving Flood Map Accuracy Maune, D.F., ed., 2007, Digital Elevation Model Technologies and Applications: The DEM Users Manual, 2nd edition, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Md., 655 pp. Maurstad, D., 2008, Levees, risk, and shared responsibility: The federal perspective, Annual Meeting of the National Association of Flood and Stormwater Management Agencies, Napa, Calif., August. Merz, B., and A.H. Thieken, 2005, Separating natural and epistemic uncertainty in flood frequency analysis, Journal of Hydrology, 309, 114-132. Mileti, D.S., C. Fitzpatrick, and B.C. Farhar, 1992, Lessons from the Parkfield earthquake prediction, Environment, 34, 16-39. Montz, B.E., and G.A. Tobin, 1988, The spatial and temporal variability of residential real estate values in response to flooding, Disasters: The International Journal of Disasters Study and Practice, 12, 167-177. 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Mapping the Zone: Improving Flood Map Accuracy Yapo, P.O., H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, 1996, Automatic calibration of conceptual rainfall-runoff models: Sensitivity to calibration data, Journal of Hydrology, 181, 23-48. Yapo, P.O., H.V. Gupta, and S. Sorooshian, 1998, Multi-objective global optimization for hydrologic models, Journal of Hydrology, 204, 83-97.