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D
Description of State Renewable Portfolio Standards
TABLE D-1 Description of state renewable portfolio standards
State Amount Year Description
Arizona 15% 2025 The Arizona Corporation Commission introduced new renewable energy
standards in 2006. Customers will face a slightly higher Environmental
Portfolio Surcharge to offset the cost of compliance. If a utility does not
meet the standard, the Commission may assess a penalty for non-
compliance. The new rules also require a growing percentage of the total
resource portfolio to come from distributed generation. Sources of energy
that count toward the standard include electricity produced from
qualifying biogas, hydropower, fuel cells that use only renewable fuels,
geothermal, hybrid wind and solar, landfill gas, solar, and wind.
California 20% 2010 On September 26, 2006 Governor Schwarzenegger signed Senate Bill
107, which requires California’s three major utilities—Pacific Gas &
Electric, Southern Edison, and San Diego Gas & Electric—to produce at
least 20 percent of their electricity using renewable sources by 2010.
Sources of energy that count toward the standard include biomass, solar
thermal, photovoltaic, wind, geothermal, fuel cells using renewable fuels,
small hydroelectric, digester gas, municipal solid waste conversion,
landfill gas, ocean wave, ocean thermal, and tidal current.
Colorado 20% 2020 On March 27, 2007, Governor Bill Ritter signed House Bill 1281, which
increased Colorado’s previous renewable portfolio standard. Under the
new standard, large investor-owned utilities are required to produce 20
percent of their energy from renewable resources by 2020, 4 percent of
which must come from solar-electric technologies. HB 1281 requires
municipal utilities and rural electric providers to provide 10 percent of
their electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Sources of energy that
count toward the standard include solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, and
small hydroelectric.
Connecticut 23% 2020 On June 4, 2007, Governor M. Jodi Rell signed House Bill 7432, which
expanded the state’s previous renewable portfolio standard. HB 7432
requires that 27 percent of the state’s electricity come from renewable
sources by 2020. The law includes standards for three classes of
renewables. By 2020, 20 percent of the renewables must be from Class I,
3 percent must be from Class I or II, and 4 percent must be from Class
III. Class I sources include solar, wind, new sustainable biomass, landfill
gas, fuel cells (using renewable or non-renewable fuels), ocean thermal
power, wave or tidal power, low-emission advanced renewable energy
conversion technologies, and new run-of-the-river hydropower facilities
with a maximum capacity of five megawatts. Class II sources include
trash-to-energy facilities, biomass facilities not included in Class I, and
certain hydropower facilities. Class III sources include customer-sited
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State Amount Year Description
combined heat and power systems with a minimum operating efficiency
of 50 percent installed at commercial or industrial facilities on or after
January 1, 2006; electricity savings from conservation and load
management programs that started on or after January 1, 2006; and
systems that recover waste heat or pressure from commercial and
industrial processes installed on or after April 1, 2007.
District of 11% 2022 On January 19, 2005, the Council of the District of Columbia enacted
Columbia Bill A15-755, creating a renewable portfolio standard that requires 11
percent of the electricity sold in the District to come from renewable
sources by 2022. The standard includes two tiers. Tier one renewable
resources include solar, wind, biomass, landfill gas, wastewater-treatment
gas, geothermal, ocean (mechanical and thermal) and fuel cells fueled by
tier one resources. Tier two renewable resources include hydropower
(other than pumped-storage generation) and municipal solid waste. The
standard calls for an additional 0.386 percent of the state’s renewable
energy to come from solar energy by 2022.
Delaware 20% 2019 On July 24, 2007, Governor Ruth Ann Minner signed Senate Bill 19,
which expanded the state’s previous renewable portfolio standard to
require that 2 percent of the state’s electricity supply come from solar
photovoltaics by 2019, in addition to 18 percent from other renewable
sources by the same date. Sources of energy that count toward the
standard include wind, ocean tidal, ocean thermal, fuel cells powered by
renewable fuels, hydroelectric facilities with a maximum capacity of 30
megawatts, sustainable biomass, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas.
Hawaii 20% 2020 On June 2, 2004, Governor Linda Lingle enacted Senate Bill 2474, which
requires the state's public utilities to provide 20 percent of their
electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Sources of energy that count
toward the standard include wind, solar, ocean thermal, wave, and
biomass resources.
Iowa 105 In 1983, Iowa enacted the Iowa Alternative Energy Production law. The
MW law requires the state’s two investor-owned utilities—MidAmerican
Energy and Alliant Energy Interstate Power and Light—to contract for a
combined total of 105 megawatts of their generation from renewable-
energy resources, including small hydropower facilities. Sources of
energy that count toward the standard include photovoltaics, landfill gas,
wind, biomass, hydroelectric, municipal solid waste, and anaerobic
digestion.
Illinois 25% 2025 On August 28, 2007, Governor Rod Blagojevich of Illinois signed into
law Public Act 095-0481, which sets a statewide Renewable Energy
Standard and an Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard. Under the RES,
utilities in Illinois must produce a certain percentage of their power from
renewable sources, starting with 2 percent in 2008 and increasing to 25
percent by 2025. Seventy-five percent of the electricity used to meet the
renewable standard must come from wind power generation; other
eligible electricity resources include solar, biomass, and existing
hydropower sources. The law also includes an efficiency standard that
requires utilities to implement cost-effective energy efficiency measures
to reduce electric usage by 2 percent of demand by 2015.
Massachusetts 4% 2009 In April 2002, the Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources (DOER)
adopted a previously outlined renewable portfolio standard. The
regulations require that 4 percent of the state’s electricity supply come
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State Amount Year Description
from new renewable sources by 2009. Sources that count toward the
standard include solar, wind, ocean thermal, wave, tidal, fuel cells using
renewable fuels, landfill gas, and low emission advanced technology
biomass. The system must have been installed after December 31, 1997
for the source to qualify as “new.” After 2009, the minimum renewable
standard shall increase by one percent per year until the DOER suspends
the annual increase. The minimum renewable standard may at no time
decrease below the percentage in effect at the time a suspension is
implemented.
Maryland 9.5% 2022 On April 24, 2007, Governor Martin O’Malley signed Senate Bill 595,
which expanded Maryland’s existing renewable portfolio standard to
require that 2 percent of the state’s electricity supply come from solar
sources by 2022, in addition to 7.5 percent from other renewable sources
by the same date. Sources of energy that count toward the standard
include wind, qualifying biomass, methane from the anaerobic
decomposition of organic materials in a landfill or wastewater treatment
plant, geothermal, ocean, including energy from waves, tides, currents,
and thermal differences, a fuel cell that produces electricity from
qualifying biomass or methane, and small hydroelectric power plants.
Maine 10% 2017 On September 28, 1999, Maine’s Public Utilities Commission adopted a
renewable portfolio standard, requiring that 30 percent of Maine’s power
come from renewable sources by 2000. Sources of energy that count
toward the standard include fuel cells, tidal power, solar, wind,
geothermal, hydroelectric, biomass, and generators fueled by municipal
solid waste in conjunction with recycling. In June 2006, the state adopted
a renewable portfolio goal to increase new renewable energy capacity by
10 percent by 2017. “New” renewable energy sources include those
placed into service after September 1, 2005. In 2007 the state updated the
2006 goal and made it a mandatory target. Resources that satisfy the new
capacity requirement cannot also be used to satisfy the 30 percent
portfolio requirement.
Minnesota 25% 2025 On February 22, 2007, Governor Tim Pawlenty signed into law Senate
Bill 4, which mandates that 25 percent of Minnesota’s power come from
renewable sources by 2025. Xcel Energy, which currently generates
about half of the state’s electricity, will be required to produce 30 percent
of its power from renewable sources by 2020. Sources of energy that
count toward the standard include solar, wind, small hydroelectric power
plants, hydrogen generated from renewable resources, and biomass from
qualifying resources.
Missouri 11% 2020 On June 25, 2007, Governor Matt Blunt singed into law Senate Bill 54,
which created a renewable energy objective for the state. The bill
requires every utility to make a “good-faith effort” to supply 11 percent
of their electricity with renewable sources by 2020. Sources of energy
that count toward the objective include solar, wind, hydropower,
hydrogen from renewable resources, and biomass. Utilities can also earn
credit towards the objective through energy efficiency measures that
include utility and consumer efforts to reduce the consumption of
electricity.
Montana 15% 2015 On April 28, 2005, Governor Brian Schweitzer signed into law Senate
Bill 415, The Montana Renewable Power Production and Rural
Economic Development Act, which established a renewable energy
portfolio standard for the state. SB 415 mandates that 15 percent of the
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State Amount Year Description
state’s energy come from renewable sources by 2015, and for each year
thereafter. Sources of energy that count toward the standard include
wind, solar, geothermal, existing hydroelectric projects, landfill or farm-
based methane gas, wastewater-treatment gas, low-emission, nontoxic
biomass, and fuel cells where hydrogen is produced with renewable
fuels.
New Hampshire 16% 2025 On May 11, 2007, Governor John Lynch signed into law House Bill 873,
the Renewable Energy Act, which establishes a renewable energy
portfolio standard for the state. HB 873 mandates that 25 percent of the
state’s electricity come from renewable sources by 2025, a goal Governor
Lynch had previously set for New Hampshire. Sources of energy that
count toward the standard include wind, solar, geothermal, hydrogen
derived from biomass fuels or methane gas, ocean thermal, wave,
current, tidal energy, methane gas, eligible biomass technologies, and
existing small hydroelectric sources.
New Jersey 22.5% 2021 On April 12, 2006, the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (BPU)
approved new regulations that expanded the state’s renewable portfolio
standard. The BPU decision requires utilities produce 22.5 percent of
their electricity from renewable sources, at least 2 percent of which must
come from solar sources. Sources of energy that count toward the
remainder of the standard include solar, wind, wave, tidal, geothermal,
methane gas captured from a landfill, fuel cells powered by renewable
fuels, electricity generated by the combustion of gas from the anaerobic
digestion of food waste and sewage sludge at a biomass generating
facility, and hydropower.
New Mexico 20% 2020 On March 5, 2007, Governor Bill Richardson signed into law Senate Bill
418, which established a renewable portfolio for the state. SB 418
mandates that by 2020, 20 percent of an electric utility’s power come
from renewable sources. Sources of energy that count toward the
standard include solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, fuel cells that are
not fossil fueled, and qualifying biomass resources.
Nevada 20% 2015 On June 7, 2005 the Nevada Governor Kenny Guinn signed into law
Assembly Bill 3, expanding Nevada’s previous renewable portfolio
standard. The updated standard requires that 20 percent of the state’s
electricity come from renewable energy sources by 2015, and for each
year thereafter. Of the 20 percent, not less than 5 percent must be
generated from solar renewable energy systems. Utilities can also earn
credit for up to 25 percent of the standard through energy efficiency
measures. Sources of energy that count toward the standard include
biomass, fuel cells, geothermal, solar, waterpower, and wind.
New York 24% 2013 On September 22, 2004, The New York Public Service Commission
adopted a renewable portfolio standard. The standard requires that 25
percent of the state’s electricity come from renewable sources by 2013.
The standard identifies two tiers of eligible resources, a “Main Tier” and
a “Customer-Sited Tier.” The “Main tier” is mandatory and is to account
for 24 percent of the standard. Eligible sources include biogas, biomass,
liquid biofuel, fuel cells, hydroelectric, solar, ocean or tidal power, and
wind. The “customer-sited” tier will make up the remaining 1 percent of
renewable energy sales and is to come from voluntary green market
programs. Sources of energy that count toward the Customer-Sited Tier
include fuel cells, solar, and wind resources.
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State Amount Year Description
North Carolina 12.5% 2021 On August 20, 2007, Governor Mike Easley of North Carolina signed
into law S.L. 2007-397, which establishes a Renewable Energy and
Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard for the state. Under the law, by
2021 electric public utilities must meet 12.5% of retail electricity demand
through renewable energy or energy efficiency measures, and electric
membership corporations and municipalities that sell electric power in
the state would have to meet a standard of 10% by 2018. Resources that
can be used to meet the standard include solar energy, wind energy,
hydropower, geothermal energy, ocean current or wave energy, biomass
resources, and energy efficiency measures. The law also includes
provisions to encourage the use of solar energy, swine and poultry
wastes, as well as implementation of energy efficiency programs.
Oregon 25% 2025 On June 6, 2007, Governor Ted Kulongoski signed Senate Bill 838,
adopting a renewable electricity portfolio standard for the state. SB 838
requires the state’s largest utilities to meet 25 percent of their electric
load with new renewable energy sources by 2025. Sources of energy that
count toward the standard include wind, solar, wave, geothermal,
biomass, new hydro or efficiency upgrades to existing hydro facilities.
Pennsylvania 18% 2020 On December 16, 2004, Governor Edward Rendell signed into law
Pennsylvania’s Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard, requiring that
qualified power sources provide 18.5 percent of Pennsylvania’s
electricity by 2020. There are two tiers of qualified sources that may be
used to meet the standard. Tier 1 sources must make up 8 percent of the
portfolio, and include wind, solar, coalmine methane, small hydropower,
geothermal, and biomass. Solar sources must provide 0.5 percent of
generation by 2020. Tier 2 sources make up the remaining 10 percent of
the portfolio, and include waste coal, demand side management, large
hydropower, municipal solid waste, and coal integrated gasification
combined cycle.
Rhode Island 15% 2020 On June 29, 2004, Governor Donald Carcieri signed the Clean Energy
Act, requiring state electricity retailers to derive at least 3 percent of the
electricity they sell in state from renewable energy by December 31,
2006. The percentage of renewable energy required will then rise 1
percent per year through 2020, though the Rhode Island Public Utility
Commission (PUC) is authorized to revise the schedule after 2013.
Existing renewable resources may only contribute 2 percent of the
required amount of renewables in any year; the rest must be from new
renewable energy production. Sources of energy that count towards the
standard include direct solar radiation, wind, movement or the latent heat
of the ocean, the heat of the earth, small hydroelectric facilities, eligible
biomass, and fuel cells using renewable resources.
Texas 5,880 2015 On August 1, 2005, Governor Rick Perry signed a bill increasing the
MW amount of renewable generation required in the state. The law requires
that 5,880 MW of new renewable generation be built in the state by 2015,
which will meet about 5 percent of the state’s projected electricity
demand. The legislation also sets a cumulative target of installing 10,000
MW of renewable generation capacity by 2025. In an effort to diversify
the state’s renewable generation portfolio, the measure also includes a
requirement that the state must meet 500 MW of the 2025 target with
non-wind renewable generation.
Vermont 10% 2013 On June 14, 2005, Governor Jim Douglas signed a renewable portfolio
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State Amount Year Description
standard into law, requiring renewable generation to equal incremental
load growth between 2005 and 2012, but not requiring utilities to hold
renewable energy credits equal to renewable generation. If utilities have
not met this requirement, the state will instate an RPS equal to the
percentage of load growth between 2005 and 2012. If the state
experiences 7 percent load growth, but utilities have not obtained 7
percent of their electricity from eligible renewables by 2012, the state
will adopt an RPS of 7 percent. Sources of energy that count toward the
standard include wind, solar, small hydropower methane from landfill
gas, anaerobic digesters, and sewage-treatment facilities, while excluding
municipal solid waste. Vermont utilities are permitted to build generation
capacity out of state to comply with the mandate.
On March 20, 2008, Governor Jim Douglas signed the Energy Efficiency
and Affordability Act of 2008, which established a renewable energy
goal for the state. The law sets a goal of producing 25 percent of the
energy consumed in the state from renewable sources, particularly
Vermont's farms and forests, by 2025.
Virginia 12% 2022 On April 11, 2007, Governor Tim Kaine signed Senate Bill 1416, which
established a voluntary renewable portfolio goal. The standard sets a
renewable energy target of 12 percent of base year sales by 2022. The
standard targets are defined as percentages of 2007 (the “base year”)
electricity sales minus the average annual percentage of power supplied
from nuclear generators between 2004 and 2006. A utility may
participate in the voluntary RPS program if it demonstrates that it has a
reasonable expectation of achieving the 12 percent target in 2022.
Sources of energy that count toward the target include solar, wind,
geothermal, hydropower, wave, tidal, and biomass energy. Wind and
solar receive a double credit toward RPS goals.
Washington 15% 2020 On November 7, 2006, Washington state voters approved ballot initiative
937, setting renewable energy standards for utility companies in the state.
The measure requires all utilities serving 25,000 people or more to
produce 15 percent of their energy using renewable sources by 2020.
Such sources include wind, solar, and tidal power as well as landfill-
methane capture. Sources of energy that count toward the standard
include water, wind, solar, geothermal, landfill gas, wave, ocean, tidal
power, gas from sewage treatment facilities, biodiesel fuel that is not
derived from crops raised on land cleared from old growth or first-growth
forests, and qualifying biomass resources.
Wisconsin 10% 2015 On March 17, 2006, Governor Jim Doyle signed Senate Bill 459, the
Energy Efficiency and Renewables Act, which increased the state’s
previous renewable portfolio standard. The revised standard requires
utilities to produce 10 percent of their electricity from renewable energy
sources by 2015. Sources of energy that count toward the standard
include solar, wind, water power, biomass, geothermal technology, tidal
or wave action, and fuel cell technology that uses qualified renewable
fuels.
SOURCES: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy website, available at
http://www.eere.energy.gov/states/maps/renewable_portfolio_states.cfm, and the Pew Climate website,
available at http://www.pewclimate.org/what_s_being_done/in_the_states/rps.cfm.
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