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Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts (2009)
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
National Academy of Engineering (NAE)
National Research Council (NRC)

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. "Appendix H: Background Information on the Economic and Environmental Assessment of Biomass Supply." Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009.

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Liquid Transportation Fuels from Coal and Biomass: Technological Status, Costs, and Environmental Impacts

TABLE H.9 Carbon Inputs to Biomass Agricultural Production

Source of Input (kg CO2 eq/ha)a

Corn Ethanol

Cellulosic (Switchgrass)

Nitrogen-fertilizer emissions

1638

547

Phosphorus

102

3.4

Potassium

70

2.4

Lime

228

Herbicide

69

10.4

Insecticide

5.4

Seed

Transport emissions

39

3

Gasoline

114

Diesel

248

341

Natural gas

46

Liquefied petroleum gas

61

Electricity

56

42

Energy used in irrigation

4

Labor transportation

Farm machinery

21

21

CO2 from land-use change (kg/ha)

Total from agricultural production

2703

971

Conversion per acre (0.405 ha/acre, 2.24 lb/kg)

2452 lb CO2 eq/ac

881 lb CO2 eq/ac

Conversion per ton (assume 4 tons/acre)

220 lb CO2 eq/ton

aUnless noted otherwise.

Source: Farrell et al., 2006.

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