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Surrounded by Science: Learning Science in Informal Environments
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Index
A
A Question of Truth (exhibit), 67
Academies for Young Scientists, 188-189, 190
Access to science learning.
See also Cultural, diversity, and equity issues
videoconferencing technology, 154, 155
Active Prolonged Engagement exhibits, 15, 48-49, 50
Adult science learning.
See also Citizen science;
Science Cafés;
Senior citizens
characteristics of experiences, 148-149
evidence of learning, 151
identity building, 81-82
interest and motivating factors, 146-147, 148-149, 151
number and type of programs, 148
opportunities, 4, 16, 29, 88, 146-151, 169
perceptions of institutions and programs, 148
pyramid image, 149
venues, 147-148
After-school programs. See Out-of-school-time programs
Aikenhead, Glen, 132
Albert, Marilyn, 152
Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, 150
All Girls Expedition to Yellowstone (program), 144-145
Allen, Sue, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73
Allen and Associates, 124-125
Amateur science clubs, 1, 2, 4, 15-16, 26, 30, 88, 139, 142, 175
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 132
American Sign Language, 130
Ancient Observatories (exhibit), 129
Anderson, David, 180
Apley, Alice, 58, 59
Aquariums. See Zoos and aquariums
Assessment of learning outcomes
challenges, 5, 103-105, 142, 165-166
consensus building on, 109, 111, 113
construct validity, 106
content analyses of discussions, 106
conversation taping and analysis, 66, 68-72, 79, 107
defined, 111
designed environments, 66, 68, 71-72, 103-104, 107, 112
developing appropriate assessments, 105-111, 112-113
ecological validity, 106
embedded in activities, 109, 113
evaluation distinguished from, 111-113
evidence base, 5
extended learning opportunities, 165, 179, 180-181
generally, 2
goal setting, 105, 112, 113
long-term learning, 106-107, 108
methods, 105
outcome and measurement approaches, 105-106, 108-109, 113-114, 165-166
pretest, 179
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programs, 4, 54, 114, 135, 189-190
resources for developing, 114
scale of outcomes, 104-105, 108
sharing, 114
social norms and, 109
standardized, 109, 111, 113
strands framework and, 108-110, 179
surveys, 23, 33, 106, 173
target audience, 105, 112
things to try, 32-33, 100, 113-114
tracking and timing methods, 107
Association of Science-Technology Centers, 189
Association of Zoos and Aquariums, 96, 101
Astronomy, 3, 15-16, 26
Augare, Helen, 133, 134
B
Backyard research, 15-16, 21, 22-24, 25, 32
Bartlett, Karol, 162
Bay Area Discovery Museum, 164
Benbow, Ann, 151
Biodiesel fuel experiment, 98
Birdwatching, 133, 147, 149
House Finch Eye Disease Survey, 24
Project FeederWatch, 21, 22-24, 25, 32
Seed Preference Test, 24, 25
Blackfeet Community College, 132, 133
Blackfeet Native Science Field Center, 132-136
Blackfeet Reservation, 132
Bonney, Rick, 22, 24, 205
C
Calabrese Barton, Angela, 121
California Bay Watershed Education and Training Program, 177
California Science Center, 31, 169
Callanan, Maureen, 73
Cell Lab (exhibit), 43-48, 52, 66, 107, 109
Cell phones, 163, 165
Center for Informal Learning and Schools, 189, 190
Center for the Advancement of Informal Science Education, 18, 34, 62, 80, 115, 159
Children and youth.
See also Out-of-school-time programs;
Parent-child interactions;
Playing to learn
adolescents, 142
cognitive development and learning, 140-141
metacognition, 38-39
opportunities for learning, 52-60, 140-146
science identity building, 30-31
Children’s Discovery Museum, 73, 122, 123-126, 127, 128, 129, 137
Children’s Museum of Indianapolis, 83-86, 162
Citizen science
activities, 2, 4, 22-24, 25, 35, 88, 149
social interactions, 65-66
Web site, 34
City University of New York, 88
Clara Maass Continuing Care Center, 154
Clubs. See Amateur science clubs
Cognition and learning
affect and, 82-83
barriers to, 54, 55
children and adolescents, 140-141
expert vs. novice, 13-14, 38-39, 60
intuitive ideas, 38, 39, 55, 140
older adults, 150-151
principles, 17-18
prior knowledge and, 5, 12, 13, 14-15, 17, 38-39, 42, 60, 65, 71, 73, 82-83, 127, 140, 162
social interaction and, 14, 15, 17, 46, 66, 78-79, 83, 87, 93, 97, 122
systematic approach to research, 13-17
Cohen Center for Interactive Learning, 170-174
Cohort effects, 155-157
Collaborations and linkages
for assessments, 114
challenges, 166
community partnerships in design and development, 121, 122, 123, 126, 129, 132, 136, 153, 154, 155, 158, 176-179, 184
informal and formal environments, 166-175, 178-182, 187-190
media and designed environments, 15-16, 44-46, 48, 61
research investments in, 187-190
scientific facility partnerships with schools, 170-174
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sharing activities among museums, 48
teacher professional development, 180-182
things to try, 184-185
value of, 179
Color Connection (exhibit), 84-86
Community partnerships, 121, 122, 123, 126, 129, 132, 136, 153, 154, 155, 158, 176-179, 184
Conservation, 81-83, 96-97, 110
Conversations and discussions
adult-child interactions, 7, 63-66, 73-76
affective talk, 72
as assessment tool, 66, 68-72, 79, 106, 107
conceptual talk, 70-71
connecting talk, 71
content analyses of discussions, 106
designing space for, 46, 66
evidence of learning, 68, 71
with experts, 2
explanatory, 73-76
facilitating discussion, 10, 11, 46, 122
in family settings, 1, 64-65, 166
learning opportunities, 2, 3
mediating strategies, 76, 79
and motivation to learn, 63-64, 86
perceptual talk, 69-70
provoking discussion, 6, 8, 12, 67
research challenges, 66, 68
scientific norms and language learned in, 64, 66
strategic talk, 71-72
things to try, 79
TV viewing with, 65, 77, 78
Coral Reef Adventure (movie), 81-82, 107
Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 22-24, 33, 66, 149
Cosmic Serpent, 137
Cousteau, Jacques-Yves, 161
Craik, Fergus, 152
Crowley, Kevin, 73, 74, 75
CSI: Crime Scene Investigations, 29
Cultural, diversity, and equity issues
audience development initiatives, 122, 123-127, 129
building community relationships, 128, 129
challenges of engaging nondominant cultures, 120, 122, 123-124, 128
designing inclusive exhibits, 15, 120-127, 129, 132-136, 152, 158
equity issues, 120-127, 143-146
generational issues, 123
integrating culture and science, 15, 89-93, 119-120, 132-136
language barriers, 120, 121, 122, 127, 129
in learning, 14-15
out-of-school-time programs, 143-145
outreach model, 121, 123
for people with disabilities, 120, 128, 130-131, 152, 154, 155
things to try, 32, 136, 158
tools and artifacts, 15
Culture of science.
See also Scientific practices
program examples, 89-91, 144-145, 146, 170-174
social interactions, 15, 19-20, 30, 32
strand 5, 17, 30, 47, 55, 64, 93, 146, 151, 173
tools and language, 20, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 43-48, 55, 64, 146, 151, 173
values of scientists, 20-21
D
Davidson, Betty, 130
Designed environments.
See also Libraries;
Museums and exploratoriums;
Zoos and aquariums
assessment as part of, 66, 68, 71-72, 103-104, 107, 112
examples, 2, 3-4
extending the learning experiences, 4
interactivity in, 3-4, 40, 41-48
programs in, 4
time frame of experiences, 4
Designing for science learning
Active Prolonged Engagement exhibits, 15, 48-49, 50
age considerations, 139, 157
challenges, 48-54
characteristics that encourage learning, 5, 37-38, 83-86
cohort considerations, 155-157
community partnerships, 121, 122, 123, 126, 129, 132, 136, 153, 154, 155, 158, 176-179, 184
computer modeling, 51
connected learning experiences, 162
cultural and diversity issues, 15, 120-127, 129, 132-136, 152
evaluation component, 111-113
exploratory experiences, 16
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future learning preparations, 183-184
insights from research on learning, 13-17, 38-39, 60-61
interactive experiences, 32, 41-55, 56-60, 83-86
interpretive materials, 40, 85
juxtaposition of prior knowledge and scientific explanations, 14, 39-40, 41, 43
learning progressions, 182-183
long-term experiences, 16, 52-55
media, 56-60
motivation model, 83-86
multiple modes of engagement, 5, 12, 16, 17, 32, 40, 41, 43, 47, 52, 55, 60, 67, 130-131, 164
museum exhibits, 14, 15, 40, 44-48, 50-52, 64, 83-87, 99, 112, 122-131, 162, 182-183
one-shot experiences, 16
for people with disabilities, 128, 130-131
prior knowledge and interest and, 5, 12, 13, 14-15, 17, 38-39, 42, 49, 60, 65, 71, 73, 82-83, 127, 140, 162
process, 52
programs, 52, 53-55
strands framework and, 31-32, 41-42, 47-48, 52, 55, 60, 87, 103
strategies for implementing research, 39-41, 53-61
structured exhibits, 16
things to try, 60-61, 157-158
universal, 128
Dierking, Lynn, 167
Dolphins (movie), 82
Downhill Race (exhibit), 49
DragonflyTV: Going Places in Science, 56-59, 62
E
Elderhostel programs, 4
Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, 178-179
Ellenbogen, Kirsten, 46, 47, 48
Environmental centers, 2, 153, 154, 158
Equity in science education. See Cultural, diversity, and equity issues
Evaluation
assessment distinguished from, 111-113
defined, 111
evidence of learning, 7, 173-174
formative, 111-112
front-end, 111, 129
NSF framework, 109-111, 112, 115
reviewing data with outside experts, 33
summative, 111, 112, 124-125, 126, 131
Everyday science learning
backyard research, 21, 22-24, 25, 32
choosing to participate, 2, 3-4
examples, 28
range of experiences, 2, 3
signs of competence and learning, 3, 8, 173-174
Evolution traveling exhibit, 182-183
Exhibit Files, 159
Explora!, 57
Exploratorium in Second Life (exhibit), 164
Exploratorium of San Francisco, 43-48, 51, 62, 63, 68, 69-72, 79, 87, 107, 112, 129, 137, 164, 188, 189, 190
Extended learning opportunities.
See also Field trips;
Formal science learning
adult pursuit of, 149
assessment of, 165, 180-181
design strategies, 40, 162
field trips, 167-170
generally, 4, 7
internship model, 174-175
learning progressions, 182-184
lending/sharing resources, 162
linking formal and informal settings, 166-179
media platforms, 162-166, 185
motivation for, 87-88
out-of-school-time programs, 176-179
professional development, 180-182
scientific facility partnerships with schools, 170-174
things to try, 184-185
traveling exhibits, 4, 182-183
F
Falk, John, 95, 96, 100, 167
Family settings.
See also Parent-child interactions conversations that promote learning, 1, 64-65, 166
learning in, 38, 77, 78, 140-141
Family values, reinforcing, 95
Field trips
advance preparation, 167
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hands-on activities, 167-168
internship model, 174-175
LabVenture model, 170-174
reinforcement afterwards, 169-170
teacher/chaperone involvement, 168-169
value of, 167-170
Films and videos
IMAX movies, 27, 56, 81-82, 87, 107, 161
provoking discussion with, 8, 9-11, 12
Finding Nemo (film), 161
Fink, Laurie, 45, 47, 48
Flagg, Barbara, 82
Flickr, 164
Follow-up learning opportunities. See Extended learning opportunities
Formal science learning
field trips, 167-170
instruction tie and quality, 1
learning progressions, 182-184
linking informal learning opportunities, 166-175, 188-190
reform initiatives, 181-182
scientific facility partnerships, 170-174
teacher professional development, 180-182
Frogs (exhibit), 63-64, 69-72, 107
Fusco, Dana, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93
G
Gardening and garden clubs, 30-31, 53, 89-91
Garibay, Cecilia, 121, 129
Garibay Group, 121, 126
Gleason, Mary, 73-74
Global warming, 9-11, 67
Glowing Worms (exhibit), 43, 87
Goldowsky, Alexander, 42
Griffin, Janette, 168, 169
Grimmer, Karen, 178
Guichard, Jack, 41
Gulf of Maine Research Institute, 170-174
H
Haefner, Margaret, 65
Harvard University, 188, 190
Hein, George, 167
Hidi, Suzanne, 87, 99
Hobbies/hobbyists, 2, 3, 23, 30-31, 78, 95, 96, 97, 104, 142, 146
Hopa Mountain program, 132, 134, 137
Hot air balloon experiment, 57-59
I
Identity. See Science identity building
Informal Learning and Science in Afterschool:
A Research and Dissemination Project, 189-190
Informal science learning environments.
See also Strands of science learning;
specific environments
categories, 2
characteristics that encourage learning, 2, 5-13, 16-17
cohort considerations, 155-157
cumulative process, 161-162, 166
examples, 1, 16
importance, 1, 32
strands framework, 25-33
time frame, 4
venues, 2-5
Inquiry
behaviors, 7, 24, 42, 57, 65, 78
curriculum materials, 181, 189
developing skills, 173;
see also Scientific reasoning processes, 24, 59, 135
scientific, 110, 181
storytelling devices, 56-60
Institute for Learning Innovation, 7, 95, 96, 115
Interactivity.
See also Conversations and discussions;
Parent-child interactions;
Playing to learn
benefits for learning, 5, 38, 40, 41, 43
challenges, 48-55
defined, 40
designing learning experiences, 32, 41-55, 56, 83-86
“do and see” activities, 42
exhibits, 28, 40, 41-42, 43-52, 65, 66, 69-72, 83-86, 130-131, 167-168, 185
and inquiry behaviors, 42
interpretive materials and, 40
kinds of experiences, 40
media opportunities for, 15-16, 38, 40, 56-60, 163
optimal degree, 43
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roles that support learning, 45, 64, 65-66, 73, 75-76, 77-79
social, 14, 15, 46, 64-65, 66, 77-78, 79, 83, 87, 97, 122
strands of learning, 41-42
things to try, 79
Interest and motivation
adults, 146-147, 148-149, 151, 153
age differences, 140
assessment of, 66, 68-72, 79, 107
community garden project, 89-93
conversation and, 63-64, 86
cultivating and sustaining interest, 4, 5, 12, 18, 21, 25, 26, 49, 54, 87-93, 110, 151, 168
cultural considerations, 137-138
identity-related, 97-99
interactive experiences and, 14, 42. 49, 63-64, 146, 167-168
interest development model, 87-92, 99
motivation model, 84-86, 99, 100
movies/films and, 81-82
museum exhibit design, 42, 47, 52, 64, 84-86, 100
role of interest, 82-87
and science identity, 81-83, 93-97, 99, 100-101
strand 1, 26, 27, 42, 47, 52, 63-64, 82, 92-93, 110, 146, 151, 179
structured activities, 167-168
things to try, 100
Internet
communities of peers online, 33
computer games, 2, 5, 6-7, 8, 12, 18, 106, 107, 109, 156
forums and other resources, 6, 23, 54, 163, 164
learning activities, 2, 4, 33, 162, 183-184, 185
personalized student websites, 172
Web resources, 18, 34, 62, 79, 80, 101, 115, 137, 159, 164, 186
website design, 153
ISEN-ASTC-L, 33
J
Jacobs, Melanie, 74, 75
Jipson, Jennifer, 73
K
Kings College London, 188, 189
Koran, John, 42, 168
Kubota, Carole, 167
L
LaBar, Wayne, 165
LabVenture! (program), 170-174, 179, 186
Lake Washington Watershed Internship Program, 174-175, 179
LASER (Leadership and Assistance for Science Education Reform), 181-182, 186
Latino Audience Development Initiative, 123, 129
Lawrence Hall of Science, 190
Learning. See Assessment of learning outcomes;
Cognition and learning;
Designing for science learning;
Everyday science learning;
Informal science learning environments
Learning and Youth Research and Evaluation Center, 188, 189, 190
Learning in Informal and Formal Environments (LIFE) Center, 188, 189, 190
Lectures, 4, 16, 29, 88, 148, 154, 169
Liberty Science Center, 163
Libraries, 1, 2, 3, 16, 141, 147, 148, 152, 154, 162, 166
Library of Congress, 164
Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (film), 161
Life-stage perspectives on learning
adults, 146-151
children and youth, 30, 140-146
cohort effects, 155-157
designing exhibits for, 46
senior citizens, 30-31, 139, 151-155
things to try, 157-158
Lishness, Alan, 171
Lyndhurst Public Library, 154
Lyon, Gabrielle, 145
M
Magnitude X (exhibit), 129
Making Models (exhibit), 128, 130-131, 137
Marshall, Charles, 9, 10, 11, 12
Martin, Jenni, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129
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Maryland Science Center, 48
McKhann, Guy, 152
McLean, Kathleen, 40
Meadowlands Environmental Center, 153, 154, 158
Media.
See also Films and videos;
Internet;
Television design strategies, 56-60
effectiveness and limitations, 15-16
interactivity, 40, 56-60, 71-72, 163
platforms for extended learning experiences, 15-16, 162-166, 185
Mentoring and mentors, 2, 4, 64, 65-66, 78, 88
Mercer Slough Environmental Education Center, 175
Metacognition, 14, 38-39, 55, 60, 71
Miami Museum of Science and Planetarium, 182
Michigan State University, 121
Miistakis Institute for the Rockies, 150
Miller, Diane, 53, 54, 55, 78
Miller, Joshua, 144
The Mind (exhibit), 49-52, 66, 112
Minnesota Zoo, 6
Montana State University, 119
Monterey Bay Aquarium, 82, 96, 101, 178
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 177-179
Motivation. See Interest and motivation
Multicultural Education for Resource Issues Threatening Oceans (program), 177-179, 186
Museum of Comparative Zoology, 9
Museum of Science, Boston, 128, 130-131, 137
Museums and exploratoriums.
See also individual institutions and exhibits
access issues, 120, 121, 122-127, 152
Active Prolonged Engagement exhibits, 15, 48-49, 50
adult experiences, 147, 148, 152
assessment of learning in, 66, 68, 71-72, 103-104, 107, 112
connected learning experiences, 4, 162
cultural and political influences on science, 67
cultural considerations, 120, 121, 122-127, 135
designing exhibits, 14, 15, 40, 52, 64, 83-87, 99, 112, 122-131, 152, 162, 182-183
diversity of staff, 121, 126
films, 81-82
generally, 1, 3, 16, 29, 88, 139, 140, 141, 166
interactive exhibits, 40, 41-52, 65, 66, 130-131, 164, 167-168, 185
interpretive materials, 40, 122, 129, 131
lending kits and educational resources, 162
media platforms for extended learning experiences, 71-72, 162, 163, 164, 165-166, 185
online activities, 4, 33, 44-46, 162, 183-184, 185
parent-child interactions in, 73-76, 78, 95, 147
perceptions of, 123
professional development for teachers, 180, 184
programs, 4, 52-55, 148
science clubs, 2
science identity building, 95, 96-97
sharing activities among museums, 48
social interaction, 52, 65, 66, 122
skeleton exhibit experience, 41-42
structured activities in field trips, 167-168
Teenage Designers of Learning Spaces program, 52-55
traveling exhibits, 4, 182-183
visitor conversations studied in, 66, 68, 71-72, 107
Museums and the Web conference, 164
MythBusters, 29
N
Naïve understanding, 14
National marine sanctuaries, 186
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 177
National Science Foundation, 109-111, 112, 115, 163, 188-189
Native American culture, 119-120, 132-136
Native Science Field Centers (program), 132-135
Native Waters (exhibit), 119-120
Nature centers, 1, 7, 28, 40, 174
New York Hall of Science, 37, 182
North Carolina Museum of Life and Science, 131, 164
North Museum, 182
NOVA scienceNOW program, 9, 11
O
Oglala Lakota College, 132
Olstad, Roger, 167
Ontario Science Center, 67
Out-of-school-time programs
assessment of, 114, 135, 179, 189-190
continuity with other venues, 139, 166
coordination with formal curriculum, 176-179
cultural elements, 132-135
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evolution of, 143
examples, 89-91, 132-135, 175, 177-179
extended-day programming, 176
generally, 1, 4, 16
important elements, 66, 157
participant characteristics, 143
partnership opportunities, 176-179
roles that support learning, 66, 77
and science identity, 142
self-contained, 176
strands framework, 146
sustaining interest in, 88
P
Pacific Science Center, 175, 181-182, 186
Pajaro Valley Unified School District, 178-179
Parent-child interactions.
See also Family settings
explanatory conversations, 73-76
reinforcement of learning, 3
resources to support, 74
undermining engagement, 74
Pedretti, Erminia, 67
Peer networks, 136
Perry, Deborah, 83, 84, 99, 100, 101
Pine Ridge Reservation, 132
Pittsburgh Children’s Museum, 74, 75-76
Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center, 80
Planetariums, 2, 3, 15, 26, 56, 182
Playing to learn
computer games, 2, 5, 6-7, 8, 12, 16, 18, 106, 107, 109, 156
cultural issues, 123
Price, Sabra, 167-168
Prior knowledge and interest, building on, 5, 12, 13, 14-15, 17, 38-39, 42, 60, 65, 71, 73, 82-83, 127, 140, 162, 167
Program in Education, Afterschool & Resiliency, 190
Programs.
See also Out-of-school-time programs;
specific programs
assessments, 4
choosing to participate, 4
cultural and diversity aspects, 4, 52, 143-146
design, 4, 52-55, 152-153, 154
examples, 2, 4, 143-146, 150
facilitators, 4, 148-149
number and type for adults, 148
strands framework, 146, 151
time frame, 4
Project Exploration (program), 143, 145, 146, 159
Project FeederWatch (program), 21, 22-24, 25, 32
Project SEE (program), 153, 154, 158, 159
R
Ramapo College of New Jersey, 153, 158
Randi Korn & Associates, 46
Randol, Scott, 42
Reading, 2, 3, 7, 40, 54, 88, 94, 98, 140, 141, 162, 165
Reasoning. See Scientific reasoning
Reflection on science
conversation and, 71
designing science experiences for, 13-14, 29, 38-39, 47
strand 4, 27, 29, 38-39, 47, 55, 60, 71, 146
Reginald Clark and Associates, 190
Reich, Christine, 130-131
Reiser, Robert, 65
Renninger, Ann, 87, 99
Restoring Environments and Landscapes (REAL), 89-91, 92
RMC Research Corporation, 58, 162
Road Watch in the Pass (program), 150, 151, 159
S
Sachatello-Sawyer, Bonnie, 134, 148, 149
Salthouse, Timothy, 152
Schaller, David, 6-7, 12
Schauble, Leona, 73-74, 162
Schaufele, Rob, 150
School science instruction. See Formal science learning
Schroeder, Melanie, 144
Schwartzman, Gabe, 98-99
Science.
See also Culture of science cultural and political influences, 67
social and cultural aspects, 19-25
Science Cafés, 1, 8, 9-11, 12, 18, 29, 67
Science centers, 2, 3, 28, 40.
See also Nature centers;
specific centers
Science identity building
adults, 30-31
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children and youth, 30-31, 173, 178
conceptions of, 94
and deeper engagement with science, 30, 97-99
design of learning experiences, 47, 48, 81-82, 95, 96-97
family values, 94-95
interest development and, 93-97
as interest driver, 95-97
strand 6, 27, 30-31, 47, 48
things to try, 100-101
Science learning. See Informal science learning environments
Science Museum of Minnesota, 43, 44-46, 62, 81, 131
Science North, 162
Science Now, Science Everywhere (program), 163
Science of Dragon Boats (exhibit), 129
Scientific practices. See also Culture of science
backyard research, 15-16, 21, 22-24, 25, 32
Cell Lab experience, 43-48, 52, 66, 107, 109
data collection and documentation, 22, 58, 110, 134, 150, 179
interactions with people, 64
LabVenture! program, 170-174, 179, 186
NSF evaluation framework, 110
Scientific reasoning
conversation and, 66, 74
designing activities for, 42, 47, 87
examples, 28, 92-93
interactive experiences, 41, 42, 66, 74
naïve, 182
NSF evaluation framework, 109
opportunities for, 28, 47
process, 28-29, 47, 146
short-term vs. long-term experiences, 42
strand 3, 27, 28-29, 42, 47, 87, 92, 110, 146, 151, 173
Scientists
cultural values, 15, 20-21
mentoring role, 65-66
stereotypes, 19
Search for Life (exhibit), 37
Secaucus Senior Center, 154
Secrets of Circles (exhibit), 124-126
Senior citizens
cognition and learning, 152-153
with disabilities, 129, 130-131, 152
effective strategies, 155
planning programs for, 151-154
science identity building, 30-31
Serrell, Beverly, 88
Service at Salado (program), 66
Sesame Street, 65
Sierra Club, 10
60 Minutes, 162
Skeleton exhibit, 41-42
Smithsonian Institution, 164
Social interactions.
See also Conversations and discussions;
Parent-child interactions in citizen science, 65-66
and cognition and learning, 14, 15, 17, 46, 66, 78-79, 83, 87, 93, 97, 122
cultural variation in beliefs, values and norms, 122
in museum exhibits, 52, 65, 66, 122
in science, 15, 19-20, 30, 32
Spickelmier, Grant, 6, 7, 12
SRI International, 188
St. Louis Center for Inquiry in Science Teaching and Learning, 189, 190
St. Louis Science Center, 48, 52, 53-54, 62, 78, 93, 109
Storytelling, 56-60, 119
Strands of science learning
in assessments, 108-110, 179
designing learning experiences, 31-32, 41-42, 47-48, 87
framework, 26-31
interconnectedness, 26, 92-93
NSF evaluation framework compared, 109-110
strand 1, see Interest and motivation
strand 2, see Understanding content and knowledge
strand 3, see Scientific reasoning
strand 4, see Reflecting on science
strand 5, see Culture of science
strand 6, see Science identity building
things to try, 32-33
Summer programs, 4, 53, 104, 127, 131, 133
Symington, David, 168
T
Teachers and teaching
field trip involvement, 167, 168-170
in informal settings, 148-149
OCR for page 218
Surrounded by Science: Learning Science in Informal Environments
professional development in informal settings, 180-182
time available and quality of, 55
Tech Museum (San Jose, CA), 81-82
Teenage Designers of Learning Spaces, 53-55, 109
Television
conversational interaction during shows, 65, 77, 78
educational shows, 2, 3, 7, 15, 16, 56, 57-59, 75, 141, 146, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 183
effect on learning, 166
entertainment shows as learning venues, 29
extended learning experiences, 56, 57-59, 161, 164, 165, 183
interactivity, 40, 56, 57-59, 65
Thirsty Scholar Pub, 8, 9-11
Thogersen, Erik, 50, 51, 52, 66, 112
21st Century Learning Centers, 143
Twin Cities Public Television, 56
U
Understanding content and knowledge
design of learning experiences and, 29, 41-42, 47, 52, 86
examples, 27, 41-42
naïve understanding, 14, 38
persistence of, 42
prior knowledge and, 39-40
strand 2, 7, 26-27, 41, 47, 52, 87, 110, 146, 179
United Senior Center Hackensack, 154
University of British Columbia, 180
University of California at Santa Cruz, 188, 189
University of Michigan, 182
V
Vacations, learning-oriented, 4, 161
Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre, 180-181
Videos. See Films and videos
Vietnamese Audience Development Initiative, 123-126
Vietnamese culture, 122, 123-127, 129
Visitor Studies Association, 115
Volunteering, 2, 3, 4, 6, 31, 44, 45, 65-66, 91, 97, 133, 175
W
Wartella, Ellen, 65
WGBH public television outreach, 8, 9, 10
Wiehe, Ben, 9-11, 12
Wind River Reservation, 132
WolfQuest (game), 5, 6-7, 8, 12, 18, 106, 107, 109, 156
Y
Yellowstone National Park, 6, 144-146
Yelp, 164
Z
Zoetrope exhibit, 73
Zoos and aquariums
after-school programs, 178
assessment of learning experiences, 180-181
diversity initiatives, 127
extended learning opportunities, 161, 183
generally, 2, 3
interactive components, 42
membership, 82
motivation for visiting, 82, 83, 93, 96-97
teacher training opportunities, 180
